ETSI GR mWT 008 V1.1.1 (2018-08)

millimetre Wave Transmission (mWT); Analysis of Spectrum, License Schemes and Network Scenarios in the D-band

DGR/mWT-0008

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 01-Aug-2018
• Technical Committee: mWT - millimetre Wave Transmission
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 06-Aug-2018
• Completion Date: 02-Aug-2018

Standards Content (Sample)

GROUP REPORT
millimetre Wave Transmission (mWT);
Analysis of Spectrum, License Schemes and
Network Scenarios in the D-band
Disclaimer
The present document has been produced and approved by the millimetre Wave Transmission (mWT) ETSI Industry
Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG.
It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership.

2 ETSI GR mWT 008 V1.1.1 (2018-08)

Reference
DGR/mWT-0008
Keywords
D-band, license schemes, millimetre wave, mWT,
network scenarios, spectrum
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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Introduction to the W-band and the D-band . 9
5 ITU Regulations concerning the W-band and the D-band . 10
5.1 ITU Regulations concerning Frequency Allocation . 10
5.2 ITU-R Regulations concerning Propagation Aspects . 11
5.3 ITU-R Regulations concerning Error Performance and Availability objectives . 11
6 Characteristics of the W-band and the D-band . 11
7 System Behaviour . 12
7.1 D-band system simulation . 12
8 Use cases and possible applications . 16
8.1 From current high capacity systems to future systems . 16
8.2 D-band: Backhaul, fronthaul and fixed wireless access . 16
8.3 5G Mobile Backhaul Tail Link. 17
8.4 Internal Connection of a Data Centre (Inter-Server) . 17
8.5 Requirements for future applications in mm-wave radio . 18
8.6 Applications and Use Cases . 18
9 First Prototypes and Early Deployment . 21
9.0 Introduction . 21
9.1 Huawei . 21
9.1.1 First prototype and field trial in cooperation with Politecnico di Milano . 21
9.1.2 Preliminary evaluation of ITU model . 23
9.1.3 D-band trial with Telecom Italia for highly dense 5G backhaul network scenarios . 24
9.2 Ericsson . 27
9.3 NEC Europe Ltd (United Kingdom) . 29
9.3.1 OAM technology description . 29
9.4 Nokia . 33
9.4.1 The DREAM project . 33
10 State of the Art of Technology . 33
10.1 Overview of Technological Maturity . 33
10.2 Semiconductor technology for D-band: technological maturity and component frequency limitations . 34
10.3 Challenges for volume manufacture of diplexers at D-band frequencies . 36
11 Basic Considerations on Channel Arrangements . 38
12 Summary and Conclusions . 40
Annex A: Further considerations on technology . 41
A.1 SiGe:C BiCMOS . 41
A.2 SiGe:C BiCMOS - Technology Features . 41
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A.3 SiGe HBT performance in the W and D bands . 42
A.4 Low Noise Amplifier design . 42
A.5 D-band Power Amplifier design . 43
A.6 150 GHz VCO and prescaler . 44
Annex B: Authors & contributors . 46
History . 47

