ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)

Human Factors (HF); Smart cities and communities; Standardization for citizens and consumers

DTR/HF-00 103 455 SmartCities

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Technical Committee: HF - Human Factors
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 14-Sep-2020
• Completion Date: 23-Sep-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL REPORT
Human Factors (HF);
Smart cities and communities;
Standardization for citizens and consumers

2 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)

Reference
DTR/HF-00 103 455 SmartCities
Keywords
accessibility, B2C, citizen, design for all, privacy,
requirements, safety, security, service, smart
cities
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3 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 11
3.1 Terms . 11
3.2 Symbols . 12
3.3 Abbreviations . 12
4 Setting the scene . 12
4.1 Citizens and cities . 12
4.2 Variety of citizen profiles . 14
4.3 Challenges for the city . 15
4.4 The challenge of public procurement . 16
5 Citizens' general needs . 17
5.1 What are these? . 17
5.2 Access to city services . 17
5.3 Citizen complaint and redress procedures . 18
5.4 Ethical priorities . 18
5.5 Improvement of citizen outcomes . 18
5.5.1 Introduction. 18
5.5.2 Improvement of outcomes . 18
5.5.3 Use of Certification . 19
5.6 Keeping a safe environment . 19
5.6.1 Overview . 19
5.6.2 Being security-minded . 19
5.6.3 Preserving privacy . 19
5.6.4 International approaches to security and privacy . 20
5.7 Elements relating to citizen security . 20
5.7.1 Introduction. 20
5.7.2 Citizen security considerations . 20
5.7.3 Personnel security . 21
5.7.4 Physical security . 21
5.7.5 Cyber-physical systems . 21
5.8 Citizen data . 21
5.9 Accessibility . 22
5.9.1 Accessibility priorities . 22
5.9.2 Functional accessibility aspects . 22
5.9.3 Universal service design . 23
6 Citizens' and their local authorities . 23
6.1 What is involved? . 23
6.2 Designing services for the citizen . 24
6.3 Related city services . 24
6.4 Individual services . 24
6.5 Supporting citizen participation . 25
7 An online survey . 25
7.1 Introduction . 25
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4 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
7.2 Survey respondents. 25
7.3 Citizen requirements. 26
7.4 Future services . 26
7.5 Outcomes . 26
7.6 Citizen strategy . 26
8 The smart city standards landscape . 27
8.1 Introduction . 27
8.2 International smart city standardization . 27
8.3 International standardization alignment . 28
8.4 European standardization . 28
8.5 National standardization . 28
9 Citizen indicators . 29
9.1 What's involved? . 29
9.2 Citizens' concerns . 29
9.3 Current standardization landscape . 30
9.3.1 Overview . 30
9.3.2 ISO indicators . 30
9.3.3 UN Sustainable Development Goals. 31
9.3.4 ETSI work on community indicators . 31
9.4 Is standardization helping? . 32
10 Recommendations for standardization . 32
10.1 Some major issues to address . 32
10.2 Organizational recommendations . 33
10.2.1 Introduction. 33
10.2.2 What standards organizations might do . 33
10.3 Recommendations for standardization . 34
10.3.1 Introduction. 34
10.3.2 Guidance . 35
10.3.3 Codes of conduct . 35
10.3.4 Standards . 35
11 Conclusions, acknowledgements . 36
Annex A: Survey Analysis . 37
Annex B: Smart City Standards Mindmap . 38
Annex C: The European Integrated Project on smart cities and communities (EIP-SCC) . 40
Annex D: ICT Accessibility Requirements in ETSI EN 301 549 . 42
History . 44

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5 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Human Factors (HF).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The present document provides an analysis and evaluation of the current requirements for citizen-related standards
actions in relation to smart cities and communities. A citizen is an inhabitant of, or visitor to, a smart city or community.
To assess the current standardization landscape, the analysis has leveraged an online survey, distributed across the many
smart city networks. 52 % of survey responses were from citizens or organization which represent citizens. Six specific
citizen requirements were identified, having been ranked by the online survey respondents, from the most important
through to the least important, with the top three being: facilitating citizen participation in decisions, access to services
online and offline and effective measurement. Other priorities not proposed at first, but suggested by respondents as
needing to be included, were internet availability and the need for cities to co-design services with citizens.
