ETSI TR 103 305 V1.1.1 (2015-05)

CYBER; Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defence

DTR/CYBER-003

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-May-2015
• Technical Committee: CYBER - Cyber Security
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Completion Date: 07-May-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 103 305 V1.1.1 (2015-05)






TECHNICAL REPORT
CYBER;
Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defence

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2 ETSI TR 103 305 V1.1.1 (2015-05)



Reference
DTR/CYBER-003
Keywords
Cyber Security, Cyber-defence, information
assurance

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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Executive summary . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
4 Critical Security Controls . 8
4.0 Structure of the Critical Security Controls Document . 8
4.1 CSC 1: Inventory of Authorized and Unauthorized Devices. 9
4.2 CSC 2: Inventory of Authorized and Unauthorized Software . 12
4.3 CSC 3: Secure Configurations for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops, Workstations,
and Servers . 15
4.4 CSC 4: Continuous Vulnerability Assessment and Remediation . 20
4.5 CSC 5: Malware Defences . 23
4.6 CSC 6: Application Software Security . 26
4.7 CSC 7: Wireless Access Control . 29
4.8 CSC 8: Data Recovery Capability . 32
4.9 CSC 9: Security Skills Assessment and Appropriate Training to Fill Gaps . 34
4.10 CSC 10: Secure Configurations for Network Devices such as Firewalls, Routers, and Switches . 36
4.11 CSC 11: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services . 39
4.12 CSC 12: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges . 41
4.13 CSC 13: Boundary Defence . 45
4.14 CSC 14: Maintenance, Monitoring, and Analysis of Audit Logs . 49
4.15 CSC 15: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know . 52
4.16 CSC 16: Account Monitoring and Control . 54
4.17 CSC 17: Data Protection . 57
4.18 CSC 18: Incident Response and Management . 60
4.19 CSC 19: Secure Network Engineering . 62
4.20 CSC 20: Penetration Tests and Red Team Exercises . 64
Annex A: Attack Types . 67
History . 68