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Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
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Foreword
This Group Report (GR) has been produced by ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) millimetre Wave
Transmission (mWT).
All Companies referenced in the present document have given the consensus of all the material provided herewith.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The evolution of Mobile Networks towards LTE-A and 5G in the next few years present significant challenges to the
evolution of microwave technology, especially in terms of transmission capacity and latency.
Interest in millimetre-wave bands has risen significantly in recent years mainly due to new network topologies driving
backhaul to the higher part of the spectrum and the enormous amount of under-utilized bandwidth that lies in this part
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The development of new technologies and the use of higher frequency bands allow microwave to remain a fundamental
building block of mobile networks even in this framework of ever-increasing demands.
The significant advantages offered by the propagation characteristics in terms of frequency re-usability and large
channel bandwidths make millimetre-wave suitable for transmitting multi-Gbps in dense urban scenarios thanks to a
very compact antenna size and extreme low power.
Bands above 90 GHz are prime candidates for large volume applications in backhaul and fronthaul supporting all
services requiring high speed wireless transmission.
Standardization activities are now under way of the so-called W-band (92 - 114,5 GHz) and D-band (130 - 174,8 GHz).
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The present document provides an overview of the possible applications and use cases for the D-band, state of the art of
the technology at such high frequencies and also possible channel schemes which can be used, including the so called
"duplexer-free" scheme.
Although the present document is focused on the D-band, information and considerations on the W-band are included
where appropriate and beneficial to the readers.
Introduction
Frequency bands above 100 GHz have not been commercially exploited yet and have not been regulated yet by specific
recommendations.
The W-band and D-band are already considered in the table of frequency allocation issued by the ITU-R Radio
Regulation 2016 [i.5].
Figure 1: ITU Table of Frequency Allocation (Radio Regulation 2016) [i.5]
The table indicates fixed service (FS), and that covers all the applications of interest to ISG mWT, and which have a
primary status, when considering the frequency band from 92 up to 200 GHz.
The allocation between 92 and 200 GHz is common for all three ITU regions, which facilitates the scenarios and
spectrum usage solutions covering these bands.
Moreover, new spectrum and innovative ways to use the bands, new concepts related to availability to cope with the
increase of capacity and hop lengths are needed. Efficient aggregation of different bands and carriers should be
exploited, through BCA together with new mm-wave spectrum made available by regulation.
The proper combination of mm-wave spectrum with traditional microwave spectrum should help to incentivize
spectrum efficiency and optimization of spectrum usage, driving regulators to release unused or under-utilized spectrum
portions.
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1 Scope
The present document describes possible scenarios and spectrum usage and proposes, aligned with CEPT ECC SE19
Working Item 37 [i.3], the channelization of the D-band (130 - 174,8 GHz) to facilitate the deployment of high capacity
backhaul systems, able to decongest the network over distances shorter than usual ones for wireless transport.
Considering that the W-band and the D-band are primarily allocated to FS, part of the scope of the present document is
to identify applications for future backhaul networks or similar applications.
Technical propagation characteristics of W-band and D-band are considered to analyze system behaviours and evaluate
reachable distances and possible achievable throughputs.
In the absence of standardized channel plans for both the W-band and D-band, guidelines for efficient deployment in
terms of spectrum, license schemes and other relevant aspects in those bands are being proposed, also considering non-
operator services, in the vision of significant market share.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI White Paper No. 15: "mmWave Semiconductor Industry Technologies: Status and
Evolution".
NOTE: Available at mmWave Semiconductor Industry Technologies: Status and Evolution.
[i.2] Abhiram Chakraborty, Saverio Trotta (Infineon Technologies AG) and Robert Weigel (Lehrstuhl
