ETSI GR mWT 018 V1.1.1 (2019-08)

Analysis of Spectrum, License Schemes and Network Scenarios in the W-band

DGR/mWT-0018

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 04-Aug-2019
• Technical Committee: mWT - millimetre Wave Transmission
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 12-Aug-2019
• Completion Date: 05-Aug-2019

Standards Content (Sample)

GROUP REPORT
Analysis of Spectrum, License Schemes and
Network Scenarios in the W-band
Disclaimer
The present document has been produced and approved by the millimetre Wave Transmission (mWT) ETSI Industry
Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG.
It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership.

2 ETSI GR mWT 018 V1.1.1 (2019-08)

Reference
DGR/mWT-0018
Keywords
mWT, W-band
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3 ETSI GR mWT 018 V1.1.1 (2019-08)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Executive summary . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms . 8
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 8
4 W band study . 9
4.1 Highlights on W-band . 9
4.2 Characteristics of the W-band . 10
4.3 W-band system simulation . 11
4.4 Regulatory Aspect . 13
4.4.1 ITU-R Regulations concerning W-band . 13
4.4.2 ITU R Radio Regulations concerning Frequency Allocation . 13
4.4.3 ITU-R Regulations concerning Propagation Aspects . 13
4.4.4 ITU-R Regulations concerning Error Performance and availability objectives . 14
4.5 Use Cases and Possible Applications . 14
4.5.0 Introduction. 14
4.5.1 From Current High Capacity Systems to the Future Systems . 14
4.5.2 5G Mobile Backhaul Tail Link . 14
4.5.3 Internal Connection of a Data Center (Inter-Server) . 15
4.5.4 Requirements for Future Applications in mm-wave Radio . 16
4.5.5 First Prototypes and Early Deployment . 16
4.5.5.0 Overview . 16
4.5.5.1 The DREAM project . 16
4.5.6 Applications and Use Cases . 17
5 Basic Considerations on Channel Arrangements . 19
5.0 Radio Regulations . 19
5.1 Radio-frequency channel arrangements in the band 92 to 114,25 GHz . 19
6 State of the Art of Technology . 20
6.0 Introduction . 20
6.1 Overview of Technological Maturity . 20
6.2 Semiconductor technology for W-band: technological maturity and component frequency limitations . 20
7 Summary and Conclusions . 23
Annex A: Authors & contributors . 24
Annex B: Bibliography . 25
History . 26

