ETSI TR 103 257-1 V1.1.1 (2019-05)

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Access Layer; Part 1: Channel Models for the 5,9 GHz frequency band

DTR/ITS-00437-1

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 28-May-2019
• Technical Committee: ITS WG4 - Media and Medium related
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 13-May-2019
• Completion Date: 29-May-2019

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 103 257-1 V1.1.1 (2019-05)






TECHNICAL REPORT
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS);
Access Layer;
Part 1: Channel Models for the 5,9 GHz frequency band

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2 ETSI TR 103 257-1 V1.1.1 (2019-05)



Reference
DTR/ITS-00437-1
Keywords
ITS, radio, V2X
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3 ETSI TR 103 257-1 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms . 8
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Introduction . 10
4.1 Wave propagation. 10
4.2 Common channel models . 11
4.3 Usage of channel models . 13
4.4 The 5,9 GHz frequency band and V2X communication . 13
4.5 Scenarios . 13
4.5.1 Introduction. 13
4.5.2 Urban . 14
4.5.3 Rural . 15
4.5.4 Highway . 15
4.5.5 Tunnels . 15
4.5.6 LOS probability . 16
4.6 Summary . 16
5 Channel models . 16
5.1 Introduction . 16
5.2 Path loss models . 16
5.2.1 Free space path loss model . 16
5.2.2 Two-way ground reflection model . 17
5.2.3 Log-distance path loss model. 18
5.3 Tapped delay line model . 18
5.4 Geometry-based stochastic channel model . 19
5.4.1 Introduction. 19
5.4.2 General parameters . 19
5.4.2.1 Introduction . 19
5.4.2.2 Step 1 - Set scenario . 20
5.4.2.3 Step 2 - LOS/NLOS/NLOSv . 20
5.4.2.4 Step 3 - Path loss and shadowing . 21
5.4.2.4.1 Path loss models and vehicle blockage loss. 21
5.4.2.4.2 Shadow fading . 22
5.4.2.5 Step 4 - Large scale correlated scatterers . 23
5.4.3 Small scale parameters . 25
5.4.3.1 Introduction . 25
5.4.3.2 Step 5 - Generate delays . 25
5.4.3.3 Step 6 - Generate cluster powers . 26
5.4.3.4 Step 7 - Generate arrival and departure angles . 26
5.4.3.5 Step 8 - Perform random coupling of rays . 28
5.4.3.6 Step 9 - Generate XPRs . 28
5.4.4 Coefficient generation . 28
5.4.4.1 Introduction . 28
5.4.4.2 Step 10 - Draw initial random phases . 29
5.4.4.3 Step 11 - Generate channel coefficients . 29
5.4.4.4 Step 12 - Apply path loss and shadowing . 31
5.5 Channel Models for Link Level Simulations. 31
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4 ETSI TR 103 257-1 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
5.5.1 Cluster Delay Line Models . 31
5.5.1.1 Introduction . 31
5.5.1.2 CDL parameters for LLS . 32
5.5.2 Map-based hybrid channel model (Alternative channel model methodology) . 34
5.5.2.1 Overview . 34
5.5.2.2 Coordinate system . 34
5.5.2.3 Scenarios . 34
5.5.2.4 Antenna modelling . 34
5.5.2.5 Channel generation. 35
5.5.2.5.1 Introduction . 35
5.5.2.5.2 Step 1: Set environment and import digitized map . 35
5.5.2.5.3 Step 2: Set network layout and antenna array parameters . 35
5.5.2.5.4 Step 3: Apply ray-tracing to each pair . 36
5.5.2.5.5 Step 4: Generate large scale parameters . 37
5.5.2.5.6 Step 5: Generate delays for random clusters . 37
5.5.2.5.7 Step 6: Generate powers for random clusters . 38
5.5.2.5.8 Step 7: Generate arrival angles and departure angles . 38
5.5.2.5.9 Step 8: Merge deterministic clusters and random clusters . 39
5.5.2.5.10 Step 9: Generate ray delays and ray angle offsets . 40
5.5.2.5.11 Step 10: Generate power of rays in each cluster . 41
5.5.2.5.12 Step 11: Generate XPRs . 41
5.5.2.5.13 Step 12: Draw initial random phases . 41
5.5.2.5.14 Step 13: Generate channel coefficients . 41
Annex A: Mahler model for tracking multipath components . 44
Annex B: LOS probability and transition probability curves . 45
Annex C: Coordinate system . 48
C.1 Definition . 48
C.2 Local and global coordinate systems . 48
C.3 Transformation from a LCS to a GCS . 48
C.4 Transformation from an LCS to a GCS for downtilt angle only . 52
Annex D: Ensuring Spatial consistency in GBSCM models . 54
Annex E: Bibliography . 57
History . 59


