ETSI GR NGP 004 V1.1.1 (2018-01)

Next Generation Protocol (NGP); Evolved Architecture for mobility using Identity Oriented Networks

DGR/NGP-004

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 18-Jan-2018
• Technical Committee: NGP - Next Generation Protocols
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 06-Feb-2018
• Completion Date: 19-Jan-2018

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI GR NGP 004 V1.1.1 (2018-01)






GROUP REPORT
Next Generation Protocol (NGP);
Evolved Architecture for mobility using
Identity Oriented Networks
Disclaimer
The present document has been produced and approved by the Next Generation Protocols (NGP) ETSI Industry Specification
Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG.
It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership.

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Reference
DGR/NGP-004
Keywords
GRIDS, identity, ION, IoT, mapping system,
mobility
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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviations . 8
4 Identity Oriented Networks (IONs): Architecture Overview . 9
4.1 Introduction . 9
4.2 Key Aspects of the Architecture . 10
4.2.1 Identifier and Location Decoupling . 10
4.2.2 Identifier Allocation . 12
4.2.3 Identifier Groups, Range and Scope . 13
4.2.4 Identifier Structure and Life Span . 13
4.3 Mapping and Generic Identity Services Infrastructure (GRIDS) . 13
4.4 Mapping Service Responsibility . 15
4.5 Mapping System design principles . 16
4.5.1 Distribution and Redundancy . 16
4.5.2 Scale and Performance . 16
4.5.3 Performance Optimization . 16
4.5.4 Flexible, Open and Efficient Mapping System Interfaces . 16
4.6 Forwarding Infrastructure . 16
5 Next Generation ION Network Architecture . 17
5.1 ION Network Architecture . 17
5.2 Future Control Plane . 19
5.3 Future User Plane . 20
5.4 Data Plane Agnostic Solution . 20
6 Functionalities Supported . 21
6.1 Registration and reachability management . 21
6.1.1 Registration management . 21
6.1.2 Reachability management . 21
6.2 Mobility management . 22
6.2.1 Mobility changes . 22
6.2.2 Mobility without UPF change . 22
6.2.3 Mobility with UPF change . 23
6.2.4 Mobility with Predictive movement . 24
6.3 Confidentiality and Security . 24
6.3.1 Privacy . 24
6.3.2 Verification . 24
6.3.3 Security . 25
6.3.4 Mapping and Services System Security . 25
6.4 Heterogeneous Multi-Access Support . 25
6.5 Edge computing . 26
6.6 IoT Support . 27
6.7 Automatic Bootstrapping . 28
7 Summary . 28
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Annex A: Authors & contributors . 29
History . 30


ETSI

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5 ETSI GR NGP 004 V1.1.1 (2018-01)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Group Report (GR) has been produced by ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) Next Generation Protocols
(NGP).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
This work item focuses on using Identity Oriented Networks (ION) for next generation architectures toward 5G and
beyond. The basic concept and goal behind ION is to dissociate the identifier and temporal location information for an
entity. Ideally, this goal should endeavour for deployment to support current architectures while also enabling more
optimal future architectures. The work aims to examine and propose recommendations to improve and simplify the
network infrastructure to support mobility natively by adopting ION. In addition, the work item may require the
development of new protocols and/or modification of existing protocols.
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Introduction
The Internet is seminal for communication technologies and is a powerful enabler for modern applications with
connectivity needs. However, when the Internet was designed the requirements were wildly different from the
applications to be enabled by 5G infrastructure. Forty years ago, no one expected the user behaviour to evolve from text
based fixed Internet access to streaming 4K quality media over a mobile device with session continuity. Mobility
support is today the norm and new solutions should be examined for the network to support these new capabilities. As
the Internet is pervasive and therefore these solutions should still interoperate with the current architecture.
Today the user's expectation and experience is at the forefront driving the requirements of applications such as session
continuity, augmented reality, virtual reality or high definition video. Most importantly perhaps, the future deployment
of 5G gives a unique opportunity to examine how core technologies may be modified, enhanced or replaced for a more
secure, robust and optimized architecture for the future mobile networks.
With this in focus, the present document reviews the current state-of-art of Identity-oriented solutions (ION), and
provides recommendations toward new protocols and/or modification of existing ones in the context of ION.

