ETSI TR 138 901 V14.3.0 (2018-01)

5G; Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz (3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.3.0 Release 14)

RTR/TSGR-0138901ve30

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 18-Jan-2018
• Technical Committee: 3GPP RAN 1 - Radio layer 1 specification
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Completion Date: 19-Jan-2018

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL REPORT
5G;
Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz
(3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.3.0 Release 14)

3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.3.0 Release 14 1 ETSI TR 138 901 V14.3.0 (2018-01)

Reference
RTR/TSGR-0138901ve30
Keywords
5G
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Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or
GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables.
The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under
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Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
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"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 2
Foreword . 2
Modal verbs terminology . 2
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols . 7
3.3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Introduction . 9
5 General . 10
6 Status/expectation of existing information on high frequencies . 10
6.1 Channel modelling works outside of 3GPP . 10
6.2 Scenarios of interest . 12
6.3 Channel measurement capabilities . 12
6.4 Modelling objectives . 13
7 Channel model(s) for 0.5-100 GHz . 14
7.1 Coordinate system . 14
7.1.1 Definition . 14
7.1.2 Local and global coordinate systems . 14
7.1.3 Transformation from a LCS to a GCS . 15
7.1.4 Transformation from an LCS to a GCS for downtilt angle only . 18
7.2 Scenarios . 19
7.3 Antenna modelling . 21
7.3.1 Antenna port mapping . 22
7.3.2 Polarized antenna modelling . 23
7.4 Pathloss, LOS probability and penetration modelling . 24
7.4.1 Pathloss . 24
7.4.2 LOS probability . 28
7.4.3 O2I penetration loss . 28
7.4.3.1 O2I building penetration loss . 28
7.4.3.2 O2I car penetration loss . 30
7.4.4 Autocorrelation of shadow fading . 30
7.5 Fast fading model . 30
7.6 Additional modelling components . 45
7.6.1 Oxygen absorption . 46
7.6.2 Large bandwidth and large antenna array . 46
7.6.2.1 Modelling of the propagation delay . 46
7.6.2.2 Modelling of intra-cluster angular and delay spreads . 47
7.6.3 Spatial consistency . 48
7.6.3.1 Spatial consistency procedure . 48
7.6.3.2 Spatially-consistent UT mobility modelling . 49
7.6.3.3 LOS/NLOS, indoor states and O2I parameters . 53
7.6.3.4 Applicability of spatial consistency . 54
7.6.4 Blockage . 55
7.6.4.1 Blockage model A . 56
7.6.4.2 Blockage model B . 58
7.6.5 Correlation modelling for multi-frequency simulations. 60
7.6.5.1 Alternative channel generation method . 60
7.6.6 Time-varying Doppler shift . 62
7.6.7 UT rotation. 63
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7.6.8 Explicit ground reflection model . 63
7.7 Channel models for link-level evaluations . 66
7.7.1 Clustered Delay Line (CDL) models . 66
7.7.2 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) models . 70
7.7.3 Scaling of delays . 73
7.7.4 Spatial filter for generating TDL channel model . 74
7.7.4.1 Exemplary filters/antenna patterns . 74
7.7.4.2 Generation procedure . 75
7.7.5 Extension for MIMO simulations . 75
7.7.5.1 CDL extension: Scaling of angles . 75
7.7.5.2 TDL extension: Applying a correlation matrix . 76
7.7.6 K-factor for LOS channel models . 76
7.8 Channel model calibration . 77
7.8.1 Large scale calibration . 77
7.8.2 Full calibration . 78
7.8.3 Calibration of additional features . 78
8 Map-based hybrid channel model (Alternative channel model methodology) . 81
8.1 Coordinate system . 81
8.2 Scenarios . 81
8.3 Antenna modelling . 81
8.4 Channel generation . 81
Annex A: Further parameter definitions . 92
A.1 Calculation of angular spread . 92
A.2 Calculation of mean angle . 92
Annex B: Change history . 93
History . 94

