ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)

System Reference document (SRdoc); Transmission characteristics; Technical characteristics for level probing radar within the frequency range 75 GHz to 85 GHz

DTR/ERM-578

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 29-Apr-2019
• Technical Committee: ERM - EMC and Radio Spectrum Matters
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 11-Apr-2019
• Completion Date: 30-Apr-2019

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL REPORT
System Reference document (SRdoc);
Transmission characteristics;
Technical characteristics for level probing radar
within the frequency range 75 GHz to 85 GHz

2 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)

Reference
DTR/ERM-578
Keywords
measurement, radar, SRD, SRDOC
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE

Tel.: [phone]  Fax: [phone]

Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88

Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI
deliverable is the one made publicly available in PDF format at www.etsi.org/deliver.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.

© ETSI 2019.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
TM TM
3GPP and LTE are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the oneM2M Partners. ®
GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
3 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Comments on the System Reference Document . 9
4.1 Statements by ETSI Members . 9
5 Presentation of the UWB-LPR systems and technology . 10
5.1 Use cases of LPR sensor systems . 10
5.2 Object detection . 11
5.2.1 Contour detection . 11
5.3 Motion, speed and presence detection . 11
5.3.1 Contactless flow measurement . 11
5.4 Distance measurement . 12
5.4.1 Level probing on solid heaps having an angle of repose . 12
5.4.2 Low power level probing radars . 14
6 Market information. 14
6.1 Overview . 14
6.2 Market potential for contour detection instruments and LPRs . 15
6.2.1 LPR . 15
7 Technical information . 16
7.1 Detailed technical description . 16
7.1.0 General . 16
7.1.1 Transmitter Parameters . 17
7.1.1.1 Permitted frequency range of operation . 17
7.1.1.2 Operating bandwidth . 17
7.1.1.3 Transmitter emissions within the operating bandwidths . 18
7.1.1.4 Transmitter (unwanted) emissions outside the operating bandwidths . 20
7.1.1.5 Other emissions . 20
7.1.2 Receiver Parameters . 20
7.1.2.1 Receiver spurious emissions . 20
7.1.2.2 Interferer signal handling . 20
7.1.3 Requirements for spectrum access . 20
7.1.3.1 Detect and avoid (DAA) . 20
7.1.3.2 Listen-before-talk (LBT) . 20
7.1.4 Antenna requirements . 20
7.1.5 Mitigation techniques . 21
7.1.5.0 General . 21
7.1.5.1 Adaptive power control (APC) . 21
7.1.5.2 Activity factor (AF) and duty cycle (DC) . 21
7.1.5.3 Frequency domain mitigation. 21
7.1.5.4 Shielding effects . 21
7.2 Status of technical parameters . 21
7.2.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations . 21
7.2.2 Sharing and compatibility studies already available . 24
ETSI
4 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
7.2.3 Sharing and compatibility issues still to be considered. 24
7.3 Information on relevant standards . 24
8 Radio spectrum request and justification . 25
9 Regulations . 25
9.1 Current regulation. 25
9.2 Proposed regulation . 26
9.2.0 General . 26
9.2.1 Changes to Annex 1 of ECC/DEC(11)02 . 27
Annex A: Commercially available sensor systems . 29
A.1 (Tank) level probing Radar . 29
A.1.0 General . 29
A.1.1 Level measurement in wood pellet silos . 30
A.1.2 Sea level measurement at the harbour wall . 31
Annex B: Bibliography . 32
Annex C: Change History . 33
History . 34

