ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)

Environmental Engineering (EE) The use of alternative energy sources in telecommunication installations

DTR/EE-00004

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 08-Jun-2009
• Technical Committee: EE - Environmental Engineering
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 23-Jun-2009
• Completion Date: 09-Jun-2009
• Mandate: M/341

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)
Technical Report


Environmental Engineering (EE);
The use of alternative energy solutions
in telecommunications installations

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2 ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)



Reference
DTR/EE-00004
Keywords
power supply
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3 ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols . 11
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 Generator technologies . 11
4.1 Fuel cells . 12
4.1.1 Sources of Hydrogen . 12
4.1.2 On site H production . 13
2
4.1.3 Hydrogen storage . 13
4.1.4 Hydrogen safety . 14
4.2 Photovoltaic generators . 14
4.2.1 Traditional photovoltaic flat module for telecommunications applications . 14
4.2.2 Short term evolution of solar modules . 15
4.3 Wind Turbine Generators . 16
4.3.1 Wind Resource . 16
4.3.2 The Mechanics of Wind Turbines . 17
4.4 Micro hydro generators . 18
4.5 The Stirling machine . 19
5 Energy storage and short term power backup . 22
5.1 Batteries . 24
5.1.1 Lead-acid batteries . 27
5.1.2 Nickel-Cadmium batteries . 28
5.1.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride batteries (Ni-MH) . 29
5.1.4 Nickel-Iron batteries (Ni-Fe) . 29
5.1.5 Nickel-Zinc batteries (Ni-Zn) . 29
5.1.6 Lithium Ion batteries (Li-Ion) . 29
5.1.7 Lithium Ion Polymer batteries (LiP-Ion) . 30
5.1.8 Lithium Metal Polymer batteries (LMP) . 30
5.1.9 Sodium sulphur (Na-S) . 30
5.1.10 Sodium-metal-chloride . 30
5.2 Supercapacitors . 30
5.3 Fly wheels . 31
5.4 Super Magnetic Storage Systems (SMES) . 32
5.5 Pumped hydrostorage and compressed air . 32
5.6 Reliability of energy storage systems . 32
5.7 Safety of energy storage systems . 32
6 Power Systems . 33
6.1 Fuel cell systems . 33
6.2 Photovoltaic systems . 35
6.2.1 Off-grid connection system. 35
6.2.2 In-grid connection system . 36
6.2.3. Planning of a PV system . 38
6.3 Wind energy systems. 38
6.3.1 System design . 39
6.3.2 Installation . 40
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4 ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)
6.4 Hydropower systems . 40
7 Hybrid systems . 41
7.1 System design . 41
7.2 Planning of a Hybrid system . 43
7.3 Selected Hybrid systems . 44
7.3.1 Wind turbine generator combined with fuel consuming generator . 44
7.3.2 Photovoltaic generator combined with fuel consuming generator . 45
7.3.3 Photovoltaic generator combined with wind generator and fuel consuming generator . 47
8 Cooling systems . 48
8.1 Geo-cooling . 48
8.1.1 Horizontal collectors . 51
8.1.2 Vertical probes . 52
8.1.3 Ground-to-air heat exchanger . 52
8.2 Free cooling . 53
8.3 Absorption machines . 56
Annex A: Bibliography . 57
History . 58