für Technische Elektronik, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg):"A Low Power Multichannel Receiver for
μm SiGe BiCMOS Technology (*here defined up to
D-Band Sensing Applications in a 0,13
132 GHz)".
[i.3] SE19(17)16A09: "Radio frequency channel/block arrangements for fixed service systems
operating in the bands 92 - 94 GHz, 94,1 - 100 GHz, 102 - 109,5 GHz and 111,8 - 114,25 GHz".
[i.4] SE19(17)16A10: "Radio frequency channel/block arrangements for fixed service systems
operating in the bands 130 - 134 GHz, 141 - 148,5 GHz, 151,5 - 164 GHz and 167 - 174,8 GHz".
[i.5] ITU-R Radio Regulation 2016.
[i.6] Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 (07/2015): "Propagation data and prediction methods required
for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems".
[i.7] Recommendation ITU-R P.1411-1: "Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of
short-range outdoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency
range 300 MHz to 100 GHz".
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[i.8] Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-7 (02/2012): "Propagation data and prediction methods for the
planning of indoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency
range 900 MHz to 100 GHz".
[i.9] Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3: "Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction
methods".
[i.10] Recommendation ITU-R F.1703: "Availability objectives for real digital fixed wireless linksused
in 27 500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections".
[i.11] Recommendation ITU-R P.676-11: "Attenuation due to atmospheric gases".
[i.12] IEEE 802.15™: "WPAN for 60 GHz".
[i.13] L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, and J. P. Woerdman: "Orbital angular
momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes", Physical Review
A, vol. 45, no. 11, 1992.
[i.14] N. Bozinovic, et al: "Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in
fibers", Science, vol. 340 no. 6140 pp. 1545-1548, 2013.
[i.15] F. Tamburini, et al.: "Encoding many channels on the same frequency through radio vorticity: first
experimental test", New Journal of Physics 14, 2012.
[i.16] J. Butler and R. Lowe: "Beamforming matrix simplifies design of electronically scanned
antennas", Electronic Design, vol. 9, pp. 170-173, 1961.
[i.17] EIA RS-261-B: "Rectangular Waveguides (WR3 to WR2300)".
[i.18] IEC 60153-2:2016: "Hollow metallic waveguides - Part 2: Relevant specifications for ordinary
rectangular waveguides".
[i.19] Yuan-Hung Hsiao, Zuo-Min Tsai, Hsin-Chiang Liao, Jui-Chih Kao and Huei Wang: "Millimeter-
Wave CMOS Power Amplifiers With High Output Power and Wideband Performances", IEEE
Transactions on microwave theory and techniques, Vol. 61, NO. 12, December 2013.
[i.20] Recommendation ECC REC (18)01: "Radio frequency channel/block arrangements for Fixed
Service systems operating in the bands 130 - 134 GHz, 141-148,5 GHz, 151,5-164 GHz and 167 -
174,8 GHz".
[i.21] Recommendation ITU-R F.1668: "Error performance objectives for real digital fixed wireless links
used in 27 500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections".
3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
5G Fifth Generation of Mobile Networks
BCA Band and Carrier Aggregation
BER Bit Error Rate
BH BackHaul
BW BandWidth
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
DHBT Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
DS Duplex Spacing
EM ElectroMagnetic
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FS Fixed Service
FWA Fixed Wireless Access
Gbaud Giga baud
HBT Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
HEMT High Electron Mobility Transistor
LOS Line Of Sight
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LTE Long Term Evolution
LTE-A LTE-Advanced
MAG Maximum Available Gain
MMIC Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit
MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
MW MicroWave
OAM Orbital Angular Momentum
PA Power Amplifier
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RF Radio Frequency
RFIC Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
RX Receiver
SOI Silicon On Insulator
TCE Thermal Coefficient of Expansion
TDD Time Division Duplex
TX Transmitter
VBE Base-Emitter Voltage
VCB Collector-Base Voltage
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
XHAUL generic (X) split within LTE/5G protocol stack between fronthaul and backhaul
4 Introduction to the W-band and the D-band
In the search for more spectrum all wireless applications are already using and will use higher frequencies than the
traditional microwave bands. The frequency bands above 90 GHz are prime candidates for large volume applications
supporting all services that require high speed and very large bandwidths.