ETSI
5 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document has been developed to support the co-operation between ETSI and the Electronic
Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications Administrations
(CEPT).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The present document includes necessary information to support the co-operation under the MoU between ETSI and the
Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT).
LPRs as covered by ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] are required to operate having a strict (stable) downward orientation of the
antenna under any operating condition in combination with other antenna restrictions as e.g. beam width and gain.
As the half sphere concept which can be found in CEPT ECC Report 139 [i.2] has been verified by compatibility
studies of LPRs with other radio services the present document aims to rely on this concept while showing that LPRs
having other than the combinations of the antenna requirements and antenna position which can be found in
ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] will maintain a maximum e.i.r.p. on the half sphere of -41,3 dBm. For this reason the present
document gives a set of pre-selected use cases each having different character well suited for its intended application.
ETSI
6 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
The present document at hand requests for better fitting antenna requirements which are optimally adapted to the
situations found in the field. Current LPRs contrary to expectations do not have sufficient capabilities tracking the level
of the measured product in some applications. Particularly from applications where the level of solids has to be
measured the LPR industry receives frequent customer complaints where instruments fail to measure an accurate level
of the product. Additionally customers now demand for embedding a volumetric measurement into their e.g. materials
management.
The need for adapting the restrictions on antenna orientation and antenna requirements for LPR radiodetermination
devices was identified in order to cover measurement tasks which cannot be conducted adequately or cannot be
conducted at all at the moment due to the limited antenna orientation capabilities and/or beam width.
Today's regulation with the requirement that the antennas need to point strictly downwards blocks either applications
where tilting the antenna is required to get a sufficient receive signal or applications with electronical or mechanical
beam steering. The antenna beam width limitation blocks applications with the usage of comparable systems using low
gain antennae.
The present document requests mainly:
• More usable and application specific positions of the LPR antenna other than strictly pointing downwards.
• More usable and application specific requirements of LPR antennas in terms of e.g. beamwidth or side lobe
suppression while maintaining the downward orientation towards the ground.
The appropriated compensation for each of the above mentioned requirements in order to stay with the half sphere
concept can be found in detail in Table 2. The present document covers therefore the request for more relaxed antenna
requirements, especially in terms of orientation and beam width for LPRs as radiodetermination applications using
UWB technology within in the 75 GHz to 85 GHz range. The intention is to create a basis for the LPR industry to
maintain and expand market access without loss of its customer satisfaction in this technology while still avoiding any
harmful interference with other radio services.
Communications applications or hybrid applications as a combination of sensor and communications applications are
not treated within the scope of the present document.
The half sphere concept as used by the current regulation has been established by ERM TG TLPR which now has
merged into ERM TG UWB.
The present document was developed by ERM TG UWB. The information in it has not yet undergone coordination by
ERM. It contains preliminary information.

