ETSI ETR 053 ed.2 (1996-09)

Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Radio site engineering for radio equipment and systems in the mobile service

RTR/RES-11001

Radijska oprema in sistemi (RES) - Radijski inženiring na kraju samem za radijsko opremo in sisteme za mobilne storitve

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 10-Sep-1996
• Technical Committee: RES 11 - Radio Site Engineering
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 30-Aug-1996
• Completion Date: 11-Sep-1996
• Ref Project: PSIST ETR 053:1998 - Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Radio site engineering for radio equipment and systems in the mobile service

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-1998
Radijska oprema in sistemi (RES) - Radijski inženiring na kraju samem za radijsko
opremo in sisteme za mobilne storitve
Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Radio site engineering for radio equipment and
systems in the mobile service
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETR 053 Edition 2
ICS:
33.060.20 Sprejemna in oddajna Receiving and transmitting
oprema equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

ETSI ETR 053
TECHNICAL September 1996
REPORT Second Edition
Source: ETSI TC-RES Reference: RTR/RES-11001
ICS: 33.020
Key words: Mobile, radio, site engineering
Radio Equipment and Systems (RES);
Radio site engineering for radio equipment and
systems in the mobile service
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: [e-mail]
Tel.: [phone] - Fax: [phone]
Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1996. All rights reserved.

Page 2
ETR 053: September 1996
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

Page 3
ETR 053: September 1996
Contents
Foreword .9
Introduction.9
1 Scope .11
2 References.11
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations.12
3.1 Definitions .12
3.2 Symbols .12
3.3 Abbreviations .13
4 Choice of site.14
4.1 General .14
4.2 Radio site selection criteria.15
4.2.1 Location chosen by propagation analysis.15
4.2.2 Availability of capacity on existing sites.15
4.2.3 Compatibility.16
4.2.4 Environmental and planning considerations.16
5 System requirements .17
5.1 Private mobile radio (PMR).17
5.1.1 Introduction.17
5.1.2 Analogue PMR systems .17
5.1.2.1 Public Access Mobile Radio .18
5.1.3 Digital PMR systems .18
5.1.4 Potential sources of interference.19
5.2 Paging.19
5.2.1 Introduction.19
5.2.2 On-site radio paging system.19
5.2.3 Wide area paging systems.19
5.2.4 Signalling systems.20
5.2.5 Coverage in confined spaces.20
5.3 Public radiotelephone .20
5.3.1 Introduction.20
5.3.2 Public radiotelephone (analogue).21
5.3.2.1 Frequency re-use.21
5.3.2.2 Hand-over.21
5.3.3 Public radiotelephone (digital) - GSM/DCS 1 800 .21
5.3.3.1 Data bases.22
5.3.3.2 Radio .22
5.3.3.3 Traffic and signalling channel .22
5.3.4 Use of repeaters.23
5.4 Confined space engineering .23
5.4.1 Introduction.23
5.4.2 Characteristics of radiating cable .23
5.4.3 Confined space radiocommunication systems.24
5.4.3.1 Antenna characteristics .24
5.4.3.2 Recommendations for frequency range 150 kHz to
1 000 MHz .24
5.4.4 Installation and maintenance of radiating cables .25
5.5 Repeaters .25
5.5.1 Introduction.25
5.5.2 Types of repeater .26
5.5.3 Repeater characteristics.26