Figure 2: W and D bands spectrum
Ten different portions of spectrum are available (when some contiguous portions are considered), from 92 - 200 GHz,
allocated primarily to Fixed Service, covering almost 54 % of the whole band under consideration (92 - 200 GHz).
These portions have the following bandwidth (size in GHz), ranging from 1 GHz - 12,5 GHz.
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Bands vs. Bandwidth
Bands [GHz]
19 1.8- 200
16 7-1 74.8
15 1.5- 164
14 1-1 48.5
13 0-1 34
12 2.25- 123
11 1.8- 114.2 5
10 2-1 09.5
94 .1-1 00
92 -94
0246 8 10 12 14
Bandwidth [GHz]
Figure 3: Portions of available spectrum in the range 92 - 200 GHz (Source: Nokia)
In principle, nothing prevents from considering more than one portion of spectrum as a single band, in line with the
approach already adopted for the E-band, where 71 - 76 GHz and 81 - 86 GHz were considered together.
Since the portions of the spectrum and bandwidth have not yet been defined, the present document will identify the best
way to consider such portions of the spectrum and how to arrange it into new bands and how to consider each band into
channels, if any.
The existing standard of waveguides [i.17], [i.18] allows the following use:
Table 1: Designation of waveguides
Designation US commercial designation & fmin
Cut-off Frequencies [GHz] Band
EIA/IEC - f [GHz]
max
WR8/R1200 RG138 (silver) 90,00 - 140,0 73,8 W-band
WR7/R1400 RG136 (silver) 110,0 - 170,0 90,8 D-band