ETSI
7 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
1 Scope
The present document describes LPR radiodetermination applications within the frequency range 75 GHz to 85 GHz
which may require a change of the present frequency utilization within CEPT. The described UWB radiodetermination
applications for future systems are split into the following classes and use cases:
• Object detection and classification/characterization.
• Motion, speed and presence detection.
• Distance measurement.
• Contour detection of solid material heaps.
The present document includes in particular:
• Market information.
• Technical information including expected sharing and compatibility issues.
NOTE: The information on sharing and compatibility issues is required when new spectrum or new spectrum
usage is requested.
• Regulatory issues.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] European Commission Decision 2013/752/EU of 11 December 2013 (amending Decision
2006/771/EC on harmonisation of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices and repealing
Decision 2005/928/EC).
[i.2] CEPT ECC Report 139: "Impact of Level Probing Radars Using Ultra-Wideband Technology on
Radiocommunications Services", Rottach-Egern, February 2010.
[i.3] ETSI EN 302 372 (V2.1.1) (10-2016): "Short Range Devices (SRD); Tank level Probing Radar
(TLPR) equipment operating in the frequency ranges 4,5 GHz to 7 GHz, 8,5 GHz to 10,6 GHz,
24,05 GHz to 27 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz; Harmonised Standard covering the
essential requirements of article 3.2 of the Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.4] ETSI EN 302 729 (V2.1.1) (10-2016): "Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR)
equipment operating in the frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz
to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz; Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements of
article 3.2 of the Directive 2014/53/EU".
ETSI
8 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
[i.5] ETSI TS 103 361 (V1.1.1) (03-2016):" Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band
technology (UWB); Receiver technical requirements, parameters and measurement procedures to
fulfil the requirements of the Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.6] ITU-R "Radio Regulations Articles" Edition of 2016.
[i.7] ETSI EN 305 550 (V2.1.0): "Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the
40 GHz to 246 GHz frequency range; Harmonized Standard covering the essential requirements of
article 3.2 of the Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.8] ETSI EN 303 883 (V1.1.1) (09-2016): "Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band
(UWB); Measurement Techniques".
[i.9] ERC Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)"; 13 Oct 2017
edition.
[i.10] Sweden's Minerals Strategy: For sustainable use of Sweden's mineral resources that creates growth
throughout the country.
[i.11] European Commission: "The raw materials initiative - meeting our critical needs for growth and
jobs in Europe", COM(2008) 699, 2008. .
[i.12] ECC Decision (11)02: "Industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR) operating in frequency bands 6 -
8.5 GHz, 24.05 - 26.5 GHz, 57 - 64 GHz and 75 - 85 GHz".
[i.13] Recommendation ITU-R M.2057: 'Systems characteristics of automotive radars operating in the
frequency band 76-81 GHz for intelligent transport systems applications'.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in ETSI EN 303 883 [i.8], ETSI TS 103 361 [i.5] and the
following apply:
Activity Factor (AF): activity factor of a radiodetermination device is usually defined as the ratio of active
measurement periods t (bursts, sweeps, scans) within the overall repetitive measurement cycle T
meas meas_cycle
Adaptive Power Control (APC): adaptive power control is an automatic mechanism to regulate the transmitter power.
It is controlled by the received power within the total receiver bandwidth
blocking distance: minimum distance from the target to the antenna of a LPR sensor which is at least necessary in
order to guarantee a reliable measurement
NOTE: If the distance to the target falls below the blocking distance, the measurement may fail because the
sensor is less sensitive or "blind" at close ranges.
Duty Cycle (DC): product of the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and the pulse duration t
pulse
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): product of "power fed into the antenna" and "antenna gain". The
e.i.r.p is used for both peak and average power
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW): based on a periodically linear frequency sweep of the transmit
signal. For distance measurement sensors often a sawtooth or a triangular modulation scheme is used
NOTE 1: By mixing the current transmit signal with the reflected signal the round trip time of the individual echoes
and thus the distance of the different targets can be determined.
NOTE 2: Although the instantaneous bandwidth of a FMCW Radar is close to zero the recorded power versus time
variation results in a wideband spectrum which is clearly not pulsed.
ETSI
9 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave (SFCW): transmitted frequencies are changed by incremental increase
NOTE: Although the instantaneous bandwidth of an SFCW Radar is close to zero the recorded power versus time
variation results in a wideband spectrum which is clearly not pulsed.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
f lowest frequency of the operating bandwidth
L
f highest frequency of the operating bandwidth
H
t active measurement time segment
meas
T overall repetitive measurement cycle time (including possible idle time segments)
meas_cycle
t pulse duration in a pulsed system or the duration of an individual frequency step in an SFCW
pulse
modulation scheme
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AF Activity Factor
APC Adaptive Power Control
DAA Detect And Avoid
DC Duty Cycle
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p equivalent isotropically radiated power
EESS Earth Exploration Service Satellite
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
FSL Free Space Loss
IC Integrated Circuit
ITU-R International Telecommunication Union - Radio sector
LBT Listen Before Talk
LPR Level probing Radar
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
RAS Radio Astronomy Station
Rx Receiver
SFCW Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave
SRD Short Range Devices
TC Technical Commitee
TGU-WB Task Group Ultra-Wide Band
TLPR Tank Level Probing Radar
Tx Transmitter
UWB Ultra-WideBand
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
4.1 Statements by ETSI Members
No statements or comments have been issued by ETSI members.
ETSI
10 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
5 Presentation of the UWB-LPR systems and
technology
5.1 Use cases of LPR sensor systems
Microwaves travel at the speed of light and this speed is essentially constant under a variety of different environmental
conditions. This makes the use of microwaves a very robust measuring principle which is preferred when high accuracy
is required and environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure, etc. may vary.
Some of the main advantages of microwave technology for all kinds of sensors are therefore:
• high measurement accuracy;
• high repeatability;
• robust measuring performance in a variety of environmental- and process conditions;
• high reliability;
• minimum or even no maintenance requirements and wear as a result of no moving parts;
• easy installation;
• non-contact measuring principle provides a high independency of ambient conditions or process properties,
• superior long-term stability resulting from self-calibration mechanisms since devices have always stable
internal references which are independent of temperature or humidity;
• efficient handling of many devices due to the support of different interfaces;
• the antenna or the radome is usually very robust against contamination with dust, dirt or other adverse
environmental influences.
All these factors combined provide a technology that over time has proven to bring improvements in environmental
protection, human safety, accident prevention and avoidance as well as a more efficient and sustainable use of natural
resources and higher quality of end-products in different manufacturing industries.
There are already commercially available sensors on the market which partly cover some. Level Probing Radars (LPR)
[i.4] working for example in the frequency band 75 to 85 GHz.
• Tank Level Probing Radars (TLPR) [i.3].
More information about some already existing systems can be found in annex A.
As indicated in the scope of the present document the UWB-LPR radiodetermination applications for potential future
systems are classified into the following use cases:
• Object detection and classification/characterization.
• Motion, speed and presence detection.
• Distance measurement.
• Contour detection of solid material heaps.
With industry 4.0 a tremendous increase of automation requirements is expected. More and more individualized
products will be fabricated in high automated production lines which contain lots of compact and flexible production
units. These production units will contain sensors for both the production processes and for reconfiguration and change.
Due to flexible and frequent changes in the process, residuals of prior products and cleaning substances should be
detected for example with very high accuracy and resolution in order to maintain product quality and production
efficiency.
Electric mobility and energy revolution are given as e.g. one of the drivers of the fast growing mining and minerals
business induced by the battery industry which is moving towards highly sophisticated technologies and seeks for e.g.
vanadium and lithium which are mining minerals. At the same time mining companies - amongst others - are going to
increase efficiency by a combination of modern technologies towards so called digital mines.
ETSI
11 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
Other technologies as LASER, optical sensing, ultra-sonic or photogrammetry are prone to dust and to foggy
conditions. Therefore LPRs are one of the core technologies for such industries as e.g. waste management, pulp and
paper and agriculture.
5.2 Object detection
5.2.1 Contour detection
Imaging Radar systems are used for 3D visualizing of arbitrary surfaces and objects (contour detection). The principle
can be utilized for example for precise volumetric measurements of different bulk solids stored in stockpiles such as
sand, gravel, stones, wood chips, coal, corn, fertiliser, etc. These materials shape a characteristic angle of repose when
stored on a stockpile.
With a one dimensional distance sensor measuring towards only a small area on the surface and assuming the surface to
be flat, often the volume expansion of the whole stockpile cannot be determined with sufficient accuracy. This problem
can be overcome by installing several distance measurement systems uniformly and densely distributed over the
measuring surface. However, this solution is unfavourable in terms of costs and installation effort.
Therefore a single imaging Radar system installed in a suitable position can be used which generates an exact image of
the surface contour. This facilitates the calculation of the residual volume on the stockpile.
Imaging Radar systems therefore often use beamforming techniques with phased array antennas providing control of the
beam direction (beam steering) and pattern shape including the side lobes without the need for rotating the entire unit
mechanically. Comparable technologies to beam steering are known and these ones are using rather low gain antennas
but demand a higher processing power. Detailed technical characteristics are given in one of the sub-classes in clause 7.
The application environment can be indicated as outdoor industrial areas where aggregation effects are highly unlikely
due to a low density of measuring sites, the increased FSL in the higher frequency bands as 75 GHz to 85 GHz and
larger distances between individual sensors.