The present document assesses the different citizen-related issues that smart city-related standardization in the ICT
domain needs to address. The present document lists relevant current and proposed standards and other related activities
such as indicators and certification, identifying their limitations. Regarding smart city standardization, the major issues
for improvement relate to the unawareness from cities or their unavailability to participate in standardization, along with
the incoherence of where to start or find the right information. Moreover, city services need to be better designed,
accessible for citizens, and provide better solutions for privacy and personal data management.
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6 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
The present document provides recommendations to the standards organizations, first from an organizational
perspective, so cities can overcome the issues listed above, and with more specific proposals grouped into three
categories: Guidance (high-level approach that smart cities could adopt in order to deal with a number of citizens
requirements), Codes of Conduct (precise approaches to the development of solutions for specific issues) and Standards
(defining new work items that Standards Developments Organizations could potentially integrate within their standards
development plans).
Introduction
The present document concerns the standardization requirements from the perspective of the citizen, in the context of
being an inhabitant of, or visitor to, a smart city or community.
The smart community offers considerable opportunity not only for citizens to have an improved living environment in
which they can benefit from effective services, but also for them to influence matters affecting their daily lives. At the
same time, equal treatment for all citizens needs to be ensured and account needs to be taken of data privacy concerns
relating to their personal information. Thus far the needs of the citizens themselves have been somewhat set aside in the
debates concerning smart communities, but, more than ever in a post-Coronavirus world, it will be important to keep
these needs at the forefront of societal development.
Since industrialization, our world has been considerably weakened by unsustainable development and rampant
over-consumption. Humanity faces several environmental sustainability challenges including, but not limited to,
declining biodiversity, degraded land and soil, depleting natural resources, polluted air and water, and increasingly
severe climate changes. Closely interlinked are issues of population increase and rural-to-urban migration, which is
occurring at an extraordinary pace: since 2008, more than half of the global population has been and is living in cities.
By 2050 the global population is forecast to grow to 9 billion, 80 % of which will inhabit cities.
Adapting to these challenges will require increased cooperation among local actors, along with comprehensive systems
that can create and maintain synergies for sustainable urban societies in which people want to work, live, and maximize
their well-being. Cities can also be seen as one of the driving forces in generating European economic and sustainable
growth, given, for example, the opportunities provided by the green economy. Linking and upgrading infrastructures,
technologies, and services in key urban sectors (transport, buildings, energy, ICT, etc.) in a smart way will improve
quality of life, competitiveness, and sustainability of our cities.
Cities are becoming more and more of a focal point for our economies and societies at large, particularly because of
on-going urbanization, and the trend towards increasingly knowledge-intensive economies, as well as their growing
share of resource consumption and emissions. To meet public policy objectives under these circumstances, cities need
to change and evolve, but in times of ever tighter budgets this change needs to be achieved in a smart way: our cities
need to become smart and sustainable cities and communities. In addition, though, improving the lot of the city-dweller
should not be at the expense of the citizens living in rural communities, smart communities should be available to
everyone.
Digitization in a smart community offers extensive opportunities for the introduction of citizen-centred design processes
and for citizens to become more involved in the decisions affecting their daily lives. Enormous benefits can derive from
this, for example, from consultation concerning the way services are designed and made interactive and available to all
members of the community.
At the European level, the CEN-CENELEC-ETSI Smart and Sustainable Cities Co-ordination Group (SSCC-CG)
originally proposed the development of a Technical Report on these citizen-related issues, later taken up in the
European Commission ICT Standardization Rolling Action Plans for 2016 and 2017.
The present document is intended to clarify whether further standardization is needed on citizen issues related to smart
cities (e.g. on what, where, when, etc.), and to take full account of other standards activities under way. The present
document also supports recommendations that are being made at policy levels.

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7 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
1 Scope
The present document assesses the different citizen-related issues that smart city-related standardization in the ICT
domain needs to address. These include fundamental aspects such as accessibility, usability, interoperability, personal
data protection and security, and how services to citizens are to be designed to maximize benefits to the community.
For each of these issues, the present document:
• provides a short statement of the subject area;
• makes a short statement of the key citizen concerns (for example accessibility or privacy) related to the
subject;
• lists relevant current standards and ongoing relevant standards activities;
• assesses whether it appears the activities are in practice taking reasonable account of the smart city/community
dimension from the perspective of citizen welfare, and if not, what might be needed to rectify the position;
• identifies any further general legal and ethical issues that require attention outside the standardization domain,
or other issues not covered.