Regarding the activities related to the W-band and the D-band, including possible frequency arrangements, two Work
Items have been opened in CEPT ECC SE19, the Work Item on W-band (SE19 37) [i.3] and the Work Item on D-band
(SE19_38) [i.4], with the scope to facilitate the deployment of fixed services in the frequency blocks already allocated
to fixed services in the bands 92 - 94 GHz, 94,1 - 95 GHz, 95 - 100 GHz, 102 - 109,5 GHz and 111,8 - 114,5 GHz for
the W-band and in the bands 130 - 134 GHz, 141 - 148,5 GHz, 151,5 - 164 GHz and 167 - 174,8 GHz for the D-band.
These work items aim to provide ECC Recommendation(s) guidelines on the deployment of fixed services operating in
the mentioned bands.
The outcome of this analysis has been liaised to CEPT WG SE19, and may be liaised to other relevant groups for
discussion.
5 ITU Regulations concerning the W-band and the D-
band
5.1 ITU Regulations concerning Frequency Allocation
• Recommendation ITU-R Radio Regulation 2016 [i.5].
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5.2 ITU-R Regulations concerning Propagation Aspects
• Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 (07/2015) [i.6]: Propagation data and prediction methods required for the
design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems.
• Recommendation ITU-R P.1411-1 [i.7]: Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of
short-range outdoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range
300 MHz to 100 GHz.
• Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-7 (02/2012) [i.8]: Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning
of indoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range 900 MHz to
100 GHz.
• Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [i.9]: Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods.
Apart from Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [i.9], which is valid up to 1 000 GHz, the range of validity is up to
100 GHz.
5.3 ITU-R Regulations concerning Error Performance and
Availability objectives
• Recommendation ITU-R F.1668 [i.21].
• Recommendation ITU-R F.1703 [i.10].
Formulas are provided in Recommendation ITU-R F.1703 [i.10] to establish availability objectives for real links.
6 Characteristics of the W-band and the D-band
The rain attenuation in the W-band and in the D-band can be derived from figure 4. It should be noted that the rain
attenuation in the D-band is around 2 dB larger than in the E-band. In addition it should be noted that the rain
attenuation in the D-band is almost flat.