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4 ETSI GR mWT 018 V1.1.1 (2019-08)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Group Report (GR) has been produced by ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) millimetre Wave
Transmission (mWT).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The evolution of Mobile Networks towards LTE-A and 5G will in the next few years demand significant challenges of
the evolution of microwave technology, especially in terms of transmission capacity and latency.
The interest in millimeter-wave bands has risen significantly in recent years mainly due to new network topologies
driving backhaul to the higher part of the spectrum and the enormous amount of under-utilized bandwidth that lies in
this part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The development of new technologies and the use of higher frequency bands allow microwave to remain a fundamental
building block of mobile networks even in this framework of ever-increasing demands.
The significant advantages offered by the propagation characteristics in terms of frequency re-usability and large
channel bandwidths make millimetre-wave suitable for transmitting multi-Gbps in dense urban scenarios thanks to very
compact sizes of the antennas and the extreme low power consumption.
Bands above 90 GHz are prime candidates for large volume applications in the backhaul and fronthaul to support all
services requiring high speed wireless transmission.
Standardization activities for the W-band (92 to 114,5 GHz) are published in Recommendation ECC (18)02 [i.2] and
Report ECC 282 [i.3], which also includes the D- band (130 to 174,8 GHz).
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The present document provides an overview of possible applications and use cases for the W-band, state of the art of the
technology at such high frequencies and also possible channel schemes which can be used, including the so called
"duplexer-free" scheme.
Information and considerations on the D-band are included where appropriate, to allow comparison for the two high
frequency bands.
Introduction
Within the scope of telecommunication, frequency bands above 90 GHz are not yet being commercially exploited nor
fully covered by standards from all standards developing organizations (SDOs).
The W-band allocation in Article 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations [i.4] is shown in figure 1, for the Fixed Service, which
is allocated as primary in all the three Regions in RF bands 92 to 94 GHz, 94,1 to 100 GHz, 102 to 109,5 GHz, 111,8 to
114,25 GHz.
It should be noted that the bands 94 to 94,1 GHz, 100 to 102 GHz, 109,5 to 111,8 GHz are not allocated for the Fixed
Service.
The fragmentation of the bands is a challenging factor for the use of wide continuous RF band to provide very high
capacity.
Figure 1: ITU Table of Frequency Allocation (Radio Regulation 2016)
The common allocation of the bands in the three ITU regions facilitates the scenarios and spectrum usage of any
solutions available in the market.
Moreover, new spectrum allows new innovative ways for utilization, new concepts to cope with the increase of capacity
and hop lengths are needed. Efficient aggregation of different bands and carriers should be exploited, through BCA
together with new mm-wave spectrum made available by regulators.
The proper combination of mm-wave spectrum with traditional microwave spectrum should help to incentivize
spectrum efficiency and optimization of spectrum usage, driving the regulators to release unused or under-utilized
spectrum portions.
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1 Scope
The present document is intended to describe possible scenarios and spectrum usage and proposes, aligned with CEPT
Recommendation ECC 18(02) [i.2] - (Radio frequency channel/block arrangements for Fixed Service systems operating
in the bands 92 to 94 GHz, 94,1 to 100 GHz, 102 to 109,5 GHz and 111,8 to 114,25 GHz).
Such assumption is aimed to facilitate the deployment of high capacity backhaul systems, able to decongest the network
over distances shorter than usual ones for wireless transport.
Considering that the W-band is primarily allocated to FS, part of the scope of the present document is to identify
applications for future backhaul networks or similar applications.
Technical propagation characteristics of W-band is considered to analyse system behaviours and evaluate reachable
distances and possible achievable throughputs.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI White Paper No. 15 (July 2016): "mmWave Semiconductor Industry Technologies: Status
and Evolution".
NOTE: Available at
http://www.etsi.org/images/files/ETSIWhitePapers/etsi_wp15_mwt_semiconductor_technology.pdf.
[i.2] ECC Recommendation (18)02 of 14 September 2018 on radio frequency channel/block
arrangements for Fixed Service systems operating in the bands 92-94 GHz, 94.1-100 GHz,
102-109.5 GHz and 111.8-114.25 GHz.
NOTE: Available at https://www.ecodocdb.dk/document/6037.
[i.3] ECC Report 282: "Point-to-Point Radio Links in the Frequency Ranges 92-114.25 GHz and
130-174.8 GHz".
NOTE: Available at https://www.ecodocdb.dk/document/6034.
[i.4] ITU-R Radio Regulation 2016.
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR-2016.
[i.5] Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 (07/2015): "Propagation data and prediction methods required
for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530/en.
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[i.6] Recommendation ITU-R P.1411-1: "Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of
short-range outdoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency
range 300 MHz to 100 GHz".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.1411/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-16-201507-
S/en.
[i.7] Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-7 (02/2012): "Propagation data and prediction methods for the
planning of indoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency
range 900 MHz to 100 GHz".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.1238/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-16-201507-
S/en.
[i.8] Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3: "Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction
methods".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.838/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-16-201507-
S/en.
[i.9] Recommendation ITU-R P.676-11: "Attenuation due to atmospheric gases".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.676/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-16-201507-
S/en.
TM
[i.10] IEEE 802.15WPAN : "60 GHz WPAN Standardization within IEEE 802.15.3c".
NOTE: Available at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4294424https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-
16-201507-S/en.
[i.11] EIA RS-261-B: "Rectangular Waveguides (WR3 to WR2300)", Standard of the Electronic
Industries Association of the United States of America.
[i.12] IEC 60153-2:2016: "Hollow metallic waveguides - Part 2: Relevant specifications for ordinary
rectangular waveguides".
NOTE: Available at https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/24898https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-16-201507-
S/en.
[i.13] Recommendation ITU-R F.1703: "Availability objectives for real digital fixed wireless links used
in 27 500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-F.1703/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-16-201507-
S/en.
[i.14] Recommendation ITU-R F.1668: "Error performance objectives for real digital fixed wireless links
used in 27 500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-F.1668/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-16-201507-
S/en.
[i.15] ECC Recommendation (14)01: "Radio frequency channel arrangements for fixed service systems
operating in the band 92-95 GHz".
NOTE: Available at https://www.ecodocdb.dk/download/e7d2f0e4-
2abe/ECCRec1401.pdfhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-16-201507-S/en.
[i.16] Recommendation ITU-R P.530-17 (12/2017): "Propagation data and prediction methods required
for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-17-201712-I/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-
16-201507-S/en.
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[i.17] Recommendation ITU-R P.1411-9 (06/2017): "Propagation data and prediction methods for the
planning of short-range outdoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the
frequency range 300 MHz to 100 GHz".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.1411-9-201706-I/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-
16-201507-S/en.
[i.18] Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-9 (06/2017): "Propagation data and prediction methods for the
planning of indoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency
range 300 MHz to 100 GHz".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.1238-9-201706-I/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-
16-201507-S/en.
[i.19] Recommendation ITU-R F.2113-0 (01/2018): "Error performance and availability objectives and
requirements for real point-to-point packet-based radio links".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-F.2113-0-201801-I/enhttps://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.530-
16-201507-S/en.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
Void.
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
5G Fifth Generation of Mobile Networks
BCA Band and Carrier Aggregation
BW Bandwidth
CS Channel Spacing
DS Duplex Spacing
FD Full Duplex
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FS Fixed Service
FWA Fixed Wireless Access
LOS Line Of Sight
LTE Long Term Evolution
LTE-A LTE-Advanced
nLOS near Line Of Sight
NLOS Non Line Of Sight
PmP Point to Multipoint
PtP Point to Point
RAN Radio Access Network
RF Radio Frequency
SDO Standard Developing Organization
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
TDD Time Division Duplex
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4 W band study
4.1 Highlights on W-band
In the search for more spectrum all wireless applications are already using and will use higher frequencies than the
traditional microwave bands. The frequency bands above 90 GHz are prime candidates for large volume applications
supporting services that require high speed and huge bandwidths.
A schematic diagram of the frequencies from about 6 to 275 GHz, used or of possible use by Fixed Service, is provided
in figure 2, where the W and D band are highlighted.

