ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)

Fixed Radio Systems; Energy efficiency metrics and test procedures for Point-to-point fixed radio systems

DTR/ATTM-04021

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 08-Nov-2015
• Technical Committee: ATTM TM4 - Fixed Radio Systems
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 03-Dec-2015
• Completion Date: 09-Nov-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)






TECHNICAL REPORT
Fixed Radio Systems;
Energy efficiency metrics and test procedures
for Point-to-point fixed radio systems

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2 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)



Reference
DTR/ATTM-04021
Keywords
energy efficiency, point-to-point, radio
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3 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Symbols . 8
3.2 Abbreviations . 8
4 Definition of the EE metrics of Point-to-point fixed radio systems . 9
4.1 General . 9
4.2 Parameters affecting the EE of Point-to-point fixed radio systems . 9
4.3 Equipment Energy Efficiency Ratio . 10
4.3.1 Definition of EEER . 10
4.3.2 EEER applicability . 11
5 EEER evaluation . 12
5.1 EEER at different frequency ranges . 12
5.2 EEER for frequencies up to 13 GHz . 12
5.2.1 Introduction. 12
5.2.2 Reference factors . 13
5.2.2.1 Reference system . 13
5.2.2.2 Reference parameters . 13
5.2.3 Reference case . 13
5.2.3.1 Reference system . 13
5.2.3.2 Reference parameters . 14
5.2.4 SG, Signature and HL . 15
M
5.2.4.1 Methodology . 15
5.2.4.2 Reference tables for (SG + Signature) HL conversion . 16
M
5.2.4.3 Example of EEER calculation for 6 GHz . 19
5.3 EEER for 15 GHz frequency range and above . 20
5.3.1 Introduction. 20
5.3.2 Reference factors . 20
5.3.2.1 Reference system . 20
5.3.2.2 Reference parameters . 20
5.3.2.3 Reference case . 21
5.3.2.3.1 Reference system . 21
5.3.2.3.2 Reference parameters . 21
5.3.3 Reference table for SG HL conversion . 22
M
6 Test conditions . 23
6.1 Introduction . 23
6.2 Capacity . 23
6.3 Power Consumption . 23
6.4 Measurements . 24
6.4.1 Measurements conditions . 24
6.4.2 Not considered equipment . 24
7 Conclusions . 24
Annex A: Relationship between HL and SG for frequencies above 15 GHz . 26
M
Annex B: EEER examples . 28
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4 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
B.1 Practical equipment . 28
B.1.1 Calculations and frequency bands . 28
B.1.2 Input parameters . 28
B.2 Numerical results . 28
B.3 Analysis and comments . 29
B.3.1 P [W] versus [dBW] . 29
in
B.3.2 EEER variation with RX threshold . 30
B.3.3 EEER absolute values versus rain-rate . 31
B.4 Conclusions . 31
Annex C: Comparison between Vigants-Barnett and Recommendation ITU-R P.530-15
methods . 33
C.1 4 GHz case . 33
C.2 11 GHz case . 34
Annex D: Bibliography . 35
History . 36

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5 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Access, Terminals, Transmission and
Multiplexing (ATTM).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The present document deals with the definition of the metrics, methodology and test conditions for the evaluation of the
Energy Efficiency of Point-to-point fixed radio systems.
The tremendous growing of telecom applications is leading to a strong escalation in bandwidth needed to expand
telecom solutions. Improved telecommunication networks are under deployment, and consequently the power needed to
operate and cool the connected equipment is also likely to increase. As a consequence, the concept of "Energy
Efficiency" is getting more and more important in the telecommunication world. Numerous definitions are in use
according to the different technologies and network segments they are applied to.
Most of the standardization organizations have identified "Energy Efficiency" as a key area, looking at it from different
perspectives as the standards can help providing a common base of understandings, concepts and targets.
The initial stimulus for the present document comes from the European Mandate M/462 [i.1] on the "efficient energy
use in fixed and mobile information and communication networks", which among other things states that "it is vital to
consider ways to maintain sustainable growth in the transmission capacity of telecommunication networks while
limiting and optimizing the energy consumption". However, in line with the European Code of Conduct on Energy
Consumption [i.2], it is as much important that the intention of reducing the energy consumption is pursued without
hampering the technological developments and the services provided.
Although in the European Mandate M/462 [i.1] and most of the relevant technical documents, Fixed Radio access and
transport infrastructures are still mostly disregarded or just mentioned without any specific treatment, the present
document aims at giving a correct technical interpretation of the concept of Energy Efficiency when applied to
Point-to-point fixed radio systems.
It is important to consider that unlike wired networks, the performance characteristics of a microwave radio system is
prone to variations, either due to external factors (e.g. weather) or by the action of the network operator. In a given
frequency band, there may be requirements for maximum radiated power levels, particular efficient modulation types,
and even standards for the radiation patterns of directional antennas. These criteria are established to reduce or
minimize interference among systems that share the same spectrum, and to ensure that the spectral efficiency is
sufficiently high to justify the occupancy of the spectrum.
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6 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
Moreover, propagation characteristics of the microwave signal can differ significantly according to the operating
conditions, like frequency band and geographical location.
All the different operating conditions summarily mentioned here above have led to the development of many types of
equipment that can address different applications and can work in a large variety of set-up.
It follows that any definition of the Energy Efficiency for Point-to-point fixed radio systems should not be considered
without taking into account the specific characteristics of those systems collected in the present document. The present
document is thus intended also to provide the necessary technical background in the event that in the future any of the
Technical Committees in charge wanted to define any Energy Efficiency KPI's related to P-t-p wireless fixed radio
systems.