Figure 4: Specific rain attenuation up to 300 GHz (Source: Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [i.9])
Regarding gas attenuation, it is 1 - 2 dB/km in the D-band. This is not a dominant factor for the link distance limitation.
The gas attenuation in the D-band is almost flat. In the W-band it is lower than 1 dB/km.
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Dry Air
Water vapour
Total
]
m
k
/ 1
B
d
[
n
o
i
0.1
t
a
u
n
e
t
t
0.01
A
0.001
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Frequency [GHz]
Figure 5: Specific gas attenuation up to 180 GHz (Source: Recommendation ITU-R P.676-11 [i.11])
Compared to the V-band, both the W-band and the D-band, similarly to the E-band, are in the part of spectrum which is
not affected by the Oxygen absorption peaks.
7 System Behaviour
7.1 D-band system simulation
In order to evaluate covered distances and available throughputs, extensive system simulations have been carried out.
As a result, estimation is given of the maximum hop length that can be reached, in the W-band and in the D-band, for
different 1 Gbps solutions in different conditions and frequency bands. Moreover the estimation of the maximum hop
length that can be reached for a 10 Gbps solution is provided, derived with the same approach used for the 1 Gbps
cases.
The model is for pure Line of Sight (LoS) applications. The urban environmental impact has not been taken into
account.
Estimation of a reasonable level of system gain to reach 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps throughputs is provided, scaling the
solution that is today in place.
The maximum antenna gain considered is up to 40 dBi.
The related standards under which the calculations have been carried out are:
• Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 [i.6].
• Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [i.9].
• Recommendation ITU-R P.676-11 [i.11]: specific attenuation due to atmospheric gases (dB/km) is derived
from figure 5 in Annex 2 (Pressure = 1 013,25 hPa; Temperature = 15 °C; Water Vapor Density = 7,5 g/m3).
It should be mentioned that Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 [i.6] provides models up to 100 GHz, namely "The
prediction procedure is considered to be valid in all parts of the world at least for frequencies up to 100 GHz". This
means that trials with real equipment at these extremely high frequency bands aim also to validate the ITU models for
frequencies above 100 GHz.
The following conditions apply:
• Gross system gain accounts for system gain and antenna gain (estimation of gross system gain range gSyGain
to reach 1 Gbps solution).
• Rain rate of 30, 60 and 90 mm/h are taken into account.
• Three cases are considered: 250 MHz, 500 MHz and 1 000 MHz channels.
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• Antenna gain is from 30 - 40 dBi.
• No substantial difference between H and V.
• Less than 1 dB (110 GHz) and less than 0,5 dB (150 GHz) of gSYGain for cases 20 - 2 000 meter/rain rate
10 - 120 mm/h.
The results obtained can be easily scaled for different cases and assumptions. It is also shown that no substantial
difference is envisaged between H and V polarizations.
The first graph in figure 6 shows the relation between the gross system gain and the maximum hop length in the
W-band and in the D-band with different availabilities.

Figure 6: W and D-band - Gross System Gain
vs. Max hop length for different availabilities and 60 mm/h rain rate
Under the same conditions, antenna and system gain, the differences in hop length are close to 20 %.
Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10 provide an overview of the W-band and the D-band reachable distances for different rain rates
and availabilities.
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Figure 7: Achievable distances at D-band with 1 Gbps throughput

Figure 8: Achievable distances at W-band with 1 Gbps throughput
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Figure 9: Achievable distances at D-band with 1 Gbps throughput and different modulation schemes

Figure 10: Achievable distances at W and D-band with 10 Gbps throughput
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8 Use cases and possible applications
8.1 From current high capacity systems to future systems
In order to be able to identify a subset of requirements for possible future applications in these bands, an overview of
the specifications of current available systems in the E-band is herewith reported as a reference.
Table 2: Current High Capacity System in E-band
Current High Capacity System in E-band
Capacity Up to 6 Gbps using Dual Polarization Multiplexing
Channel Separation 250 MHz/500 MHz
Efficiency Up to 12 bps/Hz
Link Distance Up to 1,5 km (depending on antenna size and availability)

Given that the estimated required capacities are much higher and involved distances can be much shorter, current
specifications do not seem to meet the needs of several future applications as reported in the following clauses.
8.2 D-band: Backhaul, fronthaul and fixed wireless access
More than 30 GHz of spectrum is available in the D-band. Optimized trade-off between very wide channels and
spectrum efficiency allows achieving very compact and low power consumption for fixed wireless applications and
ultra-high capacity for backhaul and front-haul.