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5 ETSI TR 103 257-1 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
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ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.

ETSI

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6 ETSI TR 103 257-1 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
1 Scope
The present document provides a set of channel models describing how signals in the 5,9 GHz frequency band are
perturbed by the mobile radio environment in different use cases.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] I. Tan, W. Tang, K. Labertaux and A. Bahai: "Measurement and analysis of wireless channel
impairments in DSRC vehicular communications", in Proc. Of International Conference on
Communications (ICC '08), Beijing, China, May 2008, pp. 4882-4888. .
[i.2] P. Alexander, D. Haley, and A. Grant: "Cooperative intelligent transport systems: 5.9 GHz field
trials", in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 7, pp. 1213-1235, July 2011. .
[i.3] L. Bernado, T. Zemen, F. Tufvesson, A. F. Molisch and C. F. Mecklenbräuker: "Delay and
Doppler spreads of non-stationary vehicular channels for safety relevant scenarios", in IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 82-93, January 2014. .
[i.4] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: "Principles and Practice", Prentice Hall, 1996.
[i.5] M. Boban, J. Barros and O. Tonguz: "Geometry-based vehicle-to-vehicle channel modeling for
large-scale simulation", in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 63. No. 9,
pp. 4146-4164, November 2014.
[i.6] M. Boban, T. T. V. Vinhoza, M. Ferreira, J. Barros and O. K. Tonguz: "Impact of vehicles as
obstacles in vehicular ad hoc networks", in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,
vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 15-28, January 2011.
[i.7] K. Mahler, W. Keusgen, F. Tufvesson, T. Zemen and G. Caire: "Measurement-Based Wideband
Analysis of Dynamic Multipath Propagation in Vehicular Communication Scenarios", in IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, October 2016.
[i.8] M. Boban, W. Viriyasitavat and O.K. Tonguz: "Modeling vehicle-to-vehicle line of sight channels
and its impact on application-layer performance", in Proceeding of the 10th ACM international
workshop on Vehicular inter-networking, systems, and applications (VANET 13), Taipei, Taiwan,
June 2013, pp. 91-94. .
[i.9] J. Karedal, N. Czink, A. Paier, F. Tufvesson and A. Molisch: "Path loss modelling for vehicle-to-
vehicle communications", in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 1,
pp. 323-328, January 2011.
[i.10] Recommendation ITU-R P.526: "Propagation by diffraction", International Telecommunication
Union Radiocommunication Sector, Geneva, November 2013. .
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[i.11] M. Boban, X. Gong and W. Xu: "Modeling the evolution of line-of-sight blockage for V2V
channels", in Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference
(VTC2016-Fall), Montréal, Canada, September 2016, pp. 1-6.
[i.12] ETSI TR 102 638 (V1.1.1) (2009-06): "Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular
Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Definitions".
[i.13] ETSI TR 138 901 (V14.0.0) (2017-03): "5G; Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to
100 GHz (3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.0.0 Release 14)".
[i.14] B. Aygun, M. Boban, J.P. Vilela and A.M. Wyglinski: "Geometry-Based Propagation Modeling
and Simulation of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Links", in Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 83th
Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2016-Spring), Nanjing, China, May 2016, pp. 1-5.
[i.15] T. Mangel, O. Klemp and H. Hartenstein: "5.9 GHz inter-vehicle communication at intersections:
a validated non-line-of-sight path-loss and fading model", in EURASIP Journal on Wireless
Communications and Networking 2011, 2011:182 DOI: 10.1186/1687-1499-2011-182.