ETSI

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5 ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
Introduction
In last year's thematic, as greenhouse effect and carbon footprint have been more common and well known also to
normal citizen; a lot of attention has been also pointed to the telecommunication community impact. The growing
public attention to environmental issues leads industry to work on reducing environmental impacts of their business,
also in a framework of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sustainable development.
High prices for oil and electrical energy, which are generally expected to persist, contribute to stimulate interest in new
energy sources.
In telecommunication the alternative energy sources, because of the high cost for Wh, are generally used in remote
areas where the public mains is unavailable.
The introduction of new components and technologies on the market has recently increased the energy efficiency of
alternative sources and in some cases, the Governments economically support the use of this alternative energy sources.
The consequence of those two facts is a better convenience in the use of this type of energy, especially considering the
continuous price increase for traditional fossil sources and electrical energy, beyond the attention that is necessary for
reducing ecological impacts.
The need for alternative energy may come also to enable telecommunication services (areas with no power grid), to
expand coverage and to deploy high data rate services (active equipment in the access network)
It becomes obvious that the use of alternative energy has to be considered with particular effort for only supplying
energy efficient ICT equipment.
One important bibliographical reference is the international document produced by ITU-T (CCITT), in 1985 [i.1]
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6 ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)
1 Scope
Due to new power and energy context such as greenhouse effect and other environmental issues, fuel depletion and
electricity cost increase, new regulation and standards, telecom operators have to make efforts to use alternatives. The
present document covers alternative energy sources completed by current and new energy storage that can be used in
ICT. Such alternative energy sources are:
• Fuel Cells.
• Photovoltaic Generators.
• Wind Turbine Generators.
• Micro hydro generators.
• Stirling machine.
• Alternative cooling sources, e.g. geo-cooling, fresh air cooling (or free cooling), absorption machines.
The scope of the present document is to propose an overview about practical solutions for power and cooling systems
using the alternative energy sources. Interoperability of heterogeneous alternative energy sources is the key issue. The
way to ensure hybrid systems reliability and efficiency is also in the scope of the present document.
Bearing in mind the availability and the maintainability of the power plants for TLC, the present document considers:
- the principle of energy converters operating from alternative energy sources;
- the minimum set of information on energy converters;
- the main sizing parameters;
- the architecture of the power systems using the energy converters either only one type or as a combination of
two or more such devices;
- existing and new energy storage;
- cooling solutions from alternative sources (geo-cooling).
New (not traditional) solutions for cooling will be proposed and expanded in a separate document.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
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7 ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] ITU-T (CCITT): "Handbook on Primary Sources of Energy for the Power Supply of Remote
Telecommunication Systems", 1985.
[i.2] CENELEC EN 62282-2: "Fuel cell technologies. Part 2: Fuel cell modules".
[i.3] CENELEC EN 62282-3-2: "Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-2: Stationary fuel cell power systems
- Performance test methods".
[i.4] Council Directive 87/404/EEC of 25 June 1987 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member
States relating to simple pressure vessels.
[i.5] Council Directive 90/488/EEC of 17 September 1990 amending Directive 87/404/EEC on the
harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to simple pressure vessels.
[i.6] Council Directive 90/396/EEC of 29 June 1990 on the approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to appliances burning gaseous fuels.
[i.7] Council directive 1999/92/EC of 25 January 1999 on minimum requirements for improving the
safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres.
[i.8] Council directive 94/9/EC of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the laws of the Member
States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive
atmospheres.
[i.9] Council directive 97/23/EC of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member
States concerning pressure equipment.
[i.10] CENELEC EN 62124: "Photovoltaic (PV) stand-alone systems. Design verification".
[i.11] CENELEC EN 60904-1: "Photovoltaic Devices Part 1: Measurement of Photovoltaic Current
- Voltage Characteristics".
[i.12] CENELEC EN 60904-2: "Photovoltaic devices - part 2: requirements for reference solar devices".
[i.13] CENELEC EN 62093: "Balance-of-system components for photovoltaic systems - Design
qualification natural environments".
[i.14] Council directive 2006/66/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 6 September 2006
on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive
91/157/EEC.
[i.15] CENELEC EN 50272-2: "Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations
-- Part 2: Stationary batteries".
[i.16] ETSI ETS 300 132-1: "Equipment Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications equipment; Part 1: Operated by alternating current (ac) derived from direct
current (dc) sources".
[i.17] ETSI EN 300 132-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications equipment; Part 2: Operated by direct current (dc)".
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8 ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)
[i.18] CENELEC EN 61427: "Secondary cells and batteries for solar photovoltaic energy systems".
[i.19] IEC 61400-1: "Wind turbines - Part 1: Design requirements".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
Air Mass (AM): measure of distance that the direct solar beam travels through the earth atmosphere
NOTE: AM = 1,5 in standards corresponds to a sun elevation of approximately 45°.
air pollution: air with contaminants in it that prevent the air from dispersing as it normally would, and interfere with
biological processes
alternative energy: energy derived from non-fossil resource and from renewable source
NOTE: A popular term for "non-conventional" or "clean" energy as renewable.
asynchronous generator: type of electric generator that produces alternating current (AC) electricity to match an
existing power source