Figure 11: D-band possible application scenario (blue lines; E-band represented by the pink lines)
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8.3 5G Mobile Backhaul Tail Link

Figure 12: 5G Backhaul Tail Link
Table 3: 5G BH tail link requirements
Basic requirements for 5G BH Tail Link
Capacity > 10 Gbps
Link Distance < 200 m
8.4 Internal Connection of a Data Centre (Inter-Server)

Figure 13: Inter-Server Connection (Source: NEC Europe Ltd)
Table 4: Inter-server connection requirements
Current System
Media Optical Fiber 10 GbE (Indoor)
Link Distance Several tens of meters (Direct Distance)

These capacities are not currently foreseen in any applications related to the W-band and the D-band (as
IEEE 802.15 [i.12] WPAN for 60 GHz).
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8.5 Requirements for future applications in mm-wave radio
Table 5: Prospect of Requirements for Future Applications in mmW Radio
Main Requirements
High Capacity > 10 Gbps Target capacity is 40 Gbps considering
40 GbE for a server connection
Medium Link Distance Up to several hundreds of Short range is to be covered
meters
High Availability Up to 99,999 % As an alternative of fibre cable
Indoor use is free from rain attenuation
Dual-Directional Symmetrical/Asymmetrical
Communication FDD/TDD
The above set of requirements implies big changes in the network topology, requiring very high throughputs in very
dense networks at an extremely high availability.
Large volume applications in the backhaul and fronthaul, able to support all services requiring very high speed wireless
transmission, drive to the higher part of the spectrum.
Given the very stringent capacity, latency and availability of 5G targets, combined with sites densification, it is likely
that in the access and pre-aggregation network segments, a mix of different transmission technologies (fibre, mmW
links, MW links, and self-backhaul) will be needed to reach a radio site.
In the next clause a table with the applications and use cases relevant to transmission networks evolution is provided.
An additional table is included, that points out which use cases can be served by the D-band or which ones need
additional support from microwave or lower mmW bands.
8.6 Applications and Use Cases
The following is the foreseen set of requirements aimed to support future 5G transmission networks. Applications and
use cases are reported for different segments of the network: macro layer, small cell layer and fixed access. Moreover,
backhaul and front-haul applications are indicated, even if new generation XHAUL requirements have still to be
defined.
The second table distinguishes which use cases can be served by the D-band only and which ones can be covered by
other mmW, possibly also taking advantage of BCA.
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Table 6: Applications and Use Cases for 5G Networks
Applications and Use Cases for 5G Networks
APPLICA TIO N S
5G MACRO CELL LAYER SMALL CELL LAYER FIXED ACCESS
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Public Safety (Video-
BACKHAUL NG XHAUL ** FRONTHAUL* BACKHAUL NG XHAUL ** FRONTHAUL* WttC WttH
surveillance, etc.)
Area (e.g. urban, sub-urban, rural) Urban/Sub-urban Urban/Sub-urban / Clustered Rural Urban
Street-to-Street /
Deployment Level (rooftop-to-rooftop/rooftop-to-street/street-to-street) Rooftop-to-Rooftop Street-to-Street / Rooftop-to-Street Rooftop-to-Street Street-to-Street
Rooftop-to-Street
Access, pre-
Access/Pre-
Network Network Segment (e.g. access, pre-aggregation, aggregation) Access, pre-aggregation aggregation, Access (SC layer) Access (SC layer) Access Access
Aggregation
aggregation
RF Path Clearance (LOS/nLOS/NLOS) LOS LOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS
Connectivity (PtP, xtMP) PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP
Link Density TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
(Note 2)
n x 10 / 100 Gbps 20+ Gbps 10 - 40 Gbps 1 - 10 Gbps 1 Gbps
Services Capacity
Subject to FH Subject to FH
Capacity for mmW link n x 10 Gbps 1-10 Gbps 10 - 40 Gbps 1 - 10 Gbps up to 1Gbps
interface (≠CPRI) interface (≠CPRI)
Unknown, however 5G Unknown, however 5G
Capacity asimmetry (Downlink/Uplink) 1:1 1:1 1:1 / 1:2 1:2 / 1:4 1:2 / 1:4
radios will be TDD radios will be TDD
Urban: <2km Urban: <5km Urban: <1km
(Note 1)
<300m <300m <300m <300m
Transmission Distance
Sub-urban: 2-10km Sub-urban: 3-20km Sub-urban: <3km
(Note 2)
Services Availabilty TBD (99.999 - 100%) TBD TBD (99.999 - 100%) 99.99% - 99.999% 99.9 - 99.99% 99.9%
(Note 2)
Features
99.9 - 99.99% 99.999% 99.5 - 99.9% 99.999% 99.9 - 99.99% 99.5 - 99.9% 99.5%
mmW link Availability (@ Capacity for mmW link)
Subject to FH Subject to service (e.g. Subject to FH
Packet Delay (e2e) Subject to service (e.g. 1ms) Subject to service Subject to service Subject to service
interface (≠CPRI) 1ms) interface (≠CPRI)
Wireless link latency < 0.2 ms < 0.2 ms < 3 ms < 1 ms < 3 ms
Form Factor Baseline Baseline Very Important Very Important Important Very Important Very Important
Yes, if adds value to Yes, if adds value to
Yes, if adds value to system
system gain and system gain and
Automation gain and facilitates antenna Yes Yes Yes Yes
facilitates antenna facilitates antenna
alignment
alignment alignment
Non-Technical
Spectrum Licensing To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined
Enablers
* FH interface based on CPRI / ORI / OBSAI
Note 1: In case of mmW links, longer distances than those reachable with D-band could be achieved through BCA: “Where a single hop is not able to cover few km and huge throughput, the BCA could make it viable”
Note 2: Given very stringent Capacity/Latency/Availability 5G targets, plus sites densification, it is likely that in access and pre-aggregation segments a mix of different transmission technologies (fiber, mmW/MW links, self-BH, etc.) are needed to reach a radio site
As a consequence, requirements of Capacity/Availability are described as follows:
· Services Capacity / Availability for the backhaul network; it is likely that the overall services capacity shall not be guaranteed with most stringent availability target (related to mission critical services)
· Technology specific (in our case mmW Link) Capacity/Availability which contributes to deliver service targets depending on technology mix and topology adopted by each Operator.
Services availability could also be achieved by combining mmW link with either fibre or self-BH.

