ETSI TR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Implementing DECT Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) in an arbitrary spectrum allocation
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Implementing DECT Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) in an arbitrary spectrum allocation
DTR/DECT-050150
Digitalne izboljšane brezvrvične telekomunikacije (DECT) - Izvedba DECT fiksnega brezvrvičnega dostopa (FWA) v poljubno dodeljenem spektru
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Implementing DECT Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) in an arbitrary spectrum allocation33.070.30'(&7Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)ICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:TR 101 370 Version 1.1.1PSIST TR 101 370:2000en01-julij-2000PSIST TR 101 370:2000SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
PSIST TR 101 370:2000
TR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)Technical ReportDigital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT);Implementing DECT Fixed Wireless Access (FWA)in an arbitrary spectrum allocationPSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)2ReferenceDTR/DECT-050150 (coo00ics.PDF)KeywordsDECT, WLLETSIPostal addressF-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCEOffice address650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia AntipolisValbonne - FRANCETel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00
Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 CAssociation à but non lucratif enregistrée à laSous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88Internetsecretariat@etsi.frhttp://www.etsi.orgCopyright NotificationNo part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1998.All rights reserved.PSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)3ContentsIntellectual Property Rights.5Foreword.51Scope.62References.63Definitions and abbreviations.73.1Definitions.73.2Abbreviations.74Introduction to DECT services and applications.84.1Services and spectrum efficiency of DECT Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) applications.114.2Up-banding of DECT.114.2.1Partial up-banding.124.2.2Full up-banding.124.3The DECT FWA standards.124.3.1The DECT RAP standard, ETS 300 765.124.3.2The new DECT modulation options.125Requirements.135.1Definition of access channels, bearers.135.1.1Definition of Fc, Fd, Fcu and Fcd.135.1.2TDD.135.1.3FDD.145.1.3.1Time domain offset for low cost spectrum efficient FDD applications.145.2Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS) algorithms.145.3Antenna diversity algorithms.155.4Operator codes, carrier number and RF-band definitions.155.5Carrier control.155.6General requirements related to TBR 6.165.7Flexible generic regulatory requirements for applications of Fixed Services within 2 200 MHz to 105GHz.175.7.1The generic regulatory environment.17Annex A (informative):Examples of DECT FWA applications in frequency band allocationsfor Fixed Services within 2 200 MHz to 105 GHz.18A.1Radio frequency bands for DECT Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) applications in the range2 200 MHz to 105 GHz.18A.2FWA in frequency bands in the range 3 400 MHz to 4 200 MHz.18A.2.1Block allocations arrangement.19A.2.1.1Block allocation arrangement 50 MHz in CITEL countries.19A.2.1.2Block allocation arrangement 100 MHz in CITEL countries.19A.2.1.3Block allocation arrangements recommended in the CEPT countries.20Annex B (informative):Feasibility of DECT FWA TDD applications in frequency bandallocations for Fixed Services within 2 200 MHz to 105 GHz.22B.1TDD system features compared to FDD.22B.2Coexistence of DECT FWA TDD applications in frequency band allocations for Fixed Services.23B.2.1The prime source to interference is the emissions due to modulation.23B.2.1.1Requirements of emissions due to modulation.25B.2.2Probability of interference (supposing similar power and similar out-of-sub-band attenuation formodulation spectrum mask for FDD and TDD systems).25PSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)4Bibliography.27History.28PSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)5Intellectual Property RightsIPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The informationpertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be foundin SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respectof ETSI standards", which is available free of charge from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on theETSI Web server (http://www.etsi.org/ipr).Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guaranteecan be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server)which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.ForewordThis Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Project Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications(DECT).The present document provides a guide on how to implement and test DECT FWA (WLL) systems operating atfrequencies outside the frequency bands described in TBR 6 [9].PSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)61ScopeThe present document is a guide how to implement and test Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)FWA (WLL) systems operating at frequencies outside the frequency-bands described in TBR 6 [9]. The need to havethis arises if DECT equipment is to be adapted to national frequency allocations that differ from the basic 1 880 MHz to1 900 MHz DECT frequency band. This includes not only the radio frequency band around 1,9 GHz, as stated in [19],but also the radio frequency bands for Fixed Services within 2 200 MHz to 105 GHz and has special focus onapplications in the 3,4 GHz to 3,7 GHz band.The present document is thereby also a guide for approval of such DECT systems in the above mentioned countries.2ReferencesThe following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the presentdocument.· References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) ornon-specific.· For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.· For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies.· A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the samenumber.[1]EN 300 175-1: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI);Part 1: Overview".[2]EN 300 175-2: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI);Part 2: Physical layer (PHL)".[3]EN 300 175-3: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI);Part 3: Medium Access Control (MAC) layer".[4]EN 300 175-4: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI);Part 4: Data Link Control (DLC) layer".[5]EN 300 175-5: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI);Part 5: Network (NWK) layer".[6]EN 300 175-6: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI);Part 6: Identities and addressing".[7]EN 300 175-7: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI);Part 7: Security features".[8]EN 300 175-8: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI);Part 8: Speech coding and transmission".[9]TBR 6: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); General terminal attachmentrequirements".[10]ETS 300 765-1: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Radio in the LocalLoop (RLL) Access Profile (RAP); Part 1: Basic telephony services".[11]ETS 300 765-2: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Radio in the LocalLoop (RLL) Access Profile (RAP); Part 2: Advanced telephony services".PSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)7[12]ETR 308: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Services, facilities andconfigurations for DECT in the local loop".[13]ETR 310: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Traffic capacity andspectrum requirements for multi-system and multi-service DECT applications co-existing in acommon frequency band".[14]ETR 178: "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); A high level guide to theDECT standardization".[15]TBR 22: "Attachment requirements for terminal equipment for Digital Enhanced CordlessTelecommunications (DECT) Generic Access Profile (GAP) applications".[16]91/287/EEC: "Council Directive of 3 June 1991 on the frequency band to be designated for thecoordinated introduction of digital European cordless telecommunications (DECT) into theCommunity".[17]91/288/EEC: "Council Directive of 3 June 1991 on the frequency band to be designated for thecoordinated introduction of digital European cordless telecommunications (DECT) into theCommunity".[18]90/388/EEC: "Commission Directive of 28 June 1990 on competition in the markets fortelecommunications services".[19]TR 101 159 (V1.2): "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); ImplementingDECT in an arbitrary spectrum allocation".[20]EN 301 021: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Digital Radio Relay Systems (DRRS); TimeDivision Multiple Access (TDMA); Point-to-multipoint DRRS in Frequency Division Duplex(FDD) bands in the range 3 GHz to 11 GHz".3Definitions and abbreviations3.1DefinitionsFor the purposes of the present document, the following definitions apply:Fixed Part (DECT Fixed Part) (FP): A physical grouping that contains all of the elements in the DECT networkbetween the local network and the DECT air interface.Portable Part (DECT Portable Part) (PP): A physical grouping that contains all elements between the user and theDECT air interface. PP is a generic term that may describe one or several physical pieces.3.2AbbreviationsFor the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:CTACordless Terminal AdapterCTRCommon Technical RegulationDASDECT Access SiteDCSDynamic Channel SelectionDECTDigital Enhanced Cordless TelecommunicationsEROEuropean Radio communications OfficeEUTEquipment Under TestFDDFrequency Division DuplexFPFixed PartFSFixed ServiceFSSFixed Satellite ServiceFWAFixed Wireless AccessPSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)8GAPGeneric Access ProfileGPSGlobal Positioning SystemISDNIntegrated Services Digital NetworkLOSLine Of SightP-MPPoint-to-MultipointPOTSPlain Old Telephone ServicePPPortable PartPSTNPublic Switched Telephone NetworkRAPRLL Access ProfileRFRadio FrequencyRFPRadio Fixed PartRLLRadio