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3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.3.0 Release 14 5 ETSI TR 138 901 V14.3.0 (2018-01)
Foreword
rd
This Technical Report has been produced by the 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal
TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an
identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows:
Version x.y.z
where:
x the first digit:
1 presented to TSG for information;
2 presented to TSG for approval;
3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control.
y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections,
updates, etc.
z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.
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3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.3.0 Release 14 6 ETSI TR 138 901 V14.3.0 (2018-01)
1 Scope
The present document captures the findings of the study item, "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6
GHz" [2] and from further findings of the study item, "Study on New Radio Access Technology [22]." The channel
models in the present document address the frequency range 0.5-100 GHz. The purpose of this TR is to help TSG RAN
WG1 to properly model and evaluate the performance of physical layer techniques using the appropriate channel
model(s). Therefore, the TR will be kept up-to-date via CRs in the future.
This document relates to the 3GPP evaluation methodology and covers the modelling of the physical layer of both
Mobile Equipment and Access Network of 3GPP systems.
This document is intended to capture the channel model(s) for frequencies from 0.5GHz up to 100GHz.
2 References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present
document.
- References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or
non-specific.
- For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
- For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including
a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same
Release as the present document.
[1] 3GPP TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".
[2] 3GPP TD RP-151606: "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6 GHz".
[3] 3GPP TR 36.873 (V12.2.0): "Study on 3D channel model for LTE".
[4] 3GPP RP-151847: "Report of RAN email discussion about >6GHz channel modelling", Samsung.
[5] 3GPP TD R1-163408: "Additional Considerations on Building Penetration Loss Modelling for 5G
System Performance Evaluation", Straight Path Communications.
[6] ICT-317669-METIS/D1.4: "METIS channel model, METIS 2020, Feb, 2015".
[7] Glassner, A S: "An introduction to ray tracing. Elsevier, 1989".
[8] McKown, J. W., Hamilton, R. L.: "Ray tracing as a design tool for radio networks, Network,
IEEE, 1991(6): 27-30".
[9] Kurner, T., Cichon, D. J., Wiesbeck, W.: "Concepts and results for 3D digital terrain-based wave
propagation models: An overview", IEEE J.Select. Areas Commun., vol. 11, pp. 1002–1012, 1993.
[10] Born, M., Wolf, E.: "Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and
diffraction of light", CUP Archive, 2000.
[11] Friis, H.: "A note on a simple transmission formula", proc. IRE, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 254–256, 1946.
[12] Kouyoumjian, R.G., Pathak, P.H.: "A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a
perfectly conducting surface" Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, pp. 1448–1461, Nov. 1974.
[13] Pathak, P.H., Burnside, W., Marhefka, R.: "A Uniform GTD Analysis of the Diffraction of
Electromagnetic Waves by a Smooth Convex Surface", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 631–642, 1980.
[14] IST-WINNER II Deliverable 1.1.2 v.1.2, "WINNER II Channel Models", IST-WINNER2, Tech.
Rep., 2007 (http://www.ist-winner.org/deliverables.html).
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[15] 3GPP TR36.101: "User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception".
[16] 3GPP TR36.104: "Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception".
[17] Asplund, H., Medbo, J., Göransson, B., Karlsson, J., Sköld, J.: "A simplified approach to applying
the 3GPP spatial channel model", in Proc. of PIMRC 2006.
[18] ITU-R Rec. P.1816: "The prediction of the time and the spatial profile for broadband land mobile
services using UHF and SHF bands".
[19] ITU-R Rec. P.2040-1: "Effects of building materials and structures on radiowave propagation
above about 100 MHz", International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector
ITU-R, 07/2015.
[20] ITU-R Rec. P.527-3: "Electrical characteristics of the surface of the earth", International
Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector ITU-R, 03/1992.
[21] Jordan, E.C., Balmain, K.G.: "Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems", Prentice-Hall Inc.,
1968.
[22] 3GPP TD RP-162469: "Study on New Radio (NR) Access Technology".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in TR 21.905 [1] apply.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
A antenna radiation power pattern
A maximum attenuation
max
d 2D distance between Tx and Rx
2D
d 3D distance between Tx and Rx
3D
d antenna element spacing in horizontal direction
H
d antenna element spacing in vertical direction
V
f frequency
f center frequency / carrier frequency
c
ˆ
θ
F Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
rx,u, θ
ˆ
φ
F Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
rx,u, ϕ
ˆ
θ
F Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
tx,s, θ
ˆ
φ
Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
Frx,s, ϕ
h antenna height for BS
BS
hUT antenna height for UT
ˆ spherical unit vector of cluster n, ray m, for receiver
r
rx,n,m
ˆ spherical unit vector of cluster n, ray m, for transmitter
r
tx,n,m
α bearing angle
β downtilt angle
γ slant angle
λ wavelength
κ cross-polarization power ratio in linear scale
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of arrival
lgASA
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μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of departure
lgASD
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of delay spread
lgDS
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of arrival
lgZSA
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of departure
lgZSD
Pr LOS probability
LOS
SLA side-lobe attenuation in vertical direction
V
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of arrival
lgASA
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of departure
lgASD
σ standard deviation value of 10-base logarithm of delay spread
lgDS
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of arrival
lgZSA
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of departure
lgZSD
σ standard deviation of SF
SF
azimuth angle
φ
zenith angle
θ
ˆ
φ spherical basis vector (unit vector) for GCS
ˆ
′
φ spherical basis vector (unit vector) for LCS
φ horizontal 3 dB beamwidth of an antenna
3dB
ˆ ˆ
θ spherical basis vector (unit vector), orthogonal to φ , for GCS
ˆ ˆ
θ ′ spherical basis vector (unit vector), orthogonal to φ′ , for LCS
θ electrical steering angle in vertical direction
etilt
θ vertical 3 dB beamwidth of an antenna
3dB
ψ Angular displacement between two pairs of unit vectors