ETSI

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7 ETSI GR NGP 004 V1.1.1 (2018-01)
1 Scope
The present document provides an overview of existing identity oriented protocols, mapping systems and proposes next
generation mobility with a generic and resilient identity services infrastructure.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Number of Mobile-Only Internet Users Now Exceeds Desktop-Only in the U.S.
NOTE: Available at https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Number-of-Mobile-Only-Internet-Users-Now-
Exceeds-Desktop-Only-in-the-U.S.
[i.2] Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2016-2021 White
Paper.
NOTE: Available at http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-
vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html.
[i.3] M. Hoefling, M. Menth, and M. Hartmann: "A Survey of Mapping Systems for Locator/Identifier
Split Internet Routing", IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 15, n. 4, Fourth Quarter
2013.
[i.4] International roaming explained.
NOTE: Available at http://www.gsma.com/publicpolicy/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Africa-International-
roaming-explained-English.pdf.
[i.5] IETF draft-herbert-nvo3-ila: "Identifier-locator addressing for network virtualization", T. Herbert.
NOTE: Available at https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-herbert-nvo3-ila-00.
[i.6] IETF draft-padma-ideas-problem-statement: "Problem Statement for Identity Enabled Networks",
P. Pillay-Esnault, M. Boucadair, C. Jacquenet, G. Fioccola, A. Nennker.
NOTE: Available at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-padma-ideas-problem-statement-01.
[i.7] ETSI GS NGP 001: "Next Generation Protocol (NGP); Scenario Definitions".
[i.8] IETF RFC 6301 (July 2011): "A Survey of Mobility Support in the Internet", Z. Zhu,
R. Wakikawa, and L. Zhang.
[i.9] IETF RFC 3753 (June 2004): "Mobility Related Terminology", J. Manner, and M. Kojo.
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8 ETSI GR NGP 004 V1.1.1 (2018-01)
[i.10] ETSI TS 124 301: "Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS) (3GPP
TS 24.301)".
[i.11] ETSI TS 136 300: "Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (3GPP
TS 36.300)".
[i.12] ETSI TS 123 060: "Access General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description (3GPP
TS 23.060)".
[i.13] ETSI TS 129 060: "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP)
across the Gn and Gp Interface (3GPP TS 29.060)".
[i.14] IETF RFC 6275 (July 2011): "Mobility Support in IPv6", C. Perkins, D. Johnson, and J. Arkko.
[i.15] IETF RFC 5213 (August 2008): "Proxy Mobile IPv6", S. Gundavelli, K. Leung, V. Devarapalli,
K. Chowdhury and B. Patil.
[i.16] IETF RFC 5949 (September 2010): "Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile IPv6", H. Yokota,
K Chowdhury, R. Koodli, B. Patil, and F. Xia.
[i.17] IETF RFC 6740 (November 2012): "Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) Architectural
Description", Atkinson, RJ. and SN. Bhatti.
[i.18] IETF RFC 6830 (January 2013): "The Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)", D. Farinacci,
V. Fuller, D. Meyer and D. Lewis.
[i.19] IETF RFC 7401 (April 2015): "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)", R. Moskowitz, T. Heer,
P. Jokela and T. Henderson.
[i.20] 3GPP TS 22.261: "Service requirements for next generation new services and markets".
[i.21] IETF draft-ietf-lisp-predictive-RLOCs: "LISP Predictive RLOCs", D. Farinacci, P. Pillay-Esnault.
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
binding: process of binding an identifier to its associated LOC(s), based on a lookup/query of the NMS
entity: device or node or a process, which needs to be identified in a network
Identifier (IDf): name that can be used to identify an entity unambiguously within a scope
Identity(IDy): identity of an entity used to securely access the mapping system and to enhance anonymity and privacy
locator: routable address in a network
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
rd
3GPP 3 Generation Partnership Project
5G Fifth Generation Mobile Networks
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
DHT Distributed Hash Table
DNS Domain Name System
DNSSEC Domain Name System Security Extensions
EMM EPC Mobility Management
EPC Evolved Packet Core
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GMM GPRS Mobility Management
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GRIDS Generic Resilient Identity Services