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Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Cyber Security (CYBER).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The present document captures and describes the top twenty Enterprise industry level cybersecurity best practices that
provide enhanced cyber security, developed and maintained by the Council on CyberSecurity as an independent, expert,
global non-profit organization. The Council provides ongoing development, support, adoption, and use of the Critical
Controls [i.5]. See (www.counciloncybersecurity.org). The Critical Security Controls reflect the combined knowledge
of actual attacks and effective defences of experts from every part of the cyber security ecosystem. This ensures that the
Controls are an effective and specific set of technical measures available to detect, prevent, respond, and mitigate
damage from the most common to the most advanced of those attacks.
The Controls are not limited to blocking the initial compromise of systems, but also address detecting
already-compromised machines and preventing or disrupting attackers' follow-on actions. The defences identified
through these Controls deal with reducing the initial attack surface by hardening device configurations, identifying
compromised machines to address long-term threats inside an organization's network, disrupting attackers' command-
and-control of 5 implanted malicious code, and establishing an adaptive, continuous defence and response capability
that can be maintained and improved. The five critical tenets of an effective cyber defence system as reflected in the
Critical Security Controls are:
• Offense informs defence: Use knowledge of actual attacks that have compromised systems to provide the
foundation to continually learn from these events to build effective, practical defences. Include only those
controls that can be shown to stop known real-world attacks.
• Prioritization: Invest first in Controls that will provide the greatest risk reduction and protection against the
most dangerous threat actors, and that can be feasibly implemented in your computing environment.
• Metrics: Establish common metrics to provide a shared language for executives, IT specialists, auditors, and
security officials to measure the effectiveness of security measures within an organization so that required
adjustments can be identified and implemented quickly.
• Continuous diagnostics and mitigation: Carry out continuous measurement to test and validate the
effectiveness of current security measures, and to help drive the priority of next steps.
• Automation: Automate defences so that organizations can achieve reliable, scalable, and continuous
measurements of their adherence to the Controls and related metrics.
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Introduction
The evolution of cyber defence is increasingly challenging. Massive data losses, theft of intellectual property, credit
card breaches, identity theft, threats to privacy, denial of service - these have become endemic. Access exists to an
extraordinary array of security tools and technology, security standards, training and classes, certifications, vulnerability
databases, guidance, best practices, catalogues of security controls, and countless security checklists, benchmarks, and
recommendations.
But all of this technology, information, and oversight have become a veritable "Fog of More": competing options,
priorities, opinions, and claims. The threats have evolved, the actors have become smarter, and users have become more
mobile. Data is now distributed across multiple locations, many of which are not within our organization's infrastructure
anymore. With more reliance on cloud computing data centres, the data and even applications are becoming more
distributed. In a complex, interconnected world, no enterprise can think of its security as a standalone problem, and
collective action is nearly impossible.
Focus is needed to establish priority of action, collective support, and keeping knowledge and technology current in the
face of rapidly evolving problems and an apparently infinite number of possible solutions. The most critical areas need
to be addressed and the first steps taken toward maturing risk management programs. This includes a roadmap of
fundamentals, and guidance to measure and improve the implementation defensive steps that have the greatest value.
These issues led to, and drive, the Critical Security Controls. The value is determined by knowledge and data - the
ability to prevent, alert, and respond to the attacks that are plaguing enterprises today.
The Critical Security Controls and Other Risk Management Approaches
The Critical Security Controls are not a replacement for comprehensive mandatory compliance or regulatory schemes.
The Controls instead prioritize and focus on a smaller number of actionable controls with high-payoff.
Although lacking the formality of traditional Risk Management Frameworks, the Critical Security Controls process
constitutes a "foundational risk assessment" - one that can be used by an individual enterprise as a starting point for
immediate, high-value action, is demonstrably consistent with formal risk management frameworks, and provides a
basis for common action across diverse communities (e.g. that might be subject to different regulatory or compliance
requirements).
The Critical Security Controls also proactively align with and leverage ongoing work in security standards and best
practices. Examples include: the Security Content Automation Program (SCAP) and Special Publication 800-53 [i.1]
(Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations) sponsored by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); the Australian Signals Directorate's "Top 35 Strategies to Mitigate
Targeted Cyber Intrusions"; and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) 27002:2013 [i.4] Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information
security controls. References and mappings to these can be found at www.counciloncybersecurity.org.
Initiating Implementation
Some of the Critical Security Controls, in particular CSC 1 through CSC 5, are foundational, and should be considered