3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An
abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in
TR 21.905 [1].
2D two-dimensional
3D three-dimensional
AOA Azimuth angle Of Arrival
AOD Azimuth angle Of Departure
AS Angular Spread
ASA Azimuth angle Spread of Arrival
ASD Azimuth angle Spread of Departure
BF Beamforming
BS Base Station
BP Breakpoint
BW Beamwidth
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CDL Clustered Delay Line
CRS Common Reference Signal
D2D Device-to-Device
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DS Delay Spread
GCS Global Coordinate System
IID Independent and identically distributed
InH Indoor Hotspot
IRR Infrared Reflecting
ISD Intersite Distance
K Ricean K factor
LCS Local Coordinate System
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LOS Line Of Sight
MIMO Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output
MPC Multipath Component
NLOS Non-LOS
O2I Outdoor-to-Indoor
O2O Outdoor-to-Outdoor
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
PAS Power angular spectrum
PL Path Loss
PRB Physical Resource Block
RCS Radar cross-section
RMa Rural Macro
RMS Root Mean Square
RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
Rx Receiver
SCM Spatial Channel Model
SINR Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio
SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio
SSCM Statistical Spatial Channel Model
SF Shadow Fading
SLA Sidelobe Attenuation
TDL Tapped Delay Line
TOA Time Of Arrival
TRP Transmission Reception Point
Tx Transmitter
UMa Urban Macro
UMi Urban Micro
UT User Terminal
UTD Uniform Theory of Diffraction
V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
XPR Cross-Polarization Ratio
ZOA Zenith angle Of Arrival
ZOD Zenith angle Of Departure
ZSA Zenith angle Spread of Arrival
ZSD Zenith angle Spread of Departure