HLR Home Location Register
IDf Identifier
IDMS Integrated Database Management System
IDy device identity
ION Identity Oriented Network
IoT Internet of Things
IP Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
LTE Long Term Evolution
MIP Mobile IP
NMS Network Mapping System
NMSFK Network Mapping System with Full Knowledge
NMSPK-LL Network Mapping System with Partial Knowledge using Local Lookup
NMSPK-SRL Network Mapping System with Partial Knowledge using Single Remote Lookup
NMSPK-IRL Network Mapping System with Partial Knowledge using Iterative Remote Lookup
NMSPK-HSO Network Mapping System with Partial Knowledge with Hierarchically Structured Overlay
NMSPK-DHT Network Mapping System with Partial Knowledge with Distributed Hash Table
NMSPK-MCO Network Mapping System with Partial Knowledge with Multicast Overlay
PKI Public Key Infrastructure
UE User Equipment
VLR Visitor Location Register
VPN Virtual Private Network
4 Identity Oriented Networks (IONs): Architecture
Overview
4.1 Introduction
The current Internet architecture, which has been built with and on top of the Internet Protocol (IP), was designed for a
very different environment from modern networks. Early versions of the Internet Protocol were designed in the 1970's.
The Internet protocol architecture has evolved over time since then, largely as a result of the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) organization. However, the landscape of networks has changed dramatically and many of the initial
Internet architecture tenets have changed too.
As an example of one of these dramatic Internet architectural changes, today many Internet references cite that 70 % of
the access sessions setup towards it are originated on a mobile device. However, at the start of the Internet design, the
notion of mobility was not even considered.
Today, mobility is a major Internet requirement, and the number of users operating mobile devices has exploded,
overtaking the number of fixed PC connections in 2014 [i.1]. According to reference [i.2], the projected growth of
mobile devices is 1,5 per person, reaching a staggering total number of 11,6 billion connections by 2020. To cement a
more near-term understanding of this trend, that global mobile data traffic has increased by 74 % in 2015 (according to
reference [i.2]). Indeed, ubiquitous mobility is the norm and here to stay.
It is also very important to highlight that both the definition of mobility and its correlated requirements in the networks
have drastically changed over time. For instance, in order to transit from LTE to 5G, the network requirements have
become more stringent with respect to KPIs for latency, reliability, throughput, etc. [i.20]. This increase, in conjunction
with evolving user behaviour, presents many technical challenges in the current Internet architecture in order to meet
the requirements of future networks. Furthermore, due to the huge success of the Internet, there are many other non-
technical issues that impact the Internet architecture: for instance those related to economical, or user behaviour. All of
these technical and non-technical aspects need to be taken into account in the future solutions for any Internet
architecture and protocol evolution (as detailed in ETSI GS NGP 001 [i.7]). In order to meet the aforementioned
challenges of the current architecture based on IP, the present document introduces Identity Oriented Networks (IONs)
as a candidate solution and provides a novel framework for next generation networks using a holistic approach.
Furthermore, the present document extends some of the recommendations provided in ETSI GS NGP 001 [i.7] with
respect to IONs.
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4.2 Key Aspects of the Architecture
4.2.1 Identifier and Location Decoupling
This clause, introduces the key aspects of the ION architecture focusing on the fundamental importance of separating:
i) identifier; and
ii) location for each Entity within the network.
Furthermore, it provides an overview of the possible Entity identifier binding approaches and listing the pro and cons
for each solution.
A mobile entity that intends to operate mobility needs three basic components (see references [i.7] to [i.11]):
a) An identifier, which univocally identifies an entity in the network. This is a static mobile entity identifier, in
the context of the mobility system it wants to use.
b) A locator, which provides information regarding the current location of an entity. This is typically the static
