ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)

Rail Telecommunications (RT); Next Generation Communication System; Radio performance simulations and evaluations in rail environment; Part 1: Long Term Evolution (LTE)

RTR/RT-0048-1

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 13-Feb-2019
• Technical Committee: RT - Railway telecommunications
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 28-Feb-2019
• Completion Date: 14-Feb-2019

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)






TECHNICAL REPORT
Rail Telecommunications (RT);
Next Generation Communication System;
Radio performance simulations and
evaluations in rail environment;
Part 1: Long Term Evolution (LTE)

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2 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)



Reference
RTR/RT-0048-1
Keywords
LTE, railways
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3 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms . 8
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Assumptions and parameters for simulations and evaluations . 9
4.1 Introduction . 9
4.2 Simulation tools . 10
4.3 Scenarios . 11
4.4 Bandwidth and transmit power . 11
4.4.1 Bandwidths . 11
4.4.2 Transmit powers . 12
4.5 Antenna diagrams . 12
4.5.1 Antenna diagrams at the base station . 12
4.5.2 Antenna diagrams at the UE . 12
4.6 Radio propagation aspects . 12
4.6.1 Radio propagation model . 12
4.6.2 Conclusion . 14
4.7 Frequency reuse scheme . 14
4.8 Summary . 15
4.9 Outcomes of the simulations . 16
5 Simulation results . 16
5.1 Results set 1 . 16
5.1.1 Description . 16
5.1.2 Specific assumptions and parameters . 18
5.1.3 Results . 20
5.1.3.1 Introduction . 20
5.1.3.2 Results at 1,4 MHz - First round . 21
5.1.3.3 Results at 1,4 MHz - Second round . 23
5.1.3.4 Results at 3 MHz . 25
5.1.3.5 Results at 5 MHz . 28
5.1.4 Notes and remarks . 32
5.1.4.1 Notes and remarks on first round of results . 32
5.1.4.2 Notes and remarks on second round of results . 33
5.2 Results set 2 . 35
5.2.1 Description . 35
5.2.1.1 Lab setup high level description . 35
5.2.1.2 Lab setup: 3GPP RF Channel Emulator . 36
5.2.1.3 Lab setup: FRMCS Traffic Generator and Analyzer. 37
5.2.2 Specific assumptions and parameters . 37
5.2.3 Results . 37
5.2.4 Notes and remarks . 37
5.3 Results set 3 . 37
5.3.1 Description . 37
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4 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)
5.3.2 Specific assumptions and parameters . 38
5.3.2.1 Common assumptions . 38
5.3.2.2 Hilly channel model . 39
5.3.2.3 Rural channel model . 39
5.3.3 Results . 41
5.3.3.1 Hilly channel model . 41
5.3.3.2 Rural channel model . 41
5.3.4 Notes and remarks . 43
6 Results evaluation . 44
6.1 Analysis . 44
6.1.1 General . 44
6.1.2 Overheads analysis . 44
6.1.2.1 General . 44
6.1.2.2 IP stack, PDCP and RLC overheads . 44
6.1.2.3 Physical layer overheads . 45
6.1.2.4 Link-level comparison . 45
6.1.3 Train speed impact . 46
6.1.4 Neighbouring cells interference impact . 48
6.1.5 HARQ impact estimation . 48
6.1.6 Results comparison and net throughputs at hand-over point . 50
6.2 Identified system limitations . 51
7 Conclusion . 51
Annex A: Theoretical peak throughput for LTE . 53
Annex B: Throughput curves for simulation results set 1 . 54
B.1 First round of simulations. 54
B.2 Second round of simulations . 64
Annex C: Data Throughput Measurements for results set 3 . 112
Annex D: Antenna diagrams . 114
Annex E: Propagation models . 120
Annex F: Change history . 121
History . 122