Page 4
ETR 053: September 1996
5.5.4 Installation recommendations. 26
6 Installation recommendations. 27
6.1 Support structure and mechanical considerations . 27
6.1.1 Structural integrity. 27
6.1.2 Wind loading. 27
6.1.3 Protective coatings . 27
6.1.4 Use of dissimilar metals. 28
6.2 Equipment room. 28
6.2.1 Equipment arrangements . 28
6.2.2 Environment. 29
6.3 Electrical supply, protection and lightning protection . 29
6.3.1 Electrical supplies . 29
6.3.2 Lightning effects, protection and responsibilities . 29
6.3.3 Earthing of antenna support structures . 30
6.3.4 Earthing of antennas, feeders and associated plant . 31
6.4 Antennas and feeders . 31
6.4.1 Choice of antenna type. 31
6.4.2 Antenna specification. 32
6.4.3 Location of antennas . 33
6.4.4 Radiation pattern . 33
6.4.5 Gain . 33
6.4.6 Cross-polar performance. 33
6.4.7 Voltage standing wave ratio. 34
6.4.8 Wind vibration. 34
6.4.9 Degradation of antenna performance. 34
6.4.10 Cables, cable routes and connectors . 34
6.4.11 Feeder identification, terminations and earthing. 35
6.4.12 Sealing. 35
6.4.13 Inspection for moisture . 35
7 Problems identified on site. 36
7.1 Generation of unwanted products . 36
7.1.1 Broadband noise and spurious products of transmitters . 36
7.1.1.1 Noise considerations. 37
7.1.1.2 Spurious considerations. 37
7.1.2 Ambient RF noise levels. 38
7.1.3 Intermodulation products between several source frequencies . 38
7.1.4 Intermodulation products caused by external effects . 40
7.2 Intermodulation and blocking effects in receiver systems. 40
7.2.1 Intermodulation between received signals. 40
7.2.2 Saturation of receiver front end . 41
7.2.3 Selectivity of the receiver. 41
7.2.4 Spurious response of the receiver. 42
7.2.5 Receiver protection for low power equipment (I-ETS 300 220 [9]). 42
7.3 EMC issues . 42
7.4 Technical responsibility of the site operator . 42
8 Avoiding radio frequency problems . 42
8.1 Antenna distribution networks . 43
8.2 Receiver distribution networks . 43
8.3 Filters and couplers. 43
8.3.1 Control of unwanted products. 43
8.3.2 The ferrite circulator. 43
8.3.3 The cavity resonator . 44
8.3.4 The spectrum dividing filter. 44
8.3.5 Control of intermodulation, cross modulation and blocking effects in
receiver systems by filter protection . 44
9 Environmental effects . 44
9.1 Standards. 44
9.2 Corrosion and climatic effects. 45
9.3 Ultraviolet degradation .45

Page 5
ETR 053: September 1996
10 Health and safety .45
10.1 Introduction .45
10.2 Radio frequency (non-ionizing radiation) hazards to personnel.46
10.3 Electrical safety.46
10.4 Physical safety .46
10.5 Fire hazards.47
11 Site administration.47
11.1 Site discipline .47
11.2 Site records.47
11.3 Orientation of support structure and antennas .48
11.4 Working arrangements .48
12 Maintenance recommendations.48
12.1 Support structure .48
12.2 Equipment room .48
12.3 Electrical supply and lightning protection.50
12.4 Antennas and feeders.50
12.5 Filters and couplers.51
13 Troubleshooting on radio sites .52
13.1 Method of approach.52
13.2 Case studies .52
13.2.1 Cases where the use of cavity resonators, bandpass filters or ferrite
isolators provided a cure .53
13.2.2 Case where the problem is related to equipment alignment .54
13.2.3 Cases where the problems are related to broadcast transmitters .54
13.2.4 Cases where the problems are related to cables and connectors .56
13.2.5 Cases where the problems are related to site maintenance.56
13.2.6 Cases where the problems are related to faulty equipment.56
13.2.7 Case where the problem is related to site modifications.57
13.2.8 Case where the problem is related to equipment screening .57
13.2.9 Accidental operation of discarded equipment .58
13.2.10 Examples of lack of isolation between systems.58
Annex A: Protection ratios and minimum field strengths required in the mobile services.59
1 VHF and UHF land and maritime mobile services .59
1.1 Protection ratios based on internal noise and distortion in the receiver.59
1.2 Man-made noise .59
1.3 Noise Amplitude Distribution (NAD) determination of degradation.61
1.3.1 Definitions.61
1.3.1.1 Noise amplitude distribution.61
1.3.1.2 Spectrum amplitude.61
1.3.1.3 Impulse rate.61
1.3.1.4 Impulsive-noise tolerance.61
1.3.2 Determination of degradation.62
1.4 Minimum values of field strength to be protected .62
Annex B: Spectral parameters.66
B.1 Spectral parameters for TX-RX compatibility.66
B.2 Evaluation of spectral parameters.68
Annex C: Antennas and feeder systems .71
C.1 Common antenna configurations .71
C.2 Stacking and baying data .72
C.3 Isolation between antennas.74