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20 ETSI GR mWT 008 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
Table 7: D-band Solution Mapping within Applications and Use Cases for 5G Network
D-band Solution Mapping
APPLICA TION S
5G MACRO CELL LAYER SMALL CELL LAYER FIXED ACCESS
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Public Safety (Video-
BACKHAUL NG XHAUL** FRONTHAUL* BACKHAUL NG XHAUL** FRONTHAUL* WttC WttH
surveillance, etc.)
Area (e.g. urban, sub-urban, rural) Urban/Sub-urban Urban/Sub-urban / Clustered Rural Urban
Street-to-Street /
Deployment Level (rooftop-to-rooftop/rooftop-to-street/street-to-street) Rooftop-to-Rooftop Street-to-Street / Rooftop-to-Street Rooftop-to-Street Street-to-Street
Rooftop-to-Street
Access, pre-
Access/Pre-
Network
Network Segment (e.g. access, pre-aggregation, aggregation) Access, pre-aggregation aggregation, Access (SC layer) Access (SC layer) Access Access
Aggregation
aggregation
RF Path Clearance (LOS/nLOS/NLOS) LOS LOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS LOS/nLOS/NLOS
Connectivity (PtP, xtMP) PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP PtP/xtMP
Link Density TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Subject to FH Subject to FH
Capacity for mmW link n x 10 Gbps 1-10 Gbps 10 - 40 Gbps 1 - 10 Gbps up to 1Gbps
interface (≠CPRI) interface (≠CPRI)
Dense urban: <1km
Urban: <5km Urban: <1km
(Note 1)
Urban: <2km <300m <300m <300m <300m
Transmission Distance
Sub-urban: 3-20km Sub-urban: <3km
Sub-urban: 2-10km
mmW link Availability (@ Capacity for mmW link) 99.9 - 99.99% 99.999% 99.5 - 99.9% 99.999% 99.9 - 99.99% 99.5 - 99.9% 99.5%
Subject to FH Subject to service (e.g. Subject to FH
Packet Delay (e2e) Subject to service (e.g. 1ms) Subject to service Subject to service Subject to service
interface (≠CPRI) 1ms) interface (≠CPRI)
Wireless link latency < 0.2 ms < 0.2 ms < 3 ms < 1 ms < 3 ms
Form Factor Baseline Baseline Very Important Very Important Important Very Important Very Important
Yes, if adds value to Yes, if adds value to
Yes, if adds value to system
system gain and system gain and
Automation gain and facilitates antenna Yes Yes Yes Yes
facilitates antenna facilitates antenna
alignment
alignment alignment
Non-Technical
Spectrum Licensing To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined To Be Defined
Enablers
(1) (3) (2)
Solution Mapping D-band mapping D-band (<1km) --- D-band D-band D-band D-band (D-band)
(1)
possible longer distances based on enhanced technology
(2)
the solution into parentheses is not the preferred one
(3)
depending on different rain rates
* FH interface based on CPRI (CPRI Specification V7.0) / ORI / OBSAI
** not addressed here
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21 ETSI GR mWT 008 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
9 First Prototypes and Early Deployment
9.0 Introduction
This clause provides an overview on the first prototypes available in the market, the early field trials and preliminary
evaluations of propagation ITU models.
9.1 Huawei
9.1.1 First prototype and field trial in cooperation with Politecnico di Milano
The first prototype has been designed and developed in Huawei R&D centre in Milan and has been tested in
September 2016.
The antenna, providing a gain of 34 dBi, the TX and RX MMICs, implemented in GaAs, and the RF transceiver chains
have been part of the design activity.
The lab test has shown error-free transport of 1 Gbps over 750 MHz channel in QPSK, up to 7 Gbps over 1 600 MHz in
32 QAM.
Moreover, the prototype was aimed to show that usage of separated antennas for Tx and Rx is possible and provide
sufficient and good isolation. This achievement can be reflected in a new definition of channel arrangements, the so
called "flexible duplexing" or duplexer-free architecture. The results have been taken into account in the definition of
channelization in CEPT SE19 Work Item 37 [i.3].
The working bandwidth of the prototype is from 140 GHz to 160 GHz. The architecture is made of separated TX and
RX antennas, without duplexers. The antenna dimension is a 4 cm x 4 cm square, while the outdoor unit dimension is a
21 cm x 21 cm square. The channel bandwidth is 250 MHz and its multiples.
QPSK
BW=750 MHz
Capacity: 1 Gbps error free
Figure 14: First D-band prototype in Huawei labs in Milan
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22 ETSI GR mWT 008 V1.1.1 (2018-08)

Figure 15: Antenna isolation measurements, to enable "duplexer-free" architecture
The early field trial aims to test the equipment in real environment for a sufficiently long period and under different
propagation conditions, and also to extend the propagation ITU models that are so far valid up to 100 GHz.
The trial has been set-up in cooperation with the Italian University Politecnico di Milano and has been up and running
since November 2016.
Figure 16: First D-band live trial at Politecnico di Milano University
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23 ETSI GR mWT 008 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
Transmitters
F =148 GHz
L
F =156GHz
D band
H
D band
Receivers
F =156 GHz
H
F =148 GHz
L
QPSK
BW=250 MHz
Link distance: 340 m
Targets:
system validation
propagation
Electronics
measurements
Mathematics
Department
Department
Figure 17: Details of first D-band live trial at Politecnico di Milano University
The first propagation measurements show good correlation between the link behaviour and the atmospheric conditions,
as reported in the figure 20.
Received Signal Level (dBm)
Rain rate (mm/h)
Figure 18: First propagation measurements results
9.1.2 Preliminary evaluation of ITU model
A preliminary evaluation of the attenuation due to rain has been done with reference to the Recommendation
ITU-R P.530-16 model [i.6], showing good accordance, even taking into acc
...