battery: energy storage device made up of one or more cells filled with electrolyte
NOTE: An electrolyte is a non-metallic conductor between positive and negative plates that carries electric
charges through ionic displacement.
capacity factor: amount of power a wind turbine produces over a period of time divided by the amount of power it
could have produced if it had run at its full rated capacity over that time period
Carbon Dioxide (CO2): colourless, odourless non-combustible gas present in the atmosphere
NOTE: It is formed by the combustion of carbon and carbon compounds (such as fossil fuels and biomass), by
respiration, which is a slow combustion in animals and plants, and by the gradual oxidation of organic
matter in the soil. It is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global climate change, it remains in the
atmosphere during about one century.
Carbon Monoxide (CO): colourless, odourless but poisonous combustible gas
NOTE: Carbon monoxide is produced in the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon compounds, for
example, fossil fuels like coal and petroleum.
central power plant: large power plant that generates power for distribution to one or multiple loads
chemical energy: energy liberated in a chemical reaction, as in the combustion of fuels
constant-speed wind turbines: wind turbines that operate at a constant RPM (Revolutions Per Minute speed). They are
designed for optimal energy capture at a specific rotor diameter and at a particular wind speed
conventional fuel: fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas
electric power converter: device for transforming electricity to a desired quality and quantity (voltage or current or
power or frequency)
energy converter: equipment transforming alternative energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, etc.) into electrical energy
deregulation: process of changing policies and laws of regulation in order to increase competition among suppliers of
commodities and services
downwind wind turbine: horizontal axis wind turbine in which the rotor is downwind of the tower
emission: substance or pollutant emitted as a result of a process
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9 ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)
energy storage: process of storing or converting energy from one form to another for later use
NOTE: For example, an electrochemical storage device is a battery, an electromechanical storage device is a
flywheel.
environment: all the natural and living things around us: The earth, air, weather, plants, human and animals all make
up our environment
fossil fuels: fuels formed in the ground from the decayed remains of dead plants and animals
NOTE: It takes millions of years to form fossil fuels. Oil, natural gas, and coal are fossil fuels.
fuel: any material that can be consumed to be converted into energy
gearbox: protective casing for a system of gears
generator: device for converting any energy resource into electrical energy
geothermal: heat that comes from within the Earth
geothermal heating/cooling: method of heating and cooling a building using underground thermal conditions
geothermal power: electricity generated from naturally occurring geological heat sources
green credit: new way to purchase renewable electric generation that divides the generation into two separate products:
the commodity energy and the renewable attributes
NOTE: The green credit represents the renewable attributes of a single megawatt of renewable energy. Also
known as green tags, renewable energy credits, or renewable energy certificates.
green power: popular term for energy produced from non-pollutant or renewable energy resources
greenfield: site on which a power plant has not previously existed
grid: common term referring to an electricity transmission and distribution system
gust: sudden brief increase in the speed of the wind
horizontal-axis wind turbines: turbines on which the axis of the rotor's rotation is parallel to the wind stream and the
ground
hybrid system: power systems combining two or more energy conversion devices, or two or more fuels for the same
device, that when integrated, overcome limitations inherent in either
NOTE: In the present document we define that at least one source is from alternative "renewable" energy source.
inverter: equipment that can convert direct current into alternative current
mean power output (of a wind turbine): average power output of a wind energy conversion system at any given mean
wind speed
mean wind speed: average wind speed over a specified time period and height above the ground
mechanical energy: energy possessed by an object due to its motion (kinetic energy) or its potential energy
median wind speed: wind speed with 50 % probability of occurring
nacelle: cover for the gearbox, drive train, and generator of a wind turbine
natural gas: hydrocarbon gas obtained from underground sources, often in association with petroleum and coal
deposits
NOTE: It generally contains a high percentage of methane, varying amounts of ethane, and inert gases. Natural
gas is used as a heating fuel and for electricity generation.
peak wind speed: maximum instantaneous wind speed that occurs within a specific period of time
photovoltaic: application of solar cells for energy by converting sunlight directly into electricity
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10 ETSI TR 102 532 V1.1.1 (2009-06)
power quality: stability of frequency and voltage and lack of electrical noise on the power grid
prevailing wind direction: direction from which the wind predominantly blows as a result of the seasons, high and low
pressure zones, the tilt of the earth on its axis, and the rotation of the earth
recycling: process of converting into new products materials that are no longer useful as they were originally designed
renewable energy: energy derived from resources that are regenerative or that cannot be depleted
NOTE: Types of renewable energy resources include wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and moving water.
rotor: blades and other rotating components of a system (e.g. rotor of a wind energy conversion turbine in the
alternative energy sources field)
solar energy: electromagnetic energy transmitted from the sun (solar radiation)
solid fuels: any fuel that is in solid form, such as wood, peat, lignite, coal, and manufactured fuels such as pulverized
coal, coke, charcoal briquettes, and pellets
step-up gearbox: gearbox that increases turbine electricity production in stages by increasing the number of generator
revolutions produced by the rotor revolutions
sustainable energy: energy that takes into account present needs while not compromising the availability of energy or a
healthy environment in the future
trade wind: consistent system of prevailing winds occupying most of the tropics
NOTE: They constitute the major component of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Trade winds b
...