The issues which the present document assesses are grouped into the following:
• citizens' general needs - smart cities should have citizen welfare at their core. The needs of the citizens should
therefore be properly considered in every standardization activity relevant to smart cities;
• citizens and their local authorities - the standards aspects of citizens' day-to-day interfaces with their local
authorities;
• citizens and their local services - the standards aspects of citizens' day-to-day interfaces with the providers of
their local services;
• citizen indicators - how the impact of smart city solutions on the citizens can be measured;
• recommendations - to improve citizen outcomes, filling gaps in, or making adjustments to, existing standards;
aspects not related to standardization, including policy aspects.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long-term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document, but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI EG 201 013: "Human Factors (HF); Definitions, abbreviations and symbols".
[i.2] CEN EN ISO 9241-11:2018: "Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 11: Usability:
Definitions and concepts".
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8 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
[i.3] ETSI EN 301 549: "Accessibility requirements for ICT products and services".
[i.4] European Commission: "Public Procurement".
NOTE: Available at https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/public-procurement_en.
[i.5] "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CPRD)".
NOTE: Available at https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-
disabilities.html.
[i.6] European Commission (2017): "E-procurement".
NOTE: Available at https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/public-procurement/e-procurement_en.
[i.7] Directive 2013/11/EU of the European Parliament and Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative
dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and
Directive 2009/22/EC.
[i.8] Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016
concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems
across the Union (known as the NIS Directive).
[i.9] BSI PAS 185:2017: "Smart Cities. Specification for establishing and implementing a security-
minded approach".
[i.10] Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the
protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free
movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation).
[i.11] BSI PAS 183:2017: "Smart cities. Guide to establishing a decision-making framework for sharing
data and information services".
[i.12] ISO 37156:2020: "Smart City infrastructures - Guidelines on data exchange and sharing for smart
community infrastructures".
[i.13] ISO 37160:2020: "Smart City infrastructures - Measurement methods for quality of thermal power
station infrastructure and requirements for plant operations and management for smart community
infrastructures".
[i.14] Directive (EU) 2019/882 of the European Parliament and Council of 17 April 2019 on the
accessibility requirements for products and services (known as the European Accessibility Act.
[i.15] Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 of the European Parliament and the Council on European
standardisation, amending Council Directives 89/686/EEC and 93/15/EEC and Directives
94/9/EC, 94/25/EC, 95/16/EC, 97/23/EC, 98/34/EC, 2004/22/EC, 2007/23/EC, 2009/23/EC and
2009/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Decision
87/95/EEC and Decision No 1673/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.
[i.16] ISO 37106:2018: "Sustainable cities and communities. Guidance on establishing smart city
operating models for sustainable communities".
[i.17] ISO 37120:2018: "Sustainable cities and communities - Indicators for city services and quality of
life".
[i.18] ISO 37122:2019: "Sustainable cities and communities - Indicators for smart cities".
[i.19] ISO 37123:2019: "Sustainable cities and communities. Indicators for resilient cities".
[i.20] ETSI TS 103 463 (all parts): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM);
Sustainable Digital Multiservice Communities; Key Performance Indicators for Sustainable
Digital Multiservice Areas".
[i.21] ETSI GS OEU 019: "Operational energy Efficiency for Users (OEU); KPIs for Smart Cities".
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9 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
[i.22] European Commission (2017): "Making public procurement work in and for Europe".
NOTE: Available at https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/25612.
[i.23] United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: "Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient
and sustainable".
NOTE: Available at https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/.
[i.24] European Commission (2018): "Smart Cities".
NOTE: Available at https://ec.europa.eu/info/eu-regional-and-urban-development/topics/cities-and-urban-
development/city-initiatives/smart-cities_en.
[i.25] ETSI (2015): "Smart Cities".
NOTE: Available at https://www.etsi.org/technologies/smart-cities.
[i.26] ITU-T (2014): "Smart Sustainable Cities".
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Pages/default.aspx.
[i.27] ISO/TC 268 (2012): "Sustainable cities and communities".
NOTE: Available at https://iso.org/committee/656906.html.
[i.28] EU SCIS: "Smart Cities and Community Lighthouse projects".
NOTE: Available at https://smartcities-infosystem.eu/scc-lighthouse-projects.
[i.29] UN-HABITAT: "Cities and Pollution contribute to climate change".
NOTE: Available at https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/cities-
pollution.shtml#:~:text=Cities%20are%20major%20contributors%20to,cent%20of%20the%20Earth's%2
0surface.
[i.30] The Sector Forum on Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities.
NOTE: Available at https://www.cencenelec.eu/standards/Sectorsold/SmartLiving/smartcities/Pages/default.aspx.