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7 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
1 Scope
The present document defines the Energy Efficiency specifically for Point-to-point fixed radio systems, taking into
account the specific characteristics of that technology. The technical background and the methodology used to obtain
the formula are described together with the test conditions within which carrying out the related measures.
Due to the peculiarity of fixed wireless systems, having various architectures, applications and set-ups, the target to
define the Energy Efficiency with a single formula valid for all the categories of systems is very challenging and could
be even technically misleading.
As consequence, the main part of the present document is intended to explain the methodology used to derive the
EEER, defined as the Equipment Energy Efficiency Ratio. The provided technical description is the necessary
complement of the given definition, as it helps to understand the complexity of the matter and how the formula should
be used.
That is particularly important in the event that Technical Committees intend to further proceed with the present analysis
and derive from the given definition any practical standardization activities.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] European Commission - M/462 EN: "Standardisation mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and
ETSI in the field of ICT to enable efficient energy use in fixed and mobile information and
communication networks".
[i.2] European Commission, Veer 4, Feb 2011: "Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of
Broadband Equipment".
[i.3] Recommendation ITU-R F.1703 (2005): "Availability objectives for real digital fixed wireless
links used in 27 500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections".
[i.4] ETSI EN 302 217-1 (V1.3.1): "Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-
to-point equipment and antennas; Part 1: Overview and system-independent common
characteristics".
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8 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
[i.5] ETSI EN 302 217-2-2 (V2.2.1): "Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-
to-point equipment and antennas; Part 2-2: Digital systems operating in frequency bands where
frequency co-ordination is applied; Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of
article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
[i.6] Recommendation ITU-R P.530-15 (2013): "Propagation data and prediction methods required for
the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems".
[i.7] Recommendation ITU-R P.837-6 (2012): "Characteristics of precipitation for propagation
modelling".
[i.8] Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 (May 2005): "Specific attenuation model for rain for use in
prediction methods".
[i.9] Recommendation ITU-T G.826 (2002): "End-to-end error performance parameters and objectives
for international, constant bit-rate digital paths and connections".
[i.10] ITU-R WP5C, Contribution 345, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., Oct 2014: "Error performance
and availability issues in ITU: Background and current status".
[i.11] Bell System Technical Journal, Barnett, W. T.: "Multipath propagation at 4, 6 and 11 GHz",
Vol. 51, No. 2, 311-361, Feb 1972.
[i.12] Bell System Technical Journal, Vigants A.: "Space-diversity engineering", Vol. 54, No. 1,
103-142, Jan 1975.
[i.13] Recommendation ITU-R F.1668-1 (2007): "Error performance objectives for real digital fixed
wireless links used in 27.500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections".
[i.14] IETF RFC 2544 (1999): "Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices".
[i.15] IEC 60038: "IEC standard voltages".
[i.16] ETSI EN 300 132-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment; Part 2: Operated by -48 V direct current (dc)".
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
Kn normalized system signature parameter
p multipath occurrence factor
0
P input power (power consumption)
in
PTx output transmitted (radio) power
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AC Alternating Current
AM Adaptive Modulation
C Capacity
CS Channel Spacing
DC Direct Current
dN1 point refractivity gradient
EE Energy Efficiency
EEER Equipment Energy Efficiency Ratio
f Frequency Band
BAND
FS Fixed Service
HL Hop Length
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9 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
HL Maximum Hop Length
M
IDU InDoor Unit
L2 Layer 2
MW MicroWave
ODU Outdoor Unit
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
RF Radio Frequency
RIC Radio Interface Capacity
RTh Receiver Threshold
SES Severely Errored Second
SG System Gain
4 Definition of the EE metrics of Point-to-point fixed
radio systems
4.1 General
In general, the energy efficiency of a system should reflect its ability in exploiting the external resources (energy)
needed for its operation in order to reach a certain defined level of quality in terms of performance.
The list here below summarizes the different factors that heavily influence the performance of a wireless Fixed Service
system:
• Type of application: FS systems can be used in different network segments like access, short haul or long haul.