in the Local LoopTBRTechnical Basis for RegulationTDDTime Division DuplexTETerminal EquipmentWLLWireless Local LoopWRSWireless Relay StationNOTE:FWA, RLL and WLL cover almost the same concept. FWA is the ITU term and has therefore been usedwherever possible and suitable in this document. RLL is used in the DECT standards and most other ETSIreferences. WLL is used in new documents.4Introduction to DECT services and applicationsDECT is a general radio access technology for wireless telecommunications. It is a high capacity digital technology, fora wide cell radii ranging from a few meters to several kilometres, depending on application and environment. It providestelephony quality voice services, and a broad range of data services, including Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN) and packet data. It can be effectively implemented in a range from simple residential cordless telephones up tolarge systems providing a wide range of telecommunications services, including FWA (WLL).The DECT instant or continuos dynamic channel selection, provides effective coexistence of uncoordinated installationsof private and public systems on the common designated DECT frequency band, and avoids any need for traditionalfrequency planning. See ETR 310 [13] for further explanation.Figure 1 gives a high level graphic overview of applications and features of DECT.A list of all ETSI standards and ETSI technical reports for DECT are given in ETR 178 [14]. Annex A of ETR 178 [14]contains a list of the essential standards and reports.The DECT standardization has developed a modern and complete standard within the area of cordlesstelecommunications.The European wide allocation of the frequency band 1 880 MHz to 1 900 MHz, has been reinforced by the CouncilDirective 91/287/EEC [16]. Many other countries world-wide have also adopted spectrum allocation for DECT.DECT carriers have been defined for the whole spectrum range 1 880 MHz to 1 937 MHz in the basic DECT standardsEN 300 175, parts 1 to 8 [1] to [8] and TBR 6 [9]. This allows DECT services to be introduced in countries where thebasic DECT frequencies 1 880 MHz to 1 900 MHz are not available.For rapid introduction of DECT, Common Technical Regulations (CTRs) have been established for DECT relating toharmonized DECT standards, Technical Bases for Regulation (TBRs) and ENs. TBRs contain the technicalrequirements of a CTR. Approval to a CTR gives access to a single European market through a simplified legalprocedure.The Council Recommendation 91/288/EEC [17] recommends that the DECT standard should meet user requirementsfor residential, business, public pedestrian and radio in the local loop applications. The standard should also providecompatibility and multiple access rights to allow a single handset to access several types of systems and services, e.g. aresidential system, a business system and one or more public systems. The public applications should be able to supportfull intersystem European roaming of DECT handsets. The DECT standard provides these features. Of specialimportance is RAP [10], [11] and the Generic Access Profile (GAP) and the related TBR 22 [15], which define commonPSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)9mobility and interoperability requirements for private and public DECT speech services. For a more comprehensiveoverview of the DECT standardization see ETR 178 [14].The European Commission has elaborated an amendment of Directive 90/388/EEC [18] on competition in the marketfor telecommunications services. This Directive defines DECT as an important alternative to the wired Public SwitchedTelephone Network (PSTN)/ISDN network access. Furthermore any restriction on the combination of DECT with othermobile technologies are to be withdrawn.The emerging deregulation of fixed services will also speed up fixed-mobile convergence in service offerings fromoperators. The different DECT interoperability profile standards are designed to facilitate provision of mixtures of fixedand mobile services through a single infrastructure.Recognizing that DECT FWA in the frequency band 1 880 MHz to1 937 MHz has been already specified in standardsEN 300 175 [8], TBR 6 [9], and TR 101 159 [19], the aim of the present document is to provide technical requirementsthat can be applied for DECT FWA approval in countries having FWA/PMP spectrum allocation in frequency bands forFixed Services within 2 200 MHz to 105 GHz. The present document consists of references to the relevant ETSI DECTstandards (TBR 6 [9]) and amendments required for application in a general spectrum allocation band.PSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)10DECTMultiple configurationsPPPPPPPPsPPFPFPFPWRSResidentialOfficeRLL/PCSPublicRLLBusinessResidentialMultipleenvironmentsRobust self plannedreal time radiochannel selectionCoexistenceMultiple accessrightsSeamless handoverFeaturesCost effectiveMobilitySecurityHighcapacityInter-operabilityQuality voiceISDNTACSNMTAMPSX.25LANGSMPSTNIEEE802Multiplenetwork accessTelephonyFaxImagesDataVideoISDNEvolutionaryservicesMultiple servicesFigure 