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5 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Railway Telecommunications (RT).
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering radio performance simulations and evaluations in
rail environment, as identified below:
Part 1: "Long Term Evolution (LTE)";
Part 2: "5G New Radio (NR)".
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
In order to assess 3GPP LTE radio performance in a rail environment, three scenarios have been defined: Rural, Hilly
and Urban, representing various radio conditions typical to rail environment. Each scenario has been defined with its
radio parameters, load condition and train speeds.
UIC and E-UIC spectrum bands have been assumed, with bandwidth of 1,4 MHz, 3 MHz and 5 MHz, corresponding to
possible deployments with LTE and GSM-R co-existence and deployment with a standalone LTE.
Three different studies are described. One is based on simulation with a software chain tool using a Monte-Carlo
statistical approach, including multiple cells in a linear deployment along the track. The two others are based on
laboratory radio test bench, featuring hardware communication devices and wireless channel emulators, but not taking
into account multiple cells interferences.
The present document includes results from software chain tool study and from one of the two laboratory radio test
bench study.
The impact of using a TDD mode in other frequency bands will need to be added to the present document.
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6 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)
Introduction
3GPP LTE radio access is one candidate for the radio access technology to be used for the Future Rail Mobile
Communications System (FRMCS). In the present document, the term FRMCS refers -unless stated otherwise- to the
radio part of the communication system.
Radio performance evaluation of an LTE system could be done by simulation, through software and processing
resources only, or through a test bench incorporating pieces of equipment emulating parts of the chain, e.g. the RF. In
both cases, it is important to align the parameters and the assumptions made in the simulation and in the evaluation
chain to be able to reflect better a deployment in a rail environment, and to better compare and understand the
simulation and the evaluation results.

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7 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)
1 Scope
The present document:
• Defines the simulation parameters relevant to rail environment relating to 3GPP LTE radio performance. This
includes in particular operating frequency bands, bandwidths, deployment scenario (inter-site distance), and
antenna characteristics, transmit powers and channel models, along with relevant metrics to be evaluated.
• Collects and analyse the simulation results of an LTE system in the rail environment operating in the 900 MHz
frequency band (UIC and E-UIC bands).
• Identifies limitations of an LTE system in the rail environment.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TS 145 005 (V14.4.0) (04-2018): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+)
(GSM); GSM/EDGE Radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 45.005 version 14.4.0
Release 14)".
[i.2] ETSI TS 136 104 (V14.7.0) (04-2018): "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104 version 14.7.0
Release 14)".
[i.3] ETSI TS 136 101 (V14.7.0) (04-2018): "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.101
version 14.7.0 Release 14)".
[i.4] Recommendation ITU-R M.2135-1 (12-2009): "Guidelines for evaluation of radio interface
technologies for IMT advanced".
[i.5] IST-4-027756 Winner II D1.1.2 V1.2 Winner II Part I: "Channel Models", European Commission,
Deliverable IST-WINNER D.
[i.6] Ikuno, J. Colom, Martin Wrulich, and Markus Rupp.: "Performance and modelling of LTE
H-ARQ." Proc. International ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas (WSA 2009), Berlin, Germany,
2009.
[i.7] ETSI TS 136 211 (V14.6.0) (04-2018): "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation (3GPP TS 36.211 version 14.6.0 Release 14)".
[i.8] Recommendation ITU-R M.1225 (1997): "Guidelines for evaluation of radio transmission
technologies for IMT-2000".
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8 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)
[i.9] European Integrated Railway Radio Enhanced Network System Requirements Specification, UIC
CODE 951, GSM-R Operators Group, December 2015.
[i.10] ETSI TR 145 050 (V15.0.0) (07-2018): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+)
(GSM); GSM/EDGE Background for Radio Frequency (RF) requirements (3GPP TR 45.050
version 15.0.0 Release 15)".
[i.11] Kapsch CarrierCom: "Power limitations in the extension part of the ER-GSM band", Contribution
to CEPT FM56(17)047, December 2017.
NOTE: Available at https://cept.org/Documents/fm-56/39947/fm56-17-047_power-limitations-in-the-extension-
part-of-the-er-gsm-band.
[i.12] Loïc Brunel, Hervé Bonneville, Akl Charaf and Émilie Masson: "System-Level Evaluation of
th
Next-Generation Radio Communication System for Train Operation Services", Proceedings of 7
Transport Research Arena TRA 2018, April 16-19, 2018.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
Void.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
λ wave length
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BS Base Station
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BW Bandwidth
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CDL Clustered Delay Line
COST Cooperation of Scientific and Technical
CP Cyclic Prefix
DL Down Link
EIRENE European Integrated Railway radio Enhanced NEtwork
eNB evolved Node B
ETU Extended Typical Urban model
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FEC Forward Error Correction
FRMCS Future Rail Mobile Communications System
FSTD Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
GSM-R Global System for Mobile communication for Railway application
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat-Request
HO Hand Over
HST High Speed Train
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
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9 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)
IP Internet Protocol
ISD Inter Site Distance
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
ITU-R Internail Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunication sector
LOS Line Of Sight
LTE Long Term Evolution
MAC Media Access Control
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MIMO Multiple Input, Multiple Output
MISO Multiple Input, Single Output
MOS Mean Opinion Score
MRS Mobile Relay Station
NLOS Non Line Of Sight
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDP Power Delay Profile
PER Packet Error Rate
PHY PHYsical layer
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QCI QoS Class Identifier
RB Resource Block
REC Railways Emergency Call
RF Radio Frequency
RLC Radio Link Control
RT Rail Telecommunications
SFBC Space-Frequency Block Coding
SGW Serving Gateway
SIMO Single Input, Multiple Output
SINR Signal to Interference-plus-Noise Ratio
SISO Single Input, Single Output
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SRS System Requirement Specification
TC Technical Committee
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TDD Time Duplex Division
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UE User Equipment
UIC Union Internationale des Chemins de fer
UL Up Link
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
USB Universal Serial Bus
4 Assumptions and parameters for simulations and
evaluations
4.1 Introduction
In the scope of the present document, the following points are addressed:
• Simulations take into account railway specifics
• Simulations are flexible in order to simulate different system configurations, parameter settings and scenarios
• Consideration of different carrier band-widths (at least 1,4 MHz, 3 MHz and 5 MHz)
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10 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)
• Consideration of TDD and FDD duplex modes
• Consideration of different subscriber and train densities and distributions
• Consideration of FRMCS system parameters (e.g. Cyclic Prefix)
• Different power classes of FRMCS equipment
• Different antenna radiation patterns and tilts
• SISO, SIMO, MISO und MIMO
• Different installation heights of antennas
• Different distances and densities of fixed transmitter equipment (eNB)
• Different specified and appropriate coding and modulation schemes
• Different 3GPP Releases (e.g. LTE: ≥ 13) to take into account new features, e.g. performance improvements
for high speed
4.2 Simulation tools
Software simulations are made at radio level, i.e. above the physical layer as depicted in Figure 1. Overheads like pilots
and cyclic prefixes are taken in to account, but not the overheads that are added by layers above PHY, in particular
PDCP and IP headers.
Other simulations, e.g. hardware simulations and laboratory tests, could have a reference point at application level.
UE
Hardware simulation and laboratory test
reference point
Application Application
Upper Core Network
BS
layers
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
Software simulation
reference point
PHY PHY
RF RF