Systems located in different portions of the network are required to provide different features and to work for
different link lengths, capacity and quality of service, with consequent impact on their settings and power
consumption.
• Frequency bands: FS applications expand from "low" frequencies at around 2 GHz up to 95 GHz or more,
though the typical use can be restricted from 6 GHz to 42 GHz. It is well known that in such a wide spectrum
range the propagation characteristics are rather different and heavily influence the systems behaviours.
• Environment: those generic terms can refer to different geographical areas of application, including different
climatic conditions, but also different morphology like flat ground areas instead of mountainous regions, rural
environment up to dense urban.
• Architectures: different systems architectures are available on the market, like all indoor, split-mount indoor-
outdoor or full outdoor.
• Features: some equipment types have integrated data processing, including switch devices, monitoring
capabilities or ancillary equipment, that can drive the overall power consumption of the system.
All the listed elements can have a direct and relevant impact on the power level needed by the FS systems to handle the
traffic and correctly transmit the microwave signal through the hop, and that can clearly influence the evaluation of the
their efficiency from the energy point of view.
4.2 Parameters affecting the EE of Point-to-point fixed radio
systems
According to the considerations reported in clause 4.1, the following parameters have been identified as possible
candidates in the definition of the metrics:
• Frequency band (f )
BAND
• Bandwidth (Channel Spacing, CS)
CS represents the amount of spectrum (Bandwidth) used for the transmission of the MW signal.
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10 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
• Capacity (C)
The transmission of a certain amount of traffic over the radio link, here called Capacity, is the main purpose of
the system and thus considered one of the main important performance indicator, also because the needed
capacity is the driver for the operative set-up (CS, modulation format, etc.) The relationship between capacity
and bandwidth represents actually another characteristic parameter of the FS systems, the Spectral Efficiency.
)
• Power consumption (P
in
Input DC Power (P ) has been identified as power consumption parameter, thus excluding any AC-DC
in
converter.
• Maximum Hop length (HL )
M
The capability to reach longer distances is related both to the system technical quality and to the operative set-
up (f , modulation format, etc.). As a consequence, the definition of maximum hop length is meaningful
BAND
only when the operative conditions are clearly stated.
• Output power (PTx, dB )
m
• Receiver Thresholds (RTh, dB )
m
• System Gain (SG)
Another noteworthy parameter for p-t-p fixed wireless links is the System Gain (SG), defined as the difference
in dB between the transmitter RF output power and the practical thresholds of the receiver.
SG = PTx - RTh 4.2a)
dB
SG and maximum hop length are strictly related, as in principle a higher SG implies a better capability of the system to
reach longer distances maintaining the needed signal level.
However, the relationship between SG and maximum hop length can be rather complicated to be defined, and is subject
to variation according to the propagation conditions, mainly frequency.
It can be shown that while for frequencies above about 15 GHz the SG and HL are almost linearly related, for lower
M
frequencies HL depends also on other significant parameters like the signature, making the SG to HL relation more
M M
complex.
Another difference related with the frequency range is the reference application of systems: while lower frequencies are
generally used for long distance transport links (typically between 30 km and 100 km) which can anyway include
mobile backhaul application, higher frequencies are more typically employed for short range links (from a few hundred
meters up to a few tens of kilometres) and very often as mobile infrastructure like backhaul. The different application
justifies also the fact that while for the lower frequencies the link performance in terms of quality is used as main
requirement for the link design, for the higher frequencies one of the most important requirement is the link availability,
as explained in the next clauses.
The different behaviour in frequency explains the reason why in the following clauses a separate analysis has been
carried out for frequencies up to about 13 GHz and for 15 GHz and above.
4.3 Equipment Energy Efficiency Ratio
4.3.1 Definition of EEER
A straightforward way to define the concept of Energy Efficiency for systems within the scope of the present document,
is the Equipment Energy Efficiency Ratio (EEER), defined as the simple ratio among the relevant quantities listed in
clause 4.2:
HL × C
M
EEER =
Log (Pin) × CS
10
 4.3a)
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11 ETSI TR 103 820 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
where:
• C is the link Capacity, expressed in Mbit/s.
• HL is the maximum hop length that can be covered under a set of conditions, expressed
...