as the actions to be taken. This is the approach taken by, for example, the DHS Continuous Diagnostic and Mitigation
(CDM) Program.
For a highly focused and direct starting point, five especially useful actions have the most immediate impact on
preventing attacks. These actions are specially noted in the Controls listings, and consist of:
1) application whitelisting (found in CSC 2);
2) use of standard, secure system configurations (found in CSC 3);
3) patch application software within 48 hours (found in CSC 4);
4) patch system software within 48 hours (found in CSC 4); and
5) reduced number of users with administrative privileges (found in CSC 3 and CSC 12).
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6 ETSI TR 103 305 V1.1.1 (2015-05)
1 Scope
The present document describes a specific set of technical measures available to detect, prevent, respond, and mitigate
damage from the most common to the most advanced of cyber attacks. The measures reflect the combined knowledge
of actual attacks and effective defences.
The present document is technically equivalent and compatible with the 5.1 version of the "The Critical Security
Controls for Effective Cyber Defence," 10 July 2014, which can be found at the website
http://www.counciloncybersecurity.org/critical-controls/.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] NIST Special Publication 800-53: "Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems
and Organizations".
[i.2] NIST Special Publication 800-57: "Recommendation for Key Management - Part 1: General".
[i.3] NIST Special Publication 800-132: "Recommendation for Password-Based Key Derivation -
Part 1: Storage Applications".
[i.4] ISO/IEC 27002:2013: "Information technology -- Security techniques -- Code of practice for
information security controls".
[i.5] Council on Cybersecurity: "The Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defence".
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3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
Critical Security Control (CSC): specified capabilities that reflect the combined knowledge of actual attacks and
effective defences of experts that are maintained by the Council on Cybersecurity and found at the website
http://www.counciloncybersecurity.org/critical-controls/
quick win: actions that can be relatively easily taken with minimal resources that have a significant cyber security
benefit
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
802.1x Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Standard for Port-based Network Access Control
ACK Acknowledge
ACL Access Controls List
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
APT Advanced Persistent Threat
ASLR Address Space Layout Randomization
BYOD Bring Your Own Device
C2 Command and Control
CA Certificate Authority
TM
CCE Common Configuration Enumeration
CD Compact Disc
CDM Continuous Diagnostic and Mitigation
CP Certificate Policy
TM
CPE Common Platform Enumeration
CPS Certificate Practice Statement
CSC Critical Security Control or Capability
TM
CVE Common Vulnerability Enumeration
CVSS Common Vulnerability Scoring System
DEP Data Execution Prevention
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DLL Dynamic Link Library
DLP Data Loss Prevention
DMZ demilitarized zone
DNS Domain Name system
DVD Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc
EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol
EICAR European Expert Group for IT-Security
EMET Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit
FTP File Transfer Protocol
HSM Hardware Security Modules
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
ID Identifier
IDS Intrusion Detection System
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IP Internet protocol
IPS Intrusion prevention system
IPSEC Internet Protocol Security
IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IT Information technology
LAN local area network
LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
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MAC Media Access Control
NAC Network Access Control
NICE National Initiative on Cybersecurity Education
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NTP Network Time Protocol
OTP One Time Password
OVAL® Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language
OWASP Open Web Application Security Project
RDP Remote Desktop Protocol
SANS SysAdmin, Audit, Networking, and Security
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SCAP Security Content Automation Program
SIEM Security Information Event Management or Security Incident Event Management
SIM Subscriber Information Module
SP Special Publication
SPF Sender Policy Framework
SQL Structured Query Language
SSL Secure Sockets Layer
SYN synchronize
TCP transmission control protocol
TLS Transport Layer Security
URL Uniform Resource Locator
USB Universal Serial Bus
UTC Universal Time Coordinated
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
VMS Vulnerability Management System
VNC Virtual Channel Network
VPN Virtual Private Network
WAF Web Application Firewall
WIDS Wireless Intrusion Detection System
WPA2 Wi-Fi Protected Access II
XCCDF Extensible Configuration Checklist
XML Extensible Markup Language
4 Critical Security Controls
4.0 Structure of the Critical Security Controls Document
The presentation of each Critical Security Control in the present document includes:
• A description of the importance of the Control in blocking or identifying presence of attacks and an
explanation of how attackers actively exploit the absence of this control.
• Listing of the specific actions that organizations are taking to implement, automate, and measure effectiveness
of this control. The sub-controls are grouped into four categories:
- Easy actions that provide significant risk reduction without major financial, procedural, architectural, or
technical changes to an environment, or that provide such substantial and immediate risk reduction
against very common attacks that most security-aware organizations prioritize these key controls.
- Visibility and attribution measures to improve the process, architecture, and technical capabilities of
