ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)

Environmental Engineering (EE); The reduction of energy consumption in telecommunications equipment and related infrastructure

DTR/EE-00002

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 18-Jun-2008
• Technical Committee: EE - Environmental Engineering
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 26-May-2008
• Completion Date: 19-Jun-2008
• Mandate: M/341

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
Technical Report


Environmental Engineering (EE);
The reduction of energy consumption
in telecommunications equipment and related infrastructure

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2 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)



Reference
DTR/EE-00002
Keywords
control, environment, power, power supply
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3 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.5
Foreword.5
Introduction .5
1 Scope.6
2 References.6
2.1 Normative references.6
2.2 Informative references.6
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .7
3.1 Definitions.7
3.2 Symbols.7
3.3 Abbreviations.7
4 Company Environmental Procedures.8
4.1 Guidance on Company Environmental Procedures.8
5 Telecom System Power and Energy Efficiency .8
5.1 Introduction.8
5.2 Power consumption of telecom systems - ICT view .9
5.2.1 Manufacturing impact on the power consumption.9
5.2.2 Sources.10
5.3 Reference models.10
5.3.1 Reference model content.10
5.3.2 Reference Model Network.10
5.3.3 Node Site Reference Model.11
5.4 Operating conditions.12
5.4.1 Traffic pattern.12
5.4.2 Operational modes and power management .12
5.4.3 Traffic models and operational modes.12
5.4.4 Reach/coverage/rate impact.13
5.4.5 Climate impact and models.14
5.5 Power efficiency.15
5.5.1 Useful output.15
5.5.2 Power consumption dependencies .15
5.5.3 Proposed Energy Efficiency definition for fixed BB equipment .15
5.5.4 Examples.15
5.5.4.1 Power consumption values used .15
5.5.4.2 NPC for DSLAM, ADSL2+ Tier 1 and VDSL2 Tier 2 DC consumption .15
5.5.4.3 AC Site energy consumption and cost for DSLAM and Modem ADSL 2+ Tier1 and VDSL2 Tier
2 .16
5.5.5 Way forward, using power/energy efficiency view .18
6 Energy saving methods for telecom infrastructure equipment.18
6.1 Infrastructure equipment introduction.19
6.2 Cooling systems.19
6.2.1 Use of fresh air cooling.19
6.2.2 Use of water cooling.20
6.2.3 Fans.20
6.2.4 Room temperature set-points .20
6.2.5 Thermal management.20
6.3 Power system.21
6.3.1 Power architecture.21
6.3.2 -48V DC power distribution .21
6.3.3 AC/DC power systems.21
6.3.4 DC/AC power supply systems (inverters) .22
6.3.5 Diesel generator (Diesel GenSet).23
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4 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
6.3.6 AC distributions.23
6.3.7 UPS.24
6.3.8 Architecture comparison.25
6.3.9 Battery.26
6.3.10 Batteries in outdoor enclosure .27
6.4 DC generators.27
6.4.1 PV systems as energy saving system .27
6.5 Energy aware design .27
6.6 Energy efficiency benchmark.27
6.7 Software or firmware techniques to reduce energy .27
6.8 Energy management unit.28
6.9 Increase efficiency of components .28
6.10 Sub-metering.28
6.11 Subrack fans.28
Annex A: Use of reference models.29
A.1 Central office node site, AC and DC consumption .29
Annex B: DSL simulation results .30
Annex C: DSLAM power consumption and performance .31
Annex D: Efficiency calculation of different power architecture .32
Annex E: Bibliography.34
History .35