1: Overview of DECT applications and featuresPSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)114.1Services and spectrum efficiency of DECT Fixed WirelessAccess (FWA) applicationsThe reference model for DECT Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) (FWA) systems is presented in figure 2.LECTAI/F 1I/F5aOA&MI/F6TEWRS FPPPTEI/F5bI/F4(GAP+data)I/F4(RAP)I/F4(RAP)I/F4(GAP+data)I/F4(WRS)TE:Terminal Equipment.FP:Fixed Part.WRS:Wireless Relay Station.CTA:Cordless Terminal Adapter.PP:Portable Part.I/F1:Local exchange to FP Interface.I/F4:DECT air Interface.I/F5a:CTA to terminal Interface.I/F5b:PP to terminal Interface.I/F6:OA&M Interface.Figure 2: DECT RLL (FWA) reference modelDepending on whether the end-user uses a CTA or a PP, the IF/4 interface can be either RLL Access Profile (RAP) orGAP-compliant. The services facilities and configurations (see ETR 308 [12]) focuses on RAP and describes theservices available at IF/1 that are expected to be provided at IF/5a. The OA&M facilities defined in RAP are only theones that require information to be transported over the RAP air interface. It should be noted that effective radio rangesachieved in the DECT FWA application using CTAs, will be considerably greater than when DECT is used in themobile mode. The signal path is more consistent, it is often line-of- sight and base stations and CTAs may use high gainantennas, whose directionality also reduces multipath signals.DECT provides high capacity FWA services with typically 40 to 150 E average traffic per DECT Access Site (DAS), ina 20 MHz allocation. The DAS may be highly sectored and are deployed in cellular pattern. 10 to 22 dBi antennas areused.For low traffic density scenarios, the capacity is not an issue, but the range is. High gain directive antennas and WRSsare often applied in order to increase the range of the links. The service and facilities description for DECT FWArequires a range up to several kilometres for a DECT radio link. A Line Of Sight (LOS) range of about 5 km is feasiblewith 12 dBi antennas at each end and reasonable antenna heights. Thus adding a WRS, could double the range.The DECT standard advance timing of the CTAs increases the range up to typically 17 km with maintained TDD guardspace. LOS ranges of 10 to 15 km are thus to a CTA or to a pool of WRSs in a remote village. This however requireshigh antenna gain (larger antennas) and higher antenna installation.The DECT ISDN service monitors the ISDN layer 3 information, and allocates DECT bearer resources only when andas required by the specific instant ISDN services. The ISDN speech service has the same spectrum efficiency as thePOTS speech service, and transmitting a specific amount of data (e.g. a document) via ISDN is much more spectrumefficient and loads in average the radio devices less than via POTS (modem). For packet data, transmission over theData Port is much more spectrum efficient and loads in average the radio devices much less than any modem service orISDN service.4.2Up-banding of DECT20 MHz as typically available around 1,9 GHz could be insufficient not to limit the future potential market for DECTFWA. It should therefore also be possible to have up-banded DECT systems applied to frequency bands for FixedServices where more spectrum is available. Annex A shows examples of radio frequency bands for Fixed Services (e.g.FWA/PMP) within 2 200 MHz to 105 GHz.PSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)12The regulatory regimes around the world for these bands are traditionally tailored for Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)applications, but Time Division Duplex (TDD) applications are also used. Although most regulators are expected toallow both TDD and FDD systems, it is important to define both TDD and FDD applications of DECT to allow for amost flexible approach to different regulatory regimes. The present document defines up-banding with TDD and/orFDD. Annex B shows that TDD is the preferred application. If the spectrum allocated to an operator is a paired band,the natural solution is to apply TDD to each of the paired spectrum parts.4.2.1Partial up-bandingBy partial up-banding is meant that the main traffic is carried in the 1,9 GHz band, but that an integrated PMP service isprovided within the same system by up-banding (in the radio module) some of the RFP to CTA/WRS links. This can beused both to provide increased range to remote customers, and to off-load the 1,9 GHz spectrum for spectrumdemanding office customers.By adding a 2 GHz to, for example, 3,5 GHz, 10,4 GHz or 18 GHz simple (external) converter to the radios of part ofthe FP and CTAs and/or WRS, part of the DECT links may provide integrated P-MP services. These higher frequencylinks may provide very narrow antenna beams with small antennas. This can be used to provide a link to a pool of WRSin a remote village (increased range). It will also be very efficient for concentrated high traffic transfer to residentialblock houses and (medium sized and larger) offices, where not range, but capacity is the main requirement. For the