4 Introduction
At 3GPP TSG RAN #69 meeting the Study Item Description on "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above
6 GHz" was approved [2]. This study item covers the identification of the status/expectation of existing information on
high frequencies (e.g. spectrum allocation, scenarios of interest, measurements, etc), and the channel model(s) for
frequencies up to 100 GHz. This technical report documents the channel model(s). The new channel model has to a
large degree been aligned with earlier channel models for <6 GHz such as the 3D SCM model (3GPP TR 36.873) or
IMT-Advanced (ITU-R M.2135). The new model supports comparisons across frequency bands over the range 0.5-100
GHz. The modelling methods defined in this technical report are generally applicable over the range 0.5-100 GHz,
unless explicitly mentioned otherwise in this technical report for specific modelling method, involved parameters and/or
scenario.
The channel model is applicable for link and system level simulations in the following conditions:
- For system level simulations, supported scenarios are urban microcell street canyon, urban macrocell, indoor
office, and rural macrocell.
- Bandwidth is supported up to 10% of the center frequency but no larger than 2GHz.
- Mobility of one end of the link is supported
- For the stochastic model, spatial consistency is supported by correlation of LSPs and SSPs as well as
LOS/NLOS state.
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- Large array support is based on far field assumption and stationary channel over the size of the array.

5 General
6 Status/expectation of existing information on high
frequencies
6.1 Channel modelling works outside of 3GPP
This subclause summarizes the channel modelling work outside of 3GPP based on the input from companies.
Groups and projects with channel models:
- METIS (Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society)
- MiWEBA (Millimetre-Wave Evolution for Backhaul and Access)
- ITU-R M
- COST2100
- IEEE 802.11
- NYU WIRELESS: interdisciplinary academic research center
- Fraunhofer HHI has developed the QuaDRiGa channel model, Matlab implementation is available at
http://quadriga-channel-model.de
Groups and projects which intend to develop channel models:
- 5G mmWave Channel Model Alliance: NIST initiated, North America based
- mmMAGIC (Millimetre-Wave Based Mobile Radio Access Network for Fifth Generation Integrated
Communications): Europe based
- IMT-2020 5G promotion association: China based