address of the Access Point that the mobile entity wants to connect to or be reachable from.
c) A network mapping system that creates a temporal binding of the identifier and the locator.
Additionally, new optional services can be possible with an Identity (IDy) (see reference [i.6]) for identifiers associated
with it. These services namely access control, authorization of who can resolve location of an identifier use policy and
metadata tied to Identity.
In a fixed network, an IP address has an overloaded semantic and it represents both the identifier and location of an
entity. In the Internet Protocols, these two components were effectively bound, co-located, and somewhat immutable.
As the network evolved, new breeds of devices have been introduced, which are increasingly highly mobile, and there
has been an increased need to individually distinguish a multitude of applications that run on a device. However, the
traditional methodologies, which use well-known ports and data forwarding, such as in mobile IP (MIP), [i.8] and [i.14]
to [i.16] or 3GPP EPC mobility management (EMM) and GPRS mobility management (GMM) [i.12], solve the
problem inefficiently. MIP binds a temporary IP address to a static IP address while in 3GPP (EMM and GMM) a
temporary IP address to 3GPP Base Station IP address and Mobile Identifier. In 3GPP, the mobility structured
Hierarchy of Identifiers is as follows:
1) Cells;
2) Tracking Areas;
3) Networks; and
4) Countries.
In order to maintain session continuity, the mobile device needs to retain some identifier that allows the communication
to be seamless. In fact, when a device moves, the only component that changes is its location or its access point and not
its identifier, however, today's overloaded semantic of an IP address for identifier and locator make them
indistinguishable, therefore the only solution is to retain the IP address. However, holding on to an IP address during
mobility requires solutions such as anchoring or reforwarding that introduce delays.
In order to overcome these issues, the ION architecture proposes to separate the identifier and location components. In
ION the following components are present:
1) Entity identifier - identifies unambiguously entities within a scope.
2) Locator address -provides a location that is decoupled from the entity identifier.
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This proposal does not intend to change the IP infrastructure, and proposes to work in a backward compatible manner
with the current Internet, since the concept behind ION is applicable to any underlying network infrastructure. The basic
idea beyond our proposal is to insert a naming/identifier sub-layer in the protocol stack, generally as an over-layer of IP
stack as shown in figure 1. The Identity oriented architecture relies on defining the identifier of the entity and a mapping
or binding to the location of the entity in order to forward traffic. The identifier namespace comprises the whole IPv4
and IPv6 address space to enable it to interoperate with traditional applications, while newer applications can use the
newly defined identifier, which may not be necessarily IP address namespace. In alternative, the Identity oriented
:
architecture may also reside directly on the L2 level in this case the mapping is between the identifier and the L2 layer.
The evolved architecture using Identity oriented networks aims at using the IP addressing, but inserting an Identifier
layer and gives new possibilities to change the upper layer by having identifier aware applications above the identifier
layer.

0
Application
Layer 4
NGP
Layer 3.5
Identifier
Layer 3
NGP ANY
Layer 2
Access Technology

NOTE: In reality the Identifier layer can be mapped to any layer used for forwarding or route locators.

Figure 1: Proposed stack
It is possible to have multiple locations for an identifier in case an entity is multi-homed. This case brings lot of
complexity in today's IP networks because of the already overloaded semantics of identifier and location with IP.
However the decoupling will give greater flexibility for multi homing cases.
An important characteristic of the identifier format is that it needs to satisfy or facilitate several requirements, which are
both technical and non-technical. One approach is to have a "dumb" identifier, which only serves the purpose of
identifying an entity, and nothing more. Another alternative is format the identifier by conferring to it some properties
inherently. Table 1 captures
...