ETSI GR ARF 007 V1.1.1 (2025-03)

Augmented Reality Framework (ARF); Standards landscape for ETSI AR Functional Reference Model

DGR/ARF-007

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Technical Committee: ARF - Augmented Reality Framework
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 10-Mar-2025
• Completion Date: 06-Mar-2025

Standards Content (Sample)

GROUP REPORT
Augmented Reality Framework (ARF);
Standards landscape for ETSI AR Functional Reference Model
Disclaimer
The present document has been produced and approved by the Augmented Reality Framework (ARF) ETSI Industry
Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG.
It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership.

2 ETSI GR ARF 007 V1.1.1 (2025-03)

Reference
DGR/ARF-007
Keywords
augmented reality, interoperability

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3 ETSI GR ARF 007 V1.1.1 (2025-03)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Modal verbs terminology . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Terms . 10
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 Organization of this AR Standards Landscape . 12
4.1 Introduction . 12
4.2 The ETSI AR Framework Functional Architecture and Associated Standards . 13
4.2.1 Introduction. 13
4.2.2 Standards and technologies for IP-based Communication . 14
4.2.3 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Points 1 and 2 . 14
4.2.4 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 3 . 16
4.2.5 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 4 . 17
4.2.6 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 5 . 18
4.2.7 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 6 . 18
4.2.8 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 7 . 18
4.2.9 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 8 . 19
4.2.10 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 9 . 20
4.2.11 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 10 . 20
4.2.12 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 11 . 21
4.2.13 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 12 . 21
4.2.14 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 13 . 21
4.2.15 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 14 . 22
4.2.16 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Points 15 and 19 . 22
4.2.17 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 16 . 23
4.2.18 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 17 . 23
4.2.19 Standards and technologies for ARF Reference Point 18 . 24
5 Standards Ordered by Standard Development Organizations . 25 ®
5.1 W3C . 25
5.1.1 WebRTC: Real Time Communication between Browsers . 25
5.1.2 Scalable Vector Graphics . 25
5.1.3 Media Capabilities . 25
5.1.4 Media Source Extensions . 25
5.1.5 Media Playback Quality . 25
5.1.6 Web of Things Thing Description . 26
5.1.7 WebXR Device API: Input . 26
5.1.8 Open Metaverse Interoperability Group (OMI) . 26
5.1.9 WebXR Device API. 26
5.2 IETF . 26
5.2.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) . 26
5.2.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . 27
5.2.3 Internet Protocol (IP) . 27
5.2.4 Real-time Transmission Protocol (RTP) . 27
5.2.5 RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) . 27
5.2.6 Real-time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) . 27
5.2.7 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) . 27
5.2.8 Session Announcement Protocol . 28
5.2.9 Service Location Protocol . 28
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4 ETSI GR ARF 007 V1.1.1 (2025-03)
5.2.10 DNS-Based Service Discovery . 28
5.2.11 Diameter Base Protocol . 28