Figure 1: Measurement scenario with sandbags (left) and corresponding radar image (right)
5.3 Motion, speed and presence detection
5.3.1 Contactless flow measurement
The flow rate measurement in flumes, rivers and other running water bodies plays a prominent role for example in
wastewater treatment, municipal water supply and especially in flooding prevention. With an accurate measurement of
the flow rate in rivers in combination with the water level an exact flood forecasting is possible. This helps to take early
measures against severe harm to infrastructure and people due to an impending flood.
ETSI
12 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
The flow rate measurement sensor measures the speed of the waves at the surface of the flume for example by means of
a doppler measurement and evaluation. Due to the fact that in most cases the width of the flume is known (dimension A
in Figure 2) a simultaneous level measurement would be desirable in order to determine the depth (dimension B in
Figure 2) of the watercourse. With the known cross section of the flume at the point of measurement the overall volume
flow can therefore be calculated.
A disadvantage of today's sensor is the limited antenna position. This requirement blocks this application, where a
radiation different from the strictly downward radiation is necessary.
The application environment can be indicated as outdoor remote rural areas and outdoor wastewater treatment plants
where aggregation effects are highly unlikely due to a low density of measuring sites, the increased FSL in the higher
frequency bands as 75 GHz to 85 GHz and larger distances between individual sensors.