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5 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
Introduction
Recent Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies have revealed that the energy consumption of telecom equipment during
operation is the most significant environmental impact factor of the telecom business.
In future also the energy consumption during the manufacture phase will increase the impact on the LCA
The cost of energy is significant and rising due to the cost of raw materials and government policies, which will impact
on the operating cost of telecomm services. It is therefore in the interest of operators to reduce their energy usage,
distribution and unit cost.
The present document covers various methods of increasing the efficiency of telecom systems by controlling/reducing
the energy consumption in the telecommunication network equipment and related infrastructure.
This first version of the document is in particular dedicated to the Broadband Access technology.
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6 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
1 Scope
The present document is an accumulation of ideas from operators and manufacturers on the methods to increase the
energy efficiency of telecommunication systems in order to reduce its operational energy use; the present document
considers telecommunication equipment and infrastructure equipment (power station, air cooling, control of equipment,
etc.) in telecommunication centres. The energy efficiency of end-user equipment is not considered.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] ETSI EN 300 019-1-0: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and
environmental tests for telecommunications equipment; Part 1-0: Classification of environmental
conditions; Introduction".
[i.2] ETSI EN 300 132-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications equipment; Part 2: Operated by direct current (dc)".
[i.3] ETSI EN 300 132-3: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications equipment; Part 3: Operated by rectified current source, alternating current
source or direct current source up to 400 V".
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7 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
[i.4] IEC EN 60896-21:2004: "Stationary lead-acid batteries; Part 21: Valve regulated types. Methods
of test".
[i.5] IEC EN 60950-22: "Information technology equipment Safety; Part 22: Equipment to be installed
outdoors". .
[i.6] BS EN 50272-2: "Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations - Part 2:
Stationary batteries".
[i.7] ETSI TS 102 533: "Environmental Engineering (EE) Measurement Methods and limits for Energy
Consumption in Broadband Telecommunication Networks Equipment".
[i.8] IEC 60950-1: "Radiation monitoring equipment for accident and post-accident conditions in
nuclear power plants. Part 1: General requirements".
[i.9] ETSI TR 102 532: "Environmental Engineering (EE) The use of alternative energy sources in
telecommunication installations".
[i.10] ETSI EN 300 132: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications equipment".".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following definitions apply:
infrastructure equipment: power, cooling and building environment systems used in telecommunications centres and
Access Networks locations
telecommunication centre: location where telecommunications equipment is installed and which is the sole
responsibility of the operator
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
Ln Line
Po Power output
V Volts
W Watt
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3rdpp/ 3rd party products
AC Alternating Current
Aux Eq. / Auxiliary Equipment
BB BroadBand
BBCoC BroadBand Code of Conduct
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
COP Co-efficient Of Performance
CPA Central Power Architecture
DC Direct Current
DPA Distribution Power Architecture
DS Mbps Down Stream Mbps
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Module
DSM Dynamic Spectrum Management
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8 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
EC Electrically Commutated
EN European Norm
HVDC High Voltage Direct Curren
HW HardWare
IBA Inter media Bus Architecture
ICT Information communication technology
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO International Standards Organisation
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
MOD Mask On Demand
MODEM MOdulator and DEModulator
NOTE: I.e. receiver and transmitter function.
NPC Normalized Power Consumption
NPC Normalized Power Consumption
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
PA Power Amplifier
POTS Plain Old Telephony Service
SLA Service Level Agreement
SW SoftWare
Transm/ Transmission equipment
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
US Mbps UpStream Mbps
VDSL Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line
VDSL2 Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line 2
VRLA Valve regulated lead acid
4 Company Environmental Procedures
4.1 Guidance on Company Environmental Procedures
A number of international standards and guides related to companies' environmental work have been prepared or are
under preparation. Some of these are given in bibliography (see item 1).
5 Telecom System Power and Energy Efficiency
5.1 Introduction
Power consumption figures are comparable, if done on similar equipment, with similar performance and measured at
the same interfaces. However, if we want to compare products with different technology, with new features and higher
bit rates or improved distance coverage, we need to evolve our view from power consumption towards energy
efficiency. If we want to set requirements on new technology, we need to consider the demands for increased
performance and corresponding impact on power consumption. A measure of power or energy efficiency is needed.
In the following, a number of terms are proposed in order to properly define power consumption and energy efficiency.
The energy efficiency is understood as the relation between the Useful Output and the Energy or Power Consumption.
This efficiency measure could either be defined on power scale, or on energy scale as an integration of power
consumption over time.
In the following examples, for Broadband access equipment, Useful Output is defined as the peak performance of bit
rate and reach distance. Useful Output is compared with the long term Average Power Consumption.
The power consumption is related to a number of conditions as:
• Configuration and involved equipment.
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9 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
• Operational conditions.
• Measurement interfaces.
A set of definitions is needed. The following terms are proposed:
• Reference models.
• Operating conditions.
• Power efficiency.
• Useful unit.
NOTE: This covers use phase only, not production phase.
5.2 Power consumption of telecom systems - ICT view
Average power consumption of ICT and telecom systems is indicated in figure 1, for further information see
bibliography. The Broadband Access part is used for further analysis.
Global ICT ”Watts” (mid 2005)
850 million PCs
6
IT "overhead" [/PC]
1 050 million “users” (30 million servers)
5 20
"The Net" [/PC]
1,2 ∼ 4 000 million users (all together)
Telecom "overhead".
1 ∼ 4 000 million users (all together)
...& Transport [/user]
0,8
70 million subscribers
WCDMA RAN [/sub.] 3
0,6 Manufacturing
2 1 700 million subscribers
GSM RAN [/sub.]
Operation
0,2
2,6 180 million lines
Broadband access [/line]
0,5
4,5 1 275 million lines
"Ordinary fixed" [/line]
0,4
PBX [/line] 1,1 ∼ 400 million
23 27 595 million desktop PCs
Desktop PC
255 million laptop PCs
13 10
Laptop PC
∼ 180 million
1 8
Home network
2 0,6 1 975 million
Mobile phone
1 3 ∼ 700 million
Cordless phone
0,2 ?
"Old analogue phone"
0 1020 30 4050 60
W