[i.16] WINNER Project Board: "D5.4 v1.4 - Final Report on Link Level and System Level Channel
Models", 18 November 2005.
NOTE: Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229031750_IST-2003-
507581_WINNER_D5_4_v_14_Final_Report_on_Link_Level_and_System_Level_Channel_Models.
[i.17] WINNER Project Board: "D1.1.2 V1.2 - WINNER II Channel Models", 30 09 2007.
NOTE: Available at https://www.cept.org/files/8339/winner2%20-%20final%20report.pdf.
[i.18] WINNER Project Board: "D5.3 - WINNER+ Final Channel Models", 30 06 2010.
NOTE: Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261467821_CP5-
026_WINNER_D53_v10_WINNER_Final_Channel_Models.
[i.19] 3GPP TR 37.885 (2018-05): "Study on evaluation methodology of new Vehicle-to-Everything
V2X use cases for LTE and NR".
[i.20] 3GPP TR 36.885: "Study on LTE-based V2X services".
[i.21] L. Liu, C. Oestges, J. Poutanen, K. Haneda, P. Vainikainen, F. Quitin and P. De Doncker: "The
COST 2100 MIMO channel model", in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 92-99,
December 2012.
[i.22] RESCUE project deliverable D4.3: "Report on channel analysis and modeling".
NOTE: Available at https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/projects/cnect/5/619555/080/deliverables/001-
D43v10FINAL.pdf.
[i.23] M. Walter, D. Shutin and U.-C. Fiebig: "Delay-Dependent Doppler Probability Density Functions
for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Scatter Channels", in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 2238-2249, April 2014.
[i.24] M. Walter, T. Zemen and D. Shutin: "Empirical relationship between local scattering function and
joint probability density function", 2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal,
Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Hong Kong, 2015, pp. 542-546.
[i.25] H. Friis: "A note on a simple transmission formula", in Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 34, no. 5,
pp. 254-256, May 1946.
[i.26] Glassner, A S: "An introduction to ray tracing", Elsevier, 1989.
[i.27] R.G. Kouyoumjian and P.H. Pathak: "A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a
perfectly conducting surface", in Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 1448-1461,
November 1974.
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[i.28] P. H. Pathak, W. Burnside and R. Marhefka: "A Uniform GTD Analysis of the Diffraction of
Electromagnetic Waves by a Smooth Convex Surface", in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 631-642, 1980.
[i.29] J. W. McKown, R. L. Hamilton: "Ray tracing as a design tool for radio networks", in IEEE
Network, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 27-30, November 1991.
[i.30] ICT-317669-METIS/D1.4: "METIS channel model", METIS 2020, February 2015.
[i.31] W. Tomasi: "Electronic Communication Systems - Fundamentals Through Advanced", Pearson.
pp. 1023.
[i.32] J. Deygout: "Multiple knife-edge diffraction of microwaves", in IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, vol. 14, no. 4, 1966, pp .480-489.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
Void.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
G Antenna Gain Receiver
RX
G Antenna Gain Transmitter
TX
K Ricean K factor
R
L parameter denoting the number of random clusters
RC
L parameter denoting the number of deterministic clusters
RT
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AOA Angle of Arrival
AOD Angle of Departure
B2R Base station to road side unit
C-ITS Cooperative ITS
DUT Device Under Test
ITS Intelligent Transport Systems
LOS Line-Of-Sight
LSP Large-Scale-Parameters
MAC Medium Access Control
MD Mobile Discrete
MPC MultiPath Component
NGSM Non-Geometry Stochastic Model
NLOS Non-LOS caused by objects other than vehicles
NLOSv Non-LOS caused by vehicles
P2B Pedestrian to base station
P2P Pedestrian to pedestrian
PAS Power angular spread
PDF Probability Density Function
PL Path Loss
R2R Road side unit to road side unit
RMS Root Mean Squared
RSU Road side unit
RX Receiver
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9 ETSI TR 103 257-1 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