Page 6
ETR 053: September 1996
C.4 Control of precipitation noise . 75
C.5 Achieved Cross Polar Discrimination (XPD) for antennas mounted at an angle to precise
horizontal and vertical frames of axes . 75
C.6 Antennas and feeders. 76
C.6.1 Calculation of system reflection performance . 76
C.6.2 Points of note concerning the reflection performance of RF systems. 77
C.6.3 Calculation procedure for system reflection performance. 77
C.6.4 Reflection performance calculations for radio site designers. 77
C.6.4.1 Voltage reflection coefficient method. 77
C.6.4.2 Recommended procedure. 77
C.6.4.3 Calculation example . 78
C.6.5 Reflection performance calculations for radio site engineers . 79
C.6.5.1 Return loss method. 79
C.6.5.2 Recommended procedure. 79
C.6.5.3 Example calculations. 80
Annex D: Noise power on typical radio sites. 83
Annex E: The position of metals in the galvanic series. 84
Annex F: Equipment arrangements. 86
Annex G: Typical example of good earthing practice. 87
Annex H: Equipment used to avoid radio frequency problems . 88
H.1 Cavity resonators. 88
H.1.1 Introduction. 88
H.1.2 General. 88
H.1.3 Typical applications . 88
H.1.4 Cavity resonator construction. 89
H.1.5 Alignment . 91
H.2 Ferrite isolators and circulators . 92
H.2.1 Introduction. 92
H.2.2 General. 92
H.2.3 Typical applications . 93
H.2.4 Ferrite isolator construction. 95
H.3 Characteristics of distribution amplifiers. 96
H.3.1 Receiver distribution amplifier system. 96
H.3.2 Receiver distribution amplifier in a 4 way multicoupler system . 97
H.4 Typical filter system . 98
H.5 Trunking combiner. 103
H.5.1 Trunking combiner system. 103
H.5.2 Specification of a TX/RX trunking combiner . 103
Annex J: Interference due to intermodulation products in the land mobile service between 25 and
1 000 MHz . 105
1 Introduction. 105
2 Transmitters. 105
2.1 Coupling loss A . 105
c
2.2 Intermodulation conversion loss, A . 105
I
3 External non-linear elements. 107

Page 7
ETR 053: September 1996
4 Receivers .107
5 Reduction of intermodulation product levels in transmitters.108
5.1 Intermodulation conversion loss .108
5.2 Coupling loss .108
5.3 Identification of the source of an intermodulation product .110
6 Reduction of intermodulation products in receivers .111
7 Reduction of intermodulation interference by frequency arrangements.111
8 Reduction of intermodulation interference by other arrangements .111
Annex K: Sources of unwanted signals in multiple base station sites in the land mobile service .112
1 Introduction.112
2 Simple frequency relationships .112
3 Complex frequency relationships .112
3.1 Generation of intermediate frequency and/or its derivatives .112
3.2 Generation of transmit/receive (TX/Rx) difference frequency .112
4 Intermodulation products.112
4.1 Generated external to the site.112
4.2 Intermodulation products generated on-site by non-linear junctions on the mast .112
4.3 Intermodulation products generated on-site by non-linearity in components of the
system.113
5 Transmitter noise .113
6 External electrical noise .114
7 Summary.114
Annex L: Intermodulation interference .115
L.1 Intermodulation spectrum.115
L.2 Products - combinations of two frequencies A and B excluding pure harmonics .116
L.3 Intermodulation products.119
Annex M: Transmitter noise measurement.121
M.1 Introduction.121
M.2 Measurement system.121
M.3 Measurement accuracy.122
M.4 Results .122
M.5 Explanation of plots.126
M.6 Conclusions.127
Annex N: Radiocommunications in confined spaces.128
N.1 Systems for radiocommunications in confined spaces .128
N.1.1 Design consideration .128

Page 8
ETR 053: September 1996
N.2 Typical characteristics of radiating cable. 133
N.2.1 Environmental influences . 133
N.2.2 Application example . 134
N.3 Design example for confined space engineering. 134
N.3.1 Design example . 134
N.3.2 Conditions . 134
N.3.3 Design procedure. 134
N.3.4 Conclusions. 135
Annex P: TETRA parameters . 136
Annex Q: Typical national analogue cellular telephone networks . 137
History. 138