5.2.12 Session Description Protocol (SDP) . 28
5.2.13 The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set . 28
5.3 ISO . 29
5.3.1 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) . 29
5.3.2 MPEG-H 3D Audio . 29
5.3.3 Visual volumetric video-based coding; Video-based point cloud compression (V3C/V-PCC) . 29
5.3.4 Visual volumetric video-based coding; MPEG Immersive Video (V3C/MIV) . 29
5.3.5 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) . 29
5.3.6 Geographic information: Observations and measurements . 30
5.3.7 MPEG-V: Part 3: Sensory information . 30
5.3.8 MPEG-V Part 5: Data formats for interaction devices . 30
5.3.9 Graphics Language Transmission Format . 30
5.3.10 MPEG-4 Part 11: Scene Description and Application Engine . 30
5.3.11 Portable Network Graphics (PNG) . 31
5.3.12 MPEG-U Part 2: Interface for advanced user interaction . 31
5.3.13 ISO/IEC 11179-3: Registry metamodel and attributes . 31
5.3.14 ISO 19115-1: Fundamentals for metadata for geographic information . 31
5.3.15 ISO/IEC 19139-1: XML schema for ISO 19115-1 (geographic metadata) . 31
5.3.16 ISO/IEC 19775-1: Extensible 3D (X3D), architecture and components . 32
5.3.17 MPEG-V Part 2: Control information for actuators and sensors . 32
5.3.18 Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) . 32
5.3.19 MPEG-A Part 13: Augmented Reality Application Format (ARAF) . 32
5.3.20 MPEG-4 Animation Framework eXtension (AFX) . 32
5.3.21 MPEG-I: Scene Description for MPEG Media . 33
5.3.22 MPEG-7 Part 13: Compact descriptors for visual search . 33
5.3.23 MPEG-7 Part 15: Compact descriptors for video analysis . 33
5.3.24 MPEG-7 Part 4: Descriptors for audio analysis . 33
5.3.25 Visual volumetric video-based coding; Geometry-based point cloud compression (V3C/G-PCC) . 33
5.3.26 Geographic information: Referencing by coordinates . 34
5.3.27 Geographic information: Referencing by geographic identifiers . 34
5.4 ITU . 34
5.4.1 High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) . 34
5.4.2 Versatile Video Coding (VVC) . 34
5.4.3 Digital Image Compression JPEG . 34
5.5 AOMedia . 35
5.5.1 AOMedia Video 1 (AV1) . 35
5.6 United States Coast Guard . 35
5.6.1 GNSS: Global Positioning System GPS . 35
5.7 European Space Agency . 35
5.7.1 GNSS: Galileo . 35 ®
5.8 Bluetooth . 35 ®
5.8.1 Bluetooth Low Energy Indoor Positioning System . 35
5.9 IEEE . 36
5.9.1 Wireless LAN Positioning . 36
5.9.2 Ultra Wide Band Positioning . 36
5.10 Open Geospatial Consortium . 36 ®
5.10.1 OGC SensorML: Model and XML Encoding Standard . 36 ®
5.10.2 OGC Sensor Things API Part 1: Sensing . 37 ®
5.10.3 OGC Sensor Things API Part 2: Tasking Core . 37 ®
5.10.4 OGC GeoPose . 37 ®
5.10.5 OGC Augmented Reality Markup Language . 37 ®
5.10.6 OGC Referencing by coordinates Corrigendum . 37 ®
5.10.7 OGC API - Coordinate Reference Systems . 37
5.11 OASIS . 38
5.11.1 Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) . 38
5.12 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing . 38
5.12.1 LAS specification 1.4 . 38 ®
5.13 Khronos . 38
5.13.1 OpenXR™: Rendering. 38
5.13.2 Collada™ . 38
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5.13.3 Open XR™: Input Actions . 39
5.14 Wavefront Technologies . 39
5.14.1 OBJ File Format . 39 ®
5.15 Pixar Animation Studios. 39
5.15.1 Universal Scene Description (USD) . 39
5.16 Autodesk. 39
5.16.1 Autodesk Filmbox (FBX) . 39 ®
5.17 Apple . 40
5.17.1 ARKit . 40
5.17.2 RoomPlan . 40 ®
5.18 Google . 40
5.18.1 ARCore . 40 ®
5.19 Qualcomm . 40
5.19.1 Snapdragon Spaces . 40 ®
5.20 Cesium . 40
5.20.1 Cesium platform . 40
5.20.2 3D Tiles . 41
History . 42