SD Static Discrete
SF Shadow Fading
TDL Tapped Delay Line
TX Transmitter
US Uncorrelated Scatterers
V2B Vehicle to base station
V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
V2P Vehicle to pedestrian
V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
V2R Vehicle to road side unit
V2X Vehicle-to-X
VANET Vehicular ad hoc networks
WSS Wide Sense Stationary
XPR Cross Polarization power Ratios
ZOA Zenith angles Of Arrival
ZOD Zenith angles Of Departure
ZSD Zenith angle Spreads at Departure
GBDM Geometry-based deterministic model
NS Network Simulator
PHY Physical Layer
FSPL Free Space Path Loss
GBSCM Geometry-based stochastic channel model
SLS System Level Simulations
LLS Link Level Simulations
DS Delay Spread
ASA Azimuth angle Spread of Arrival
ASD Azimuth angle Spread of Departure
ZSA Zenith angle Spread of Arrival
FIR Finite Impuls Response
BS-UT Base Station-User Terminal
GCS Global Coordinate System
CDL Cluster Delay Line
SCM Stochastic Channel Model
NR New Radio
UTD Uniform Theory of Diffraction
TOA Time Of Arrival
BS Base Station
UT User Terminal
LCS Local Coordinate System
PDP Probability Density Plot
WIM WINNER Channel Model
WIM-SC WIM-Spatial Consistency
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4 Introduction
4.1 Wave propagation
Channel models, also called propagation models, are an important part when designing and evaluating wireless systems
from the reception at the antenna all way up to the end user application. Channel models aim at mimic the perturbation
signals undergo when travelling between transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX). The different effects that can be seen in a
wireless channel are attenuation, reflection, transmission, diffraction, scattering, and wave guiding. The signal strength
is decaying as the distance increases between TX and RX, i.e. the signal gets attenuated. Wave guiding is an effect that
actually preserves the signal strength due to the fact that the signal is restricted in its expansion. It can occur for
example in urban canyons and tunnels. In Figure 1, reflection, transmission, scattering, and diffraction, are illustrated.
Reflection occurs on smooth surfaces, whereas transmission is when the signal penetrates the object. Scattering spreads
the signal in several directions, which occurs on rough surfaces, and diffraction is when the signal is bending around a
sharp edge. Smooth, rough, large, and small, are all relative to the wavelength in question. Increased carrier frequency
implies smaller wavelength (e.g. 5,9 GHz is equal to a wavelength of 5 cm), more optical propagation, smaller
antennas, and higher attenuation (the signal strength is decaying faster with distance).
Reflection
Scattering
Diffraction
Transmission

Figure 1: Different effects on the signal: transmission, reflection, scattering and diffraction
In wireless channels several replicas of the same signal can reach RX, which have bounced off different objects during
propagation; and if TX and/or RX are moving there will be Doppler effects. This is relative movement of the TX/RX
that shifts the frequency of the signal and makes it different at the receiver from the one that was originally transmitted.
Figure 2 provides an example where RX receives one line-of-sight (LOS) component and two replicas of the signal that
have bounced off objects (a multipath scenario).
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11 ETSI TR 103 257-1 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
Building Building
MPCs
TX RX
Line-of-sight
MPC = Multipath component

Figure 2: Multipath scenario, where several replicas
of the signal besides the LOS component reach RX
The multipath components (MPC) will travel longer distances and will therefore arrive later than the LOS component.
These delayed copies of the signal give rise to self-interference at RX, which could be constructive or destructive, see
Figure 3. The worst case of destructive interference is when two equally strong signals are shifted 180 degrees (see
Figure 3(b)).
+ = + =
(a) Constructive interfere
...