Page 9
ETR 053: September 1996
Foreword
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) has been prepared by the Radio Equipment and Systems (RES)
Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
ETRs are informative documents resulting from ETSI studies which are not appropriate for European
Telecommunication Standard (ETS) or Interim European Telecommunication Standard (I-ETS) status.
An ETR may be used to publish material which is either of an informative nature, relating to the use or
application of ETSs or I-ETSs, or which is immature and not yet suitable for formal adoption as an ETS or
I-ETS.
Introduction
The growth of radio services has resulted in an increase in the number of radio sites required and in the
number of users sharing their facilities.
The radio frequency spectrum is a finite natural resource for which there are many competing demands,
therefore radio systems must be designed so that individual systems are very efficient and operate with
minimum interference to other systems.
The aesthetic impact of radio structures provides an increasing constraint on the development of further
radio sites. It is essential, therefore, to obtain the support of the community with regard to environmental
issues. Consequently it is necessary to demonstrate that the optimum use will be made of the proposed
installation.
In granting building permission for a radio structure, local authorities expect radio system users to operate
the maximum number of systems from existing structures before giving consideration to an application for
another structure in the same area.
The use of radio or repeater stations is subject to the radio license conditions of the relevant regulatory
authority. The inclusion of any type of radio station in the ETR does not mean its use will be permitted by
the responsible administration.
Whilst this ETR has been prepared to assist radio system designers to obtain optimum use of radio sites
and the radio spectrum, it is also intended for the guidance of those site operators and maintenance
organizations who do not have ready access to radio systems engineers.
This document also addresses radio engineering installations which may cause potential problems with
regard to interaction and interference.
Accordingly the document sets out methods and design solutions which are achievable without extensive
resources.
Radio equipment for the mobile and fixed services is built to standards which are directed to ensure the
efficient use of the radio spectrum. One set of parameters control bandwidth and the level of out of band
radiation, which will cause interference to other users, and will specify the receiver sensitivity and limits to
the levels of spurious emission from receivers. Another set of parameters define conditions which make a
system less susceptible to interference by others; they include receiver selectivity, dynamic range and
blocking characteristics. Good installation design ensures that as far as possible the performance of a
complete installation preserves the professional characteristics of the components, laying down the
intended field strength in the designated area, avoiding the radiation of spurious emissions and preserving
the sensitivity of receivers.
The objectives are as follows:
a) to obtain the coverage required from the chosen site in a precise and well defined manner;
b) to minimize spectrum pollution to other users on adjacent sites;
c) to minimize interference to other co-sited users;

Page 10
ETR 053: September 1996
d) to operate the system with the effective radiated power (erp) and optimum spectral efficiency
compatible with providing the required service;
e) to minimize the effects of lightning.
To fulfill the requirements of all relevant legislation and recommendations, the above criteria should be
met for the whole of the working life of the installation and should allow for future expansion. The quality of
service is largely dependent on the planning of the system and considerable guidance on the topic is given
in annex A.
The layout of this ETR follows the logical approach that would be adopted in the provision of a new radio
site, from the selection of a suitable geographic location to the installation and maintenance of
radiocommunications equipment. It must be stressed that the order in which these subjects are discussed
is not in order of importance. It is therefore essential to read the ETR in its entirety after which it may be
used as a reference document.
Preventive maintenance and repairs will be required to ensure that the installation continues to meet the
performance criteria described; good engineering design will allow these activities to be carried out safely
and with minimum loss of service.