organizations to monitor their networks and computer systems to detect attack attempts, locate points of
entry, identify already-compromised machines, interrupt infiltrated attackers' activities, and gain
information about the sources of an attack.
- Improved information security configuration and hygiene to reduce the number and magnitude of
security vulnerabilities and improve the operations of networked computer systems, with a focus on
protecting against poor security practices by system administrators and end-users that could give an
attacker an advantage.
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- Advanced sub-controls that use new technologies or procedures that provide maximum security but are
harder to deploy or more expensive or require more highly skilled staff than commoditized security
solutions.
• Procedures and tools that enable implementation and automation.
• Metrics and tests to assess implementation status and effectiveness.
• Sample entity relationship diagrams that show components of implementation.
4.1 CSC 1: Inventory of Authorized and Unauthorized Devices
Actively manage (inventory, track, and correct) all hardware devices on the network so that only authorized devices are
given access, and unauthorized and unmanaged devices are found and prevented from gaining access.
Why Is This Control Critical?
Attackers, who can be located anywhere in the world, are continuously scanning the address space of target
organizations, waiting for new and unprotected systems to be attached to the network. Attackers also look for devices
(especially laptops) which come and go off of the enterprise's network, and so get out of synch with patches or security
updates. Attacks can take advantage of new hardware that is installed on the network one evening but not configured
and patched with appropriate security updates until the following day. Even devices that are not visible from the
Internet can be used by attackers who have already gained internal access and are hunting for internal jump points or
victims. Additional systems that connect to the enterprise's network (e.g. demonstration systems, temporary test
systems, guest networks) should also be managed carefully and/or isolated in order to prevent adversarial access from
affecting the security of enterprise operations.
As new technology continues to come out, BYOD (bring your own device) - where employees bring personal devices
into work and connect them to the network - is becoming very common. These devices could already be compromised
and be used to infect internal resources.
Managed control of all devices also plays a critical role in planning and executing system backup and recovery.
How to Implement This Control
Table 1
ID # Description Category
CSC 1-1 Deploy an automated asset inventory discovery tool and use it to build a Quick win
preliminary asset inventory of systems connected to an organization's public and
private network(s). Both active tools that scan through network address ranges
and passive tools that identify hosts based on analysing their traffic should be
employed.
CSC 1-2 Deploy dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server logging, and utilize a Quick win
system to improve the asset inventory and help detect unknown systems through
this DHCP information.
CSC 1-3 Ensure that all equipment acquisitions automatically update the inventory system Quick win
as new, approved devices are connected to the network.
CSC 1-4 Maintain an asset inventory of all systems connected to the network and the Visibility/
network devices themselves, recording at least the network addresses, machine Attribution
name(s), purpose of each system, an asset owner responsible for each device,
and the department associated with each device. The inventory should include
every system that has an Internet protocol (IP) address on the network, including
but not limited to desktops, laptops, servers, network equipment (routers,
switches, firewalls, etc.), printers, storage area networks, Voice Over-IP
telephones, multi-homed addresses, virtual addresses, etc. The asset inventory
created has to include data on whether the device is a portable and/or personal
device. Devices such as mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and other portable
electronic devices that store or process data have to be identified, regardless of
whether they are attached to the organization's network.
CSC 1-5 Deploy network level authentication via 802.1x to limit and control which devices Configuration/
can be connected to the network. The 802.1x has to be tied into the inventory Hygiene
data to determine authorized versus unauthorized systems.
CSC 1-6 Deploy network access control (NAC) to monitor authorized systems so if attacks Configuration/Hygie
occur, the impact can be remediated by moving the untrusted system to a virtual ne
local area network that has minimal access.
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ID # Description Category
CSC 1-7 Utilize client certificates to validate and authenticate systems prior to connecting Advanced
to the private network.

CSC 1 Procedures and Tools
This Control requires both technical and procedural actions, united in a process that accounts for and manages the
inventory of hardware and all associated information throughout its life-cycle. It links to the business by establishing
information/asset owners who are responsible for each component of a business process that includes information,
software, and hardware. Organizations can use large-scale, comprehensive enterprise products to maintain IT asset
inventories. Others use more modest tools to gather the data by sweeping the network, and manage the results
separately in a database.
Maintaining a current and accurate view of IT assets is an ongoing and dynamic process. Organizations can actively
scan on a regular basis, sending a variety of different packet types to identify devices connected to the network. Before
such scanning can take place, organizations should verify that they have adequate bandwidth for such periodic scans by
consulting load history and capacities for their networks. In conducting inventory scans, scanning tools could sen
...