METIS Channel Models:
- Identified 5G requirements (e.g., wide frequency range, high bandwidth, massive MIMO, 3-D and accurate
polarization modelling)
- Performed channel measurements at various bands between 2GHz and 60 GHz
- Provided different channel model methodologies (map-based model, stochastic model or hybrid model). For
stochastic model, the proposed channel is focused on outdoor square, Indoor cafeteria and indoor shopping mall
scenarios.
MiWEBA Channel Models:
- Addressed various challenges: Shadowing, spatial consistency, environment dynamics, spherical wave
modelling, dual mobility Doppler model, ratio between diffuse and specular reflections, polarization
- Proposed Quasi-deterministic channel model
- Performed channel measurements at 60 GHz
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- Focused on university campus, street canyon, hotel lobby, backhaul, and D2D scenarios.
ITU-R M Channel Models:
- Addressed the propagation loss and atmospheric loss on mmW
- Introduced enabling antenna array technology and semiconductor technology
- Proposed deployment scenarios, focused on dense urban environment for high data rate service: indoor shopping
mall, indoor enterprise, in home, urban hotspot in a square/street, mobility in city.
COST2100 and COST IC1004 Channel Models:
- Geometry-based stochastic channel model that reproduce the stochastic properties of MIMO channels over time,
frequency and space. It is a cluster-level model where the statistics of the large scale parameters are always
guaranteed in each series of channel instances.
NYU WIRELESS Channel Models:
- Conducted many urban propagation measurements on 28/38/60/73 GHz bands for both outdoor and indoor
channels, measurements are continuing.
- Proposed 3 areas for 5G mmWave channel modelling which are small modifications or extensions from 3GPP's
current below 6GHz channel models
- 1) LOS/NLOS/blockage modelling (a squared exponential term); 2). Wideband power delay profiles (time
clusters and spatial lobes for a simple extension to the existing 3GPP SSCM model); 3). Physics-based path loss
model (using the existing 3GPP path loss equations, but simply replacing the "floating" optimization parameter
with a deterministic 1 m "close-in" free space reference term in order to provide a standard and stable definition
of "path loss exponent" across all different parties, scenarios, and frequencies).
802.11 ad/ay Channel Models:
- Conducted ray-tracing methodology on 60 GHz band indoor channels, including conference room, cubicle,
living room scenarios
- Intra cluster parameters were proposed in terms of ray excess delay and ray power distribution
- Human blockage models were proposed in terms of blockage probability and blockage attenuation
5G mmWave Channel Model Alliance:
- Will provide a venue to promote fundamental research into measurement, analysis, identification of physical
parameters, and statistical representations of mmWave propagation channels.
- Divided into six collaborative working groups that include a Steering Committee; Modelling Methodology
Group; Measurement Methodology Group; and groups that focus on defining and parameterizing Indoor,
Outdoor, and Emerging Usage Scenarios.
- Sponsored by Communications Technology Research Laboratory within the NIST.
mmMAGIC:
- Brings together major infrastructure vendors, major European operators, leading research institutes and
universities, measurement equipment vendors and one SME.
- Will undertake extensive radio channel measurements in the 6-100 GHz range.
- Will develop and validate advanced channel models that will be used for rigorous validation and feasibility
analysis of the proposed concepts and system, as well as for usage in regulatory and standards fora.
IMT-2020 5G promotion association
- Jointly established by three ministries of China based on the original IMT-Advanced promotion group
- Members including the main operators, vendors, universities and research institutes in China
- The major platform to promote 5G technology research in China and to facilitate international communication
and cooperation
QuaDRiGa (Fraunhofer HHI)
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- QuaDRiGa (QUAsi Deterministic RadIo channel GenerAtor) was developed at the Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz
Institute within the Wireless Communications and Networks Department to enable the modelling of MIMO radio
channels for specific network configurations, such as indoor, satellite or heterogeneous configurations.
- Besides being a fully-fledged 3D geometry-based stochastic channel model (well aligned with TR36.873),
QuaDRiGa contains a collection of features created in SCM(e) and WINNER channel models along with novel
modelling approaches which provide features to enable quasi-deterministic multi-link tracking of users (receiver)
movements in changing environments. QuaDRiGa supports Massive MIMO modelling enabled through a new
multi-bounce scattering approach and spherical wave propagation. It will be continuously extended with features
required by 5G and frequencies beyond 6 GHz. The QuaDRiGa model is supported by data from extensive
channel measurement campaigns at 10 / 28 / 43 / 60 / 82 GHz performed by the same group.
6.2 Scenarios of interest
Brief description of the key scenarios of interest identified (see note):
(1) UMi (Street canyon, open area) with O2O and O2I: This is similar to 3D-UMi scenario, where the BSs are
mounted below rooftop levels of surrounding buildings. UMi open area is intended to capture real-life scenarios
such as a city or station square. The width of the typical open area is in the order of 50 to 100 m.
Example: [Tx height:10m, Rx height: 1.5-2.5 m, ISD: 200m]
(2) UMa with O2O and O2I: This is similar to 3D-UMa scenario, where the BSs are mounted above rooftop levels
of surrounding buildings.
Example: [Tx height:25m, Rx height: 1.5-2.5 m, ISD: 500m]
(3) Indoor: This scenario is intended to capture various typical indoor deployment scenarios, including office
environments, and shopping malls. The typical office environment is comprised of open cubicle areas, walled
offices, open areas, corridors etc. The BSs are mounted at a height of 2-3 m either on the ceilings or walls. The
shopping malls are often 1-5 stories high and may include an open area (or "atrium") shared by several floors.
The BSs are mounted at a height of approximately 3 m on the walls or ceilings of the corridors and shops.
Example: [Tx height: 2-3m, Rx height: 1.5m, area: 500 square meters]
(4) Backhaul, including outdoor above roof top backhaul in urban area and street canyon scenario where small cell
BSs are placed at lamp posts.
(5) D2D/V2V. Device-to-device access in open area, street canyon, and indoor scenarios. V2V is a special case
where the devices are mobile.
(6) Other scenarios such as Stadium (open-roof) and Gym (close-roof).
Note: The scenarios of interest are based on the plenary email discussion and different from the supported
scenarios in clause 7.
6.3 Channel measurement capabilities
The measurement capability as reported by each company is summarized in the following table.
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Table 6.3-1: Channel measurement capabilities