[i.31] Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on
public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC.
[i.32] United Nations: "Sustainable Development Goals".
NOTE: Available at https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/.
[i.33] UNE 178105 (2017): "Universal Accessibility in Smart Cities".
[i.34] OASC (2019): "What Will Keep the Smart City Industry Busy in 2019?".
NOTE: Available at https://oascities.org/what-will-keep-the-smart-city-industry-busy-in-2019/.
[i.35] EIP-SCC: "Initiatives".
NOTE: Available at https://eu-smartcities.eu/initiatives.
[i.36] EUROCITIES: "About Us".
NOTE: Available at http://eurocities.eu/eurocities/about_us.
[i.37] Major Cities of Europe: "About Us".
NOTE: Available at https://www.majorcities.eu/.
[i.38] OASC: "About OASC".
NOTE: Available at https://oascities.org/about-oasc/.
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10 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
[i.39] Cities4Europe (2018) About.
NOTE: Available at http://cities4europe.eurocities.eu/eu-campaign/index.html#/about.
[i.40] Major Cities of Europe (2019), Annual conference - Channelling Change.
NOTE: Available at https://www.majorcities.eu/conferences/2019-venice/.
[i.41] CEN-CENELEC-ETSI: "Smart and sustainable cities and communities; a role for European
standardization".
NOTE: Available at https://www.cencenelec.eu/News/Publications/Publications/Smart_cities.PDF.
[i.42] CITYkeys indicators for smart city projects and smart cities.
NOTE: Available at http://www.citykeys-project.eu/.
[i.43] ITU-T Work Programme. .
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/workprog/wp_search.aspx?sg=20.
[i.44] U4SSC KPIs.
NOTE: Available at https://www.itu.int/en/publications/Documents/tsb/2017-U4SSC-Collection-
Methodology/index.html#p=10.
[i.45] The European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities (EIP-SCC): "Action
Clusters".
NOTE: Available at https://eu-smartcities.eu/clusters.
[i.46] CITYkeys D1.1: "Overview of the needs".
NOTE: Available at http://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/CITYkeys%20D1.1%20-
%20Cities%20and%20citizens%20needs.pdf.
[i.47] Active and Healthy Aging: related standards.
NOTE: Available at https://ec.europa.eu/eip/ageing/standards_en.
[i.48] CEN-CENELEC-ETSI Smart and Sustainable Cities Sector Forum (SF-SSCC): Overview of
Standards and Specifications relevant to Smart Cities.
NOTE: Available at ftp:/cencenelec.eu/EN/EuropeanStandardization/Fields/SmartLiving/City/SF-
SSCC_Overview_of_Standards_for_SmartCities.pdf.
[i.49] United Nations: "68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050".
NOTE: Available at https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-
urbanization-prospects.html.
[i.50] EN 17161:2019: "Design for All - Accessibility - following a Design for All approach in products,
goods and services". Produced by CEN.
[i.51] W3C Recommendation 05 June 2018: "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1".
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11 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in ETSI EG 201 013 [i.1] and the following apply:
accessibility: extent to which products, systems, services, environments and facilities can be used by people from a
population with the widest range of user needs, characteristics and capabilities, to achieve identified goals in identified
contexts of use (from CEN EN ISO 9241-11:2018 [i.2])
NOTE 1: Context of use includes direct use or use supported by assistive technologies.
NOTE 2: The context in which the ICT is used may affect its overall accessibility. This context could include other
products and services with which the ICT may interact
access space: space intended to be occupied by the person, including their Assistive Technology, while they are using
the product
assistive technology: hardware or software added to or connected to a system that increases accessibility for an
individual
NOTE 1: Examples are Braille displays, screen readers, screen magnification software and eye tracking devices that
are added to the ICT.
NOTE 2: Where ICT does not support directly connected assistive technology, but which can be operated by a
system connected over a network or other remote connection, such as telecare or voice assistants can also
be considered assistive technology.
citizen: design and delivery of city services driven by the needs of citizens rather than the functional structures of a
city's silos (from ISO 37016:2018 [i.16])
NOTE: The term citizen in this context includes residents, visitors and businesses within the city.