Figure 2: Contactless flow measurement in a confined flume
5.4 Distance measurement
5.4.1 Level probing on solid heaps having an angle of repose
The examples in clauses A.1.1 and A.1.2 show two use cases where Level Probing Radars can successfully be applied
under harsh conditions.
However, there are still many measurement tasks which cannot be solved yet with the current available sensor
technology. This is especially the case where the downwards antenna orientation does not allow to get sufficient signal
energy reflected from the product. Problems may occur during filling the silos by lorries or belt conveyors where
tracking of the radar-signal fails. Figure 3 shows a typical situation where the measurement benefits from a defined tilt
angle of the instrument.
ETSI
13 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)

Figure 3: Illustration of an LPR bulk solid application where a defined tilt angle range of the antenna
would be beneficial in terms of maximizing the receive signal at the LPR device
Furthermore it cannot not always be foreseen during installation of the instruments that the bulk material moves other
than expected, gets dryer than expected, or changes it surface during processing.
For the above examples tilting the antenna to get more receive signal power is the only solution to overcome the
problem without a cost intensive complete redesign of the bunkers.
The above mentioned requirements are still a big challenge for the existing LPR sensors in the established frequency
bands. With a relaxed antenna main beam direction requirement within the frequency band 75 GHz to 85 GHz the
above mentioned applications are easier to realize or can be realized at all. This also in turn enables new applications to
be measured with microwave technology and furthermore the reliability of already existing distance measurement
sensors can be improved in a whole slew of applications.
Figure 4 shows an example where an LPR sensor is mounted in a position to optimize the illumination of the product
surface inside a feed hopper of an aggregate quarry. The quarry produces stones of different size (e.g. gravel) for the
construction industry. In order to ensure the uninterrupted supply of stones to other sites of the quarry, the level of
product inside the hopper and storage silo should be continuously monitored.
Table 1: Measurement conditions
Measurement conditions
Measurement range 10 m
Process temperature -20 °C to +50 °C
Process pressure 1 bar
Measurement difficulties Changing product reflectivity, low-reflective medium ( ɛr 1.6), dust and built-up
creating antenna aperture layer, uneven and changing product surface with
dedicated angle of repose.
ETSI
14 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)