6 - 20 GHz 20 - 30 GHz 30 - 60 GHz >60 GHz
Urban macro CMCC Nokia/Aalborg NYU
Nokia/Aalborg
Urban micro Aalto University AT&T AT&T AT&T
CMCC Aalto University Huawei Aalto University
Ericsson CMCC Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Huawei
Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Huawei NTT DOCOMO Intel/Fraunhofer HHI
Nokia/Aalborg Intel/Fraunhofer HHI
Qualcomm NYU
NTT DOCOMO Nokia/Aalborg CATT
Orange NTT DOCOMO ETRI
NYU ITRI/CCU
Qualcomm ZTE
Samsung
CATT
KT
ETRI
ITRI/CCU
ZTE
Indoor Aalto University AT&T AT&T AT&T
CMCC Alcatel-Lucent Ericsson Aalto University
Ericsson Aalto University Huawei Huawei
Huawei BUPT Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Intel/Fraunhofer HHI
Intel/Fraunhofer HHI CMCC NTT DOCOMO NYU
Nokia/Aalborg Huawei NYU
NTT DOCOMO Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Qualcomm
Orange Nokia/Aalborg CATT
NTT DOCOMO ETRI
NYU ITRI/CCU
Qualcomm ZTE
Samsung
CATT
KT
ETRI
ITRI/CCU
ZTE
O2I Ericsson AT&T AT&T AT&T
Huawei Alcatel-Lucent Ericsson Huawei
Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Ericsson Huawei Intel/Fraunhofer HHI
Nokia/Aalborg Huawei Intel/Fraunhofer HHI
NTT DOCOMO Intel/Fraunhofer HHI NTT DOCOMO
Orange NTT DOCOMO
NYU
Samsung
KT
6.4 Modelling objectives
The requirements for channel modelling are as follows.
- Channel model SI should take into account the outcome of RAN-level discussion in the '5G' requirement study
item
- Complexity in terms of Description, Generating channel coefficients, development complexity and Simulation
time should be considered.
- Support frequency range up to 100 GHz.
- The critical path of the SI is 6 – 100 GHz
- Take care of mmW propagation aspects such as blocking and atmosphere attenuation.
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- The model should be consistent in space, time and frequency
- Support large channel bandwidths (up to 10% of carrier frequency)
- Aim for the channel model to cover a range of coupling loss considering current typical cell sizes, e.g. up to km-
range macro cells. Note: This is to enable investigation of the relevance of the 5G system using higher frequency
bands to existing deployments.
- Accommodate UT mobility
- Mobile speed up to 500 km/h.
- Develop a methodology considering that model extensions to D2D and V2V may be developed in future SI.
- Support large antenna arrays
7 Channel model(s) for 0.5-100 GHz
7.1 Coordinate system
7.1.1 Definition
A coordinate system is defined by the x, y, z axes, the spherical angles and the spherical unit vectors as shown in Figure
7.1.1. Figure 7.1.1 defines the zenith angle θ and the azimuth angleφ in a Cartesian coordinate system. Note that
ˆ
θ = 0 points to the zenith and θ = 90 points to the horizon. The field component in the direction of θ is given by F
θ
ˆ
and the field component in the direction of φ is given by F .
φ
z
θ
ˆ
φ
nˆ
ˆ
θ
y
φ
x
Figure 7.1.1: Definition of spherical angles and spherical unit vectors in a Cartesian coordinate
ˆ ˆ
system, where nˆ is the given direction, θ and are the spherical basis vectors
φ
7.1.2 Local and global coordinate systems
A Global Coordinate System (GCS) is defined for a system comprising multiple BSs and UTs. An array antenna for a
BS or a UT can be defined in a Local Coordinate System (LCS). An LCS is used as a reference to define the vector far-
field that is pattern and polarization, of each antenna element in an array. It is assumed that the far-field is known in the
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LCS by formulae. The placement of an array within the GCS is defined by the translation between the GCS and a LCS.
The orientation of the array with respect to the GCS is defined in general by a sequence of rotations (described in
subclause 7.1.3). Since this orientation is in general different from the GCS orientation, it is necessary to map the vector
fields of the array elements from the LCS to the GCS. This mapping depends only on the orientation of the array and is
given by the equations in subclause 7.1.3. Note that any arbitrary mechanical orientation of the array can be achieved by
rotating the LCS with respect to the GCS.
7.1.3 Transformation from a LCS to a GCS
ˆ ˆ
A GCS with coordinates (x, y, z, θ , φ ) and unit vectors (θ , φ ) and an LCS with "primed" coordinates (x', y', z', θ', φ'
ˆ ˆ
) and "primed" unit vectors ( , ) are defined with a common origins in Figures 7.1.3-1 and 7.1.3-2. Figure 7.1.3-1
θ' φ'
illustrates the sequence of rotations that relate the GCS (gray) and the LCS (blue). Figure 7.1.3-2 shows the coordinate
direction and unit vectors of the GCS (gray) and the LCS (blue). Note that the vector fields of the array antenna
elements are defined in the LCS. In Figure 7.1.3-1 we consider an arbitrary 3D-rotation of the LCS with respect to the
GCS given by the angles α, β, γ. The set of angles α, β, γ can also be termed as the orientation of the array antenna with
respect to the GCS.
Note that the transformation from a LCS to a GCS depends only on the angles α, β, γ. The angle α is called the bearing
angle, β is called the downtilt angle and γ is called the slant angle.