consumer: natural person who is acting outside the scope of an economic activity (trade, business, craft, liberal
profession)
cyber-physical system: system which comprises interacting digital, analogue, physical, and human components
engineered for function through integrated physics and logic
NOTE: These systems will provide the foundation of our critical infrastructure, form the basis of emerging and
future smart services, and improve our quality of life in many areas.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT): technology, equipment, or interconnected system or subsystem
of equipment for which the principal function is the creation, conversion, duplication, automatic acquisition, storage,
analysis, evaluation, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission,
reception, or broadcast of data or information
NOTE: Examples of ICT are web pages, electronic content, telecommunications products, computers and
ancillary equipment, software including mobile applications, information kiosks and transaction
machines, videos, IT services, and multifunction office machines which copy, scan and fax documents
smart city: City that increases the pace at which it provides social, economic and environmental sustainability
outcomes and responds to challenges such as climate change, rapid population growth, and political and economic
instability. By fundamentally improving how it engages society, applies collaborative leadership methods, works across
disciplines and city systems, and uses data information and modern technologies to deliver better services and quality of
life to those in the city (residents, businesses, visitors), now and for the foreseeable future, without unfair disadvantage
of others or degradation of the natural environment.
NOTE 1: A smart city also faces the challenge of respecting planetary boundaries and taking into account the
limitations these boundaries impose.
NOTE 2: There are numerous definitions of a smart city. This one is used by ISO Technical Committee 268, whose
work is dedicated to the topic.
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12 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution
AHA Active and Healthy Ageing
ANEC European Association for the Co-ordination of Consumer Representation in Standardisation
(French acronym)
BSI British Standards Institution
CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation (European Standards Committee)
CENELEC Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (European Electrotechnical Standards
Committee)
DESI Digital Economy and Society Index
EC European Commission
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EN European Norm
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU European Union
GDPR General Data Protection Regulation
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IoT Internet of Things
ISG Industry Specification Group
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IT Information Technology
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector
JTC 1 Joint Technical Committee 1 [of ISO and IEC]
NIS Network and Information Security
OASC Open and Agile Smart Cities
PAS Publicly Available Specification
SDO Standards Development Organization [nowadays used to describe both formal standards bodies
and consortia]
TC Technical Committee
U4SSC United 4 Smart Sustainable Cities
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme
4 Setting the scene
4.1 Citizens and cities
The United Nations estimate that over half of humanity, approximately 4,2 billion, lives in cities today, projecting an
increase of this number to 7,5 billion by 2050 [i.49]. Due to this overwhelming growth of population, cities are
struggling to continue creating jobs and prosperity without straining land and resources and are responsible for around
78 % of the global energy consumption and produce more than 60 % of the greenhouse gas emissions [i.29].
Many countries will face challenges in meeting the needs of their growing urban populations, including for housing,
transportation, energy systems and other infrastructure, as well as for employment and basic services such as education
and health care. Integrated policies to improve the lives of both urban and rural dwellers are needed, while
strengthening the linkages between urban and rural areas, building on their existing economic, social and environmental
ties.
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13 ETSI TR 103 455 V1.1.1 (2020-09)
These issues affect numerous cities and have become more difficult to solve using traditional technology. The concept
of smart growth, which is recently adopted in city planning requires a more intelligent method of urban management. It
implies achieving greater city efficiency and better coordinating the forces that lead to growth: transportation, economic
development as well as land speculation and conservation.
Considering that cities are complex adaptive systems not only comprising physical resources and processes, they need
to consider residents and visitors. A clear definition of smart city has proven to be challenging. Definitions first
appeared in the literature around the late 1990s, more recent definitions present many alternatives from metropolitan-
wide information and communications technology (ICT)-based environment, up to large-scale living labs for innovation
testing, while not disregarding smart energy consumption, transportation and other hard asset management, smartness
footprint measured with capacity indexes (people, economy, living, environment, mobility and governance) [i.5] and
innovative solutions - not limited to but mainly based on the ICT - that improve urban everyday life and enhance local
sustainability in terms of people, governance, economy, mobility, environment and living.
According to the European Commission (EC), a smart city is a place where traditional networks and services are made
more efficient with the use of digital and telecommunication technologies for the benefit of its inhabitants and business
[i.24]. The former funding programmes from the European Commission already envisioned the city as a platform to
enhance citizen engagement and their willingness to co-create, as a user-driven open innovation environment, with such
openness being applied as multiple kinds of relationships between people, services, infrastructure and technology.
If the concept of the smart city has been extensively considered, the place of the citizen in that concept on the evidence
available, has not. There have been European project funding programmes [i.28], but it is very difficult to see specific
impacts from these except in the narrow field of activity within the scope of the specific projects.
Standardization bodies have also shared their vision on the concept of a smart city, especially international ones. The
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), notes that ICT plays an important role connecting key
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