latterservice, the DECT LU8 service is very suitable. It provides a low-delay protected (by forward error correction)transparent 64 kbps service. Six such 64 kbps trunks are provided by a single radio CTA.4.2.2Full up-bandingIt is also possible to deploy complete DECT FWA systems within a band for Fixed Services in 2 200 MHz to 105 GHz.For instance, the 3,5 GHz band is an obvious candidate. Regulators in several countries are opening spectrum in thisband for FWA (WLL) and PMP applications. Therefore regulators need a document on requirements on up-bandedDECT FWA applications, to avoid that the regulatory regimes are written in a way that excludes DECT applications.4.3The DECT FWA standards4.3.1The DECT RAP standard, ETS 300 765The DECT RAP standard, ETS 300 765, is divided into two parts:a)Part 1 [10] "Basic telephony services", which includes Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) services(unprotected 32 kbit/s ADPCM), a (protected) 64 kbit/s PCM bearer service and over-the-air OA&M services;b)Part 2 [11] "Advanced telephony services" specifies 2B+D ISDN services (possible 30B + D in the future) and adata port for broadband (up to 552 kbit/s) packet data services.4.3.2The new DECT modulation optionsThe new DECT modulation options (on Public Enquiry spring 1998) will enable:-2 and 3 times higher user data rate on a standard time slot;-improved sensitivity (-95 dBm to –97 dBm including coherent demodulation);-uncritical Non Line Of Sight
installation by coherent equalizer option;-more than15 km ranges;-meets ITU IMT-2000 service requirements for short range mobile systems and for fixed access;-Wireless Local Loop (WLL) services and features competitive with those of third generation technologies.PSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)13DECT FWA is spectrum efficient and very suitable for POTS services, general ISDN services and Internet and otherpacket data services in residential and office applications. DECT offers a unique platform for future multimedia andfixed/mobile integration services.5RequirementsRequirements for FWA applications around 1,9 GHz are found in ETSI TR 101 159 [19], where DECT is specified forthe whole frequency range 1 880 MHz to 1 938 MHz.The present document is limited to up-banded DECT applications within 2 200 MHz to 105 GHz.Clause 5 defines the minimum required functions and parameters for DECT equipment operating in the frequency bandFL to FU. FL defines the lower edge of the assigned frequency band and FU defines the upper edge of the frequencyband.The frequency carriers to be used can be software controlled by the DECT base stations. They are indicated in abroadcast message to the portables. The DECT fixed part (base station) broadcast messages indicate the locally relevantcarrier numbers to ensure that portables and FWA subscriber units do set up calls only within the locally allocated bandFL to FU.New or modified bands FL to FU can locally be defined when needed.DECT equipment should be capable of working on all assigned carriers within the assigned band. This normallyprovides the most efficient use of the spectrum, but it is possible to limit specific applications, or a specific system, topart of the spectrum, if this is suitable due to local circumstances.The technical requirements are contained in TBR 6 [9] together with the amendments which are defined in this clause.5.1Definition of access channels, bearersThe different types of DECT bearers are defined in the time domain. Each bearer is also related to a specific carrierfrequency number c and to a specific RF-band number (see EN 300 175-3 [3], subclause 7.2.3.3.1).5.1.1Definition of Fc, Fd, Fcu and FcdThe following carrier frequency definitions apply:Fc = Fg + c ´ 1,728 MHz,where c = 10, 11, 12, ., 32and Fg is a nominal DECT carrier frequency (see TBR 6 [9], subclause 7.1).Each specific RF-band number shall have Fg defined, and also fd if FDD operation shall be applied.Fcd = Fc and Fcu = Fc - fd. fd is the duplex separation, and can be a positive or a negative number, where this numbermay be multiple of 1,728 MHz.5.1.2TDDFor TDD, the carrier number c relates to a specific carrier frequency Fc used for both the up-link and down-link parts ofa bearer.PSIST TR 101 370:2000
ETSITR 101 370 V1.1.1 (1998-09)145 ms5 ms5 msFc
d
d
u
ud indicates down link and u indicates up link. Each d and u field is further divided into 12 time slots.Figure 3: TDD frame structure5.1.3FDDFor FDD a different definition of the carrier number c is required.Here the carrier number c relates to a specific pair of carrier frequencies Fcu and Fcd. All pairs have the same duplexfrequency separation, fd, typically 50 MHz to 100 MHz or more. The up-links use carrier Fu and the down-links carrierFd. The time relation between up-links and down-links of a bearer is the same as for the TDD case. Thus the same burstmode controllers are used for TDD and FDD. Thus for simplex and duplex bearers the down-links are defined for thefirst 5 ms of a frame, and the up-links for the last 5 ms, and th
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.