Figure 1: Reference point for the software simulations
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11 ETSI TR 103 554-1 V1.2.1 (2019-02)
4.3 Scenarios
The objective is to define the minimum number of scenarios which cover the majority of the radio environment.
Three scenarios have been retained: Urban, Rural, and Hilly. Urban is relative to areas where train density is high, but
move at moderate speed. Rural scenario typically intends to model high speed lines. Hilly scenario intends to handle
more complex situations from radio propagation point of view, with in particular extensive multi-path propagation.
Tunnels are complex scenarios, since they depend widely on tunnel shape and tunnel/train relative geometry. They are
not considered in the present document as they would require a more long and thorough work.
Only train-ground communications are considered in the present document. Handset or shunting area scenarios are for
further study.
Whether it is possible to have several antennas on trains roof tops and what could be their characteristic needs further
discussions.
4.4 Bandwidth and transmit power
4.4.1 Bandwidths
Three scenarios are considered on bandwidths of 1,4 MHz, 3 MHz and 5 MHz in the UIC and E-UIC bands, as depicted
in Figure 2:
1) Scenario 1 considers GSM-R in UIC band as per today, with the addition of a 1,4 MHz LTE carrier in the
upper part of E-UIC band. This scenario corresponds to a migration phase, with co-existence of both GSM-R
and LTE systems.
2) Scenario 2 is an extension of scenario 1 with an LTE carrier extended to 3 MHz in the E-UIC band.
3) Scenario 3 assumes a deployment with no GSM-Rand one LTE 5 MHz carrier in UIC band, overlapping the
E-UIC band.
E-UIC band UIC band
DL
918 919.4 920.9 921 925
(MHz)
LTE 1.4 MHz GSM-R Scenario 1: Co-existence with GSM-R
UL
873 874.4 875.9 876 880
(MHz)
DL
918
...