Page 11
ETR 053: September 1996
1 Scope
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) provides guidance for engineers concerned with the design,
specification, installation, operation and maintenance of radio systems. It is particularly directed towards
systems working in the Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands but
encompassing a measurement range between 9 kHz and 4 GHz in respect of compatibility where co-sited
operation of many different users' equipment has become common. It does not specifically cover the
technology associated with microwave systems.
This ETR examines the objectives of good design and the effects of common deficiencies. It provides
recommendations designed to ensure that users avoid interactions which result in mutual interference,
spectrum contamination, or danger to personnel or equipment. References and annexes are provided for
further reading by engineers who are new to the field or are encountering the problems which are
described for the first time.
This ETR also includes information relating to the safety precautions required when dealing with
non-ionising radiation.
The contents of this ETR have been arranged to identify the source of the problems found on radio sites
and recommendations are made for the control of these problems.
2 References
For the purposes of this ETR, the following references apply:
[1] CCIR Report 358-5: "Protection ratios and minimum field strengths required in
the mobile services".
[2] CCIR Report 739-1: "Interference due to intermodulation products in the land
mobile service between 25 MHz and 1 000 MHz".
[3] CCIR Report 1019: "Sources of unwanted signals in multiple base station sites
in the land mobile service".
[4] CCIR Report 258-4: "Man made radio noise".
[5] ETS 300 086 (1991): "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile group
Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment with an internal
or external RF connector intended primarily for analogue speech".
[6] ETS 300 113: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service;
Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment intended for
the transmission of data (and speech) and having an antenna connector".
[7] ETS 300 296: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service
Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment using integral
antennas intended primarily for analogue speech".
[8] ETS 300 390: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service;
Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment intended for
the transmission of data (and speech) and using an integral antenna".
[9] I-ETS 300 220: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Short range devices
Technical characteristics and test methods for radio equipment to be used in the
25 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency range with power levels ranging up to
500 mW".
[10] ENV 50166-2: "Human exposure to electromagnetic fields - High frequency
(10 kHz to 300 GHz)".
Page 12
ETR 053: September 1996
[11] I-ETS 300 230: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service
Binary Interchange of Information and Signalling (BIIS) at 1 200 bit/s
(BIIS 1 200)".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this ETR, the following definitions apply:
communal site: A location at which there is more than one fixed transmitter. There are two types of
communal site; one having separate equipment and antennas but housed in a common equipment room,
and the other having an engineered system employing common antenna working where the isolation
between equipment's is determined by the filter system.
At all communal sites equipment installed on the site must meet the limits as specified in the relevant
standards.
finial: Metal spike or similar device mounted on the topmost part of a structure - usually for lightning
protection in the context of this document.
single fixed station: A radio station where only one Radio Frequency (RF) carrier can be radiated at any
one time; the fixed station equipment is only required to meet the limit specified for intermodulation
attenuation. All other limits in the relevant standard should be met.
multiple fixed station: When two sites are in close proximity the decision governing when they should be
classed as a single site or two sites shall be decided by the RF isolation between them. The limiting
minimum figure shall be 60 dB but this figure should ideally exceed 70 dB at all frequencies of operation.
In any case any signal received from a neighbouring site should not exceed - 20 dBm and ideally
- 30 dBm.
downlink: A radio path for the transmission of signals from one Base Station (BS) to Mobile Stations
(MS).
uplink: A radio communication path for the transmission of signals from Mobile Stations (MS) to one Base
Station (BS).
spurious emissions: Emissions at frequencies other than those of the carrier and sidebands associated
with normal modulation.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this ETR, the following symbols apply:
ac alternating current
C/I Carrier to Interference ratio
C/N Carrier to Noise ratio
dB decibel
dBc decibel relative to carrier
dBd decibel relative to a half wave dipole
dBi decibel relative to an isotropic radiator
dBm decibel relative to one mW
dc direct current
GHz Gigahertz
Hz Hertz
Intermod Intermodulation
kHz kilohertz
km kilometre
kW kilowatt
MHz Megahertz
m metre
mm millimetre
Page 13
ETR 053: September 1996
mW milliWatt
RX Receiver
TX Transmitter
V Volt
W Watt
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this ETR, the following abbreviations apply:
ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
AF Audio Frequency
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
AUC Authentication Centre
BIIS Binary Interchange of Information and Signalling
BPSK BiPolar Shift Keying
BSC Base Station Controller
BT Bandwidth Time product
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CBS Common Base Station
DCS Digital Communications System
DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency
DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
EIR Equipment Identity Register
ELCB Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
e.m.f. electro-motive force
EPIRB Emergency Position Indication Radio Beacon
ERMES European Radio Message System
erp effective radiated power
ETACS Extended Total Access Communications System
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FM Frequency Modulation
FSK Frequ
...