Figure 4: Level measurement in a feed hopper
The application environment can be indicated as outdoor industrial areas where aggregation effects are highly unlikely
due to a low density of measuring sites and large distances between individual sensors.
5.4.2 Low power level probing radars
As systems could be imagined as a mix of requirements taken from clause 5.3.1 and clause 5.4.1 leading to radars
having extreme low power these ones will be also reflected by a category in clause 7.1.
These systems can have small antenna apertures resulting in wider beam angles. Wider beam angles are compensated
by lower peak and mean e.i.r.p.
Applications are instruments for water and waste water, which is very cost sensitive. Advantage is that there is always a
good reflection which means that antenna gain and power are reduced to still fulfil the radiated emission requirements
on half sphere.
The application environment can be indicated as outdoor industrial areas where aggregation effects are highly unlikely
due to a low density of measuring sites, the increased FSL in the higher frequency bands as 75 GHz to 85 GHz, larger
distances between individual sensors and their extreme low transmitted power.
6 Market information
6.1 Overview
The provision of an expanded usage of the frequency bands 75 GHz to 85 GHz for applications like those identified in
clause 5.1 but mainly for those in clause 5.2.1 goes along with the utilization of new semiconductor technologies. There
are several chip manufacturers on the market with their highly sophisticated SOCs showing that the necessary
semiconductor technologies are already available but the currently available frequency regulation is not yet usable for
most of the proposed applications. The strictly pointing downwards antenna requirement and the antenna beam width
limitation is in most cases not sufficient to solve the specific measurement task. The manufacturers of sensor equipment
face therefore the current situation where a missing regulation constrains the development of new sensors although the
technology is ready.
ETSI
15 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
Therefore an exact market analysis and a prediction into the future are difficult at this particular early time. Finally the
unit price of the Radar IC determines which applications can be covered at reasonable prices and thus the overall market
potential. But on the other hand there can be found a high number of studies which are very good indicators that the
world wide processes as e.g. in the mining and minerals industry clearly are unlocking a considerable market potential
for systems introduced by clause 5.1. See Sweden's Minerals Strategy [i.10] and the second part of [i.11].
A distinct regulation for the mentioned applications in clause 5.1 enables the manufacturers to easily place their
innovative products on the European market which otherwise would be difficult if not impossible and probably
associated with a high risk for the individual company. Therefore it is expected that the overall market of those
applications will rapidly grow in the beginning after a suitable frequency regulation is existent.
6.2 Market potential for contour detection instruments and
LPRs
6.2.1 LPR
As LPRs operate in the range 75 GHz to 85 GHz with a short wave length of about 3,75 mm they are best suited to
measure on solids compared to LPRs with lower frequencies and subsequently higher wave lengths. This is a result of
the improved back-scattering at the granular surface of the solid materials. Nevertheless there are applications where
also these systems fail and where antenna tilting, beam steering or a wider antenna beam width will significantly
improve the measurement reliability and eventually will qualify certain systems for these applications.
Therefore the frequency range 75 GHz to 85 GHz is the preferred one to request more relaxed antenna orientation and
beam width requirements.
Figure 5: Total (T)LPR instrument sales (source: industry data)
As LPR users have put their trust in this news technology there is a risk that sales remain at the current level with LPR
in the 75 GHz to 85 GHz range. Even there is a high risk to fail with further market success of these instruments if no
significant improvement can be achieved by this request.
ETSI
16 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
7 Technical information
7.1 Detailed technical description
7.1.0 General
The technical parameters in the following clauses 7.1.1 to 7.1.5 are applicable to all use cases identified in clause 5.1. It
is proposed to divide the different applications into several categories relating to the severity of their interference
potential to other spectrum users.
Table 2 gives information about use cases mapped to the best suited category of equipment. With the symbol "x"
marked categories indicate the preferred ones whereas the "(x)" is considered a possible but not the optimal assignment
to a category of equipment.
Table 2: Classification of Use Cases and Categories of Equipment
Category A LPR Category B LPR Category C LPR
5.2.1 Contour detection (x) x
5.3.1 Contactless flow measurement (x) x
5.4.1 Level probing on solid heaps
x (x)
having an angle of repose
5.4.2 Low power level probing radars  x

Table 3 compares the several categories where the relationship to the current technical regulation
ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] is given. Table 3 entries having the grey background are fully in line with
ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] whereas the highlighted (white) fields show the differences which are requested and at the same
time the proposed compensation to fulfil the half sphere limits. A detailed quantification is given by clause 7.1.1.
Table 3: Comparison of LPR categories
Current LPR Category A LPR Category B LPR Category C LPR
ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4]
Antenna position Tilted Tilted Tilted
(Strictly Downwards)
Antenna
ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] Wider Much Wider
total opening angle
Maximum peak power
(dBm, measured in 50
ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] Lower Much Lower
MHz)
(within main beam)
Maximum Mean e.i.r.p.
spectral density
(dBm/MHz) within the
ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] Lower Much Lower
LPR operating
bandwidths
(within main beam)
Mitigation techniques ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4]

Note that categories A, B and C do not introduce a new mitigation technique rather than proposing to use a good suited
combination of mitigation techniques from ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] to compensate the higher interference potential of a
tilted antenna or a wider antenna opening angle, respectively.
This approach is well justified as using the ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] has shown that applying a combination of the
available mitigation technologies is sufficient to reach the ETSI EN 302 729 [i.4] limits.
Further it can be clearly shown that CEPT ECC Report 139 [i.2] already gives the option of other than pointing
downwards antennae while maintaining the same low interference potential. Therefore mean e.i.r.p. limits depending on
antenna characteristic and tilting angle are introduced in clause 7.1.1.
But of course as different radar technologies as e.g. pulsed systems or FMCW systems are on the market, the
applicability of a set of different mitigation techniques should continue with this request.
ETSI
17 ETSI TR 103 595 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
Category C requests a wider antenna opening angle compared to the current reg
...