Figure 7.1.3-1: Orienting the LCS (blue) with Figure 7.1.3-2: Definition of spherical
respect to the GCS (gray) by a sequence of 3 coordinates and unit vectors in both the GCS
and LCS.
rotations: α, β, γ.
Let denote an antenna element pattern in the LCS and denote the same antenna element pattern in the
A'(θ',φ') A(θ,φ)
GCS. Then the two are related simply by
A(θ,φ) = A'(θ',φ')
(7.1-1)
with θ ' and φ' given by (7.1-7) and (7.1-8).
Let us denote the polarized field components in the LCS by ′ , ′ and in the GCS by ,
F (θ',φ') F (θ ',φ') F (θ,φ)
θ ' φ ' θ
F (θ,φ) . Then they are related by equation (7.1-11).
φ
Any arbitrary 3D rotation can be specified by at most 3 elemental rotations, and following the framework of
&&
Figure 7.1.3-1, a series of rotations about the z, y& and x axes are assumed here, in that order. The dotted and double-
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dotted marks indicate that the rotations are intrinsic, which means that they are the result of one (⋅) or two (⋅⋅)
intermediate rotations. In other words, the y& axis is the original y axis after the first rotation about z, and the &x& axis is
&
the original x axis after the first rotation about z and the second rotation about y . A first rotation of α about z sets the
antenna bearing angle (i.e. the sector pointing direction for a BS antenna element). The second rotation of β about y&
&&
sets the antenna downtilt angle. Finally, the third rotation of γ about x sets the antenna slant angle. The orientation of
the x, y and z axes after all three rotations can be denoted as &x&& , &y&& and &z&& . These triple-dotted axes represents the final
orientation of the LCS, and for notational purposes denoted as the x', y' and z' axes (local or "primed" coordinate
system).
In order to establish the equations for transformation of the coordinate system and the polarized ant
...