Figure 2: W and D bands spectrum
Ten different portions of spectrum are available (when some contiguous portions are considered), from 92 to 200 GHz,
allocated primarily to Fixed Service, covering almost 54 % of the whole band under consideration (92 to 200 GHz).
Overall bandwidth associated to each portion are reported in figure 3.
Bands vs. Bandwidth
Bands [GHz]
19 1.8- 200
16 7-1 74.8
15 1.5- 164
14 1-1 48.5
13 0-1 34
12 2.25- 123
11 1.8- 114.2 5
10 2-1 09.5
94 .1-1 00
92 -94
0246 8 10 12 14
Bandwidth [GHz]
Figure 3: Portions of available spectrum in the range 92 to 200 GHz
In principle, nothing prevents from considering more than one portion of spectrum as a single band, in line with the
approach already adopted for the E-band, where 71 to 76 GHz and 81 to 86 GHz were considered together.
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Since the portions of the spectrum and bandwidth have not yet been defined, the present document will identify the best
way to consider such portions of the spectrum and how to arrange into new bands and how to consider each band into
channels, if any.
The existing standards of waveguides [i.11] and [i.12] designate wave guides for RF frequency range considered in the
present document, as reported in table 1.
Table 1 Designation of waveguides
Designation EIA/IEC US commercial designation (see note) & Cut-off Frequencies Band
fmin - fmax [GHz] [GHz]
WR8/R1200 RG138 (silver) (see note) 90 to 140 73,8 W-band
NOTE: Example of.
Activities related to the W band, including possible frequency arrangements, intended to facilitate the deployment of
fixed services in the frequency blocks already allocated to fixed services in the bands 92 to 94 GHz, 94,1 to 95 GHz, 95
to 100 GHz, 102 to 109,5 GHz and 111,8 to 114,5 GHz, have been concluded in CEPT.
As a result, ECC Recommendation 18(02) [i.2] containing channel plan and guidelines on deployment, and ECC
Report 282 [i.3], including various aspects, such as propagation, regulation, use cases and application, technical
characteristics for both W and D bands, are available.
4.2 Characteristics of the W-band
The rain attenuation in the W-band can be derived from figure 4. It should be noted that the rain attenuation in the
W-band is higher than in the E-band.

Figure 4: Specific rain attenuation up to 300 GHz (Source: Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [i.8])
Gas attenuation is less than 1 dB/km in the W-band (figure 5); is not a dominant factor for the link distance limitation.
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Dry Air
Water vapour
Total
]
m
k
/ 1
B
d
[
n
o
i
0.1
t
a
u
n
e
t
t
0.01
A
0.001
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Frequency [GHz]
Figure 5: Specific gas attenuation up to 180 GHz (Source: Recommendation ITU-R P.676-11 [i.9])
It can be noted that W-band covers a frequency range which is not affected by Oxygen absorption peaks.
4.3 W-band system simulation
In order to evaluate the covered distances and available throughputs, extensive system simulations have been carried
out. As a result, estimation is given of the maximum hop length that can be reached, in the W-band and in the D-band,
for different 1 Gbps solutions in different conditions and frequency bands. Moreover the estimation of a maximum hop
length that can be reached for a 10 Gbps solution is provided, derived with the same approach used for the 1 Gbps
cases.
The model is for pure Line of Sight (LoS) applications where the urban environmental impact has not b
...