Figure 1: Average power consumption of ICT equipment, use phase and production
5.2.1 Manufacturing impact on the power consumption
The CO2 equivalent of the complete manufacturing chain, from mine through end of life treatment, is estimated. The
CO2 value is recalculated into electrical energy, using the global energy production mix index of 0,6 kg CO2/kWh. The
energy is distributed over the life-time of the device, resulting in average power consumption of manufacturing.
Life time assumptions used in the examples reported in the present document:
• Mobile handset: 2,5 Year.
• DSL modem: 5 Year.
• Server: 4,25 Year.
• DSLAM: 10 Year.
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Terminals Access Transport & Servers

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10 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
• Radio Base Station: 10 Year, mechanically, 5 Year for the circuit boards.
• Radio Base Station Site: 20 year for Tower, Antenna and Shelter, 3,5 Year for the batteries.
5.2.2 Sources
Three different sources are used (see bibliography for details).
5.3 Reference models
A Reference model is needed to indicate what equipment is involved and what measurement interfaces are used.
Example: The reference model will make it clear whether power consumption is measured at DC or AC, what
functional units/configurations are included in the power measurement.
A number of reference models may be needed to cover different types of telecom equipment.
Reference model example proposals for DSLAM and Radio Base nodes are provided below.
5.3.1 Reference model content
The reference model is a block diagram that may include:
• Interfaces, internal and external.
• Climate shell(s).
• Hi Level functional parts like nodes - for a model network, or functional units like climate equipment,
rectifiers, modems, etc., for a node site model.
5.3.2 Reference Model Network
Network model
Use-
AC
Node A
ful
In-
. .
Out-
put
put
~
Node B # N
�
Node B # 1

Figure 2: Reference Model Network
Basic reference model network is needed to calculate the overall efficiency of telecom networks and the impact of
different nodes in the Network.
It is important to include the nodes typically needed and to capture the typical proportions of the different node types in
order to estimate how the different nodes contribute to power consumption of a typical network
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11 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
5.3.3 Node Site Reference Model
It is important to compare equipment power consumption at similar conditions. Usually the power consumption at site
is relevant. A site model should be applied that includes climate equipment, rectifiers and other infrastructure
equipment, if typically needed on a site level.
Preferable the site power should be measured at the AC level. See annex A for explanation.
DSLAM Site Model
Internet
Enclosure
DC1 DC2
AC1 AC2
.
-48V .
Recti- DSLAM
.
.
.
fier
.
”A”
Split
.
-ter
.
AC
Climate
.
.
Input
Unit
.
Battery
.
{
Line
Input /
3pp/Aux Eq
Output
Signal
POTS/ISDN

Figure 3: DLSAM Node Site reference model
RBS Site Model
An-
Enclosure
tenna
Feeder
DC1 DC2 DC3
AC1 Cable
AC2
-48V
Recti-
fier
Radio
.
Base
.
Station
AC .
Climate
Input
Battery
Unit
Out-
put
RF1
RF2
Signal
Transm/3PP/Aux Eq
Transport NW

Figure 4: RBS Node site reference model
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12 ETSI TR 102 530 V1.1.1 (2008-06)
Different reference points are available to support different aspects of energy optimisation. E.g. consideration of "RF2"
reference point may lead to support "Remote Radio Head" technology instead of using coaxial feeder cables.
5.4 Operating conditions
Power consumption depends on a number of operating conditions like:
• traffic pattern;
• operational mode;
• reach;
• climate (including temperature operating condition).
5.4.1 Traffic pattern
Traffic pattern and traffic intensity has an impact on energy consumption. The impact varies with the type of telecom
system. For POTS and cellular systems, traffic intensity has a substantial impact on power consumption. For fixed line
BB systems like DSL and VDSL, the traffic impact on consumption is negligible if low power modes are not activated,
but considerable if low power modes are activated. See examples in clause 5.4.4.
5.4.2 Operational modes and power management
Telecom equipment energy consumption varies with the mode of operation. Power saving modes should be
implemented in telecom systems, like L2 and L3 modes in DSLAM equipment and corresponding or standby modes in
modem equipment. Corresponding examples on power saving techniques for GSM/UMTS radio equipment are Standby
power saving modes like TRX shutdown, HW/SW-triggered PA bias switching.
As the subscriber equipment is in active use only a fraction of the time, it is imperative for every standard to make
energy saving modes fully operable at low or no traffic periods. It is imperative to have a power management that
effectively will activate the different power saving modes minimizing the power consumption.
Traffic models indicating the typical traffic intensity and statistic behaviour over day and week are important tools to
calculate the power consumption as a result of the combination of traffic pattern and power management behaviour.
When defining the traffic models, the impact of subscription rate as well as impact from different services and use cases
should be cons
...