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6 ETSI GR ARF 007 V1.1.1 (2025-03)
Intellectual Property Rights
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BLUETOOTH is a trademark registered and owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc.
Foreword
This Group Report (GR) has been produced by ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) Augmented Reality
Framework (ARF).
The ISG ARF shares the following understanding for Augmented Reality: Augmented Reality (AR) is the ability to mix
in real-time spatially-registered digital content with the real world. The present report provides a snapshot of
standardization efforts conducted by various Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) and other fora, as available
at the time of publishing. It positions the existing and emerging standards in the context of the ETSI GS ARF 003 [i.1].
While the goal of the present document is to provide an exhaustive list of relevant standards pertaining to the functional
blocks and Reference Points (RPs) of the AR Framework Reference Architecture, this may not be the case with the first
version of the present document and updates may be available in future versions.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.

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7 ETSI GR ARF 007 V1.1.1 (2025-03)
1 Scope
The present document identifies existing and emerging standards and technologies relevant to the ten functional blocks
and nineteen reference points specified in ETSI GS ARF 003 [i.1]. It describes how each standard contributes to
addressing the interoperability needs of components, systems and services seeking to fulfil the roles of each defined
block and reference point.
The present document also identifies where new or additional coordination between existing standards bodies and
working groups may be needed to clarify how each contributes to any interoperability gaps and to reduce confusion
emerging from standards scope overlap or conflicts.
While some of these standards included in the present document directly address an AR function, others are addressing
key technological components that can be useful to increase interoperability of AR components, systems and services
and their interactions with other information technologies.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI GS ARF 003: "Augmented Reality Framework (ARF) AR framework architecture". ®
[i.2] W3C Recommendation 08 October 2024: "WebRTC: Real-Time Communication in Browsers". ®
[i.3] W3C Recommendation 16 August 2011: "Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1". ®
[i.4] W3C Working Draft 14 February 2025: "Media Capabilities". ®
[i.5] W3C Working Draft 04 July 2024: "Media Source Extensions™". ®
[i.6] W3C Editor's Draft 04 July 2024: "Media Playback Quality". ®
[i.7] W3C Recommendation 9 April 2020 (Link errors corrected 23 June 2020): "Web of Things
(WoT) Thing Description".
[i.8] IETF RFC 9293: "Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)".
[i.9] IETF RFC 768: "User Datagram Protocol".
[i.10] IETF RFC 791: "Internet Protocol ".
[i.11] IETF RFC 8200: "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification".
[i.12] IETF RFC 3550: "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications".
[i.13] IETF RFC 7826: "Real-Time Streaming Protocol Version 2.0".
[i.14] IETF RFC 3261: "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol".
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8 ETSI GR ARF 007 V1.1.1 (2025-03)
[i.15] IETF RFC 2974: "Session Announcement Protocol".
[i.16] IETF RFC 2608: "Service Location Protocol, Version 2".
[i.17] IETF RFC 6763: "DNS-Based Service Discovery".
[i.18] IETF RFC 6733: "Diameter Base Protocol".
[i.19] IETF RFC 8866: "SDP: Session Description Protocol".
[i.20] ISO/IEC 14496-3:2019:"Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 3:
Audio".
[i.21] ISO/IEC 23008-3:2022: "Information technology — High efficiency coding and media delivery in
heterogeneous environments — Part 3: 3D audio".
[i.22] ISO/IEC 23090-5:2023:"Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media —
Part 5: Visual volumetric video-based coding (V3C) and video-based point cloud compression
(V-PCC)".
[i.23] ISO/IEC 18000-3:2010: "Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item
management — Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz".
[i.24] ISO/IEC 15961-1:2021: "Information technology — Data protocol for radio frequency
identification (RFID) for item management — Part 1: Application interface".
[i.25] ISO 19156:2023: "Geographic information — Observations, measurements and samples".
[i.26] ISO/IEC 23005-5:2019: "Information technology — Media context and control — Part 5: Data
formats for interaction devices".
[i.27] ISO/IEC 12113:2022: "Information technology — Runtime 3D asset delivery format — Khronos
glTF™ 2.0".
[i.28] Recommendation ITU-T H.265: "High efficiency video coding".
[i.29] Recommendation ITU-T H.266: "Versatile video coding".
[i.30] Recommendation ITU-T T.81: "Information technology—Digital compression and coding of
continuous-tone still images—Requirements and guidelines".
[i.31] AV1 Bitstream & Decoding Process Specification.
[i.32] United States Coast Guard - U.S. Department of Homeland Security: "GPS References".
[i.33] European Space Agency (ESA): "GALILEO". ®
[i.34] Bluetooth : "Core Specifications 5.2".
[i.35] IEEE 802.11az™-2002: "IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and
Information Exchange between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Specific
Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications Amendment 4: Enhancements for Positioning".
[i.36] IEEE 802.15.4z™-2020: "IEEE Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Networks--Amendment 1:
Enhanced Ultra Wideband (UWB) Physical Layers (PHYs) and Associated Ranging Techniques". ®
[i.37] OGC SensorML: Model and XML Encoding Standard. ®
[i.38] OGC SensorThings API Part 1: Sensing Version 1.1. ®
[i.39] OGC SensorThings API Part 2 – Tasking Core.
[i.40] OASIS Standard: "MQTT Version 5.0", 7 March 2019.
[i.41] LAS Specification 1.4 - R15.
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[i.42] The OpenXR™ Specification.
® ™
[i.43] Khronos - Collada .
[i.44] Wavefront OBJ File Format Summary.
[i.45] ISO/IEC 23005-3:2019: "Information technology — Media context and control — Part 3: Sensory
information". ®
[i.46] Draft OGC GeoPose 1.0 Data Exchange Standard.
[i.47] ISO/IEC 14496-11:2015: "Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 11:
Scene description and application engine".
[i.48] ISO/IEC 15948:2004: "Information technology — Computer graphics and image processing —
Portable Network Graphics (PNG): Functional specification".
[i.49] ISO/IEC 23007-2:2012: "Information technology — Rich media user interfaces — Part 2:
Advanced user interaction (AUI) interfaces". ®
[i.50] W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot, 31 March 2022: "WebXR Device API".
[i.51] ISO/IEC 11179-3:2023: "Information technology — Metadata registries (MDR) — Part 3:
Metamodel for registry common facilities".
[i.52] IETF RFC 5013: "The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set".
[i.53] ISO 19115-1:2014: "Geographic information — Metadata — Part 1: Fundamentals".
[i.54] ISO/TS 19139-1:2019: "Geographic information — XML schema implementation — Part 1:
Encoding rules".
[i.55] ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023: "Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data
representation — Extensible 3D (X3D) — Part 1: Architecture and base components ".
[i.56] ISO/IEC 23005-2:2018: "Information technology — Media context and control — Part 2: Control
information". ®
[i.57] OGC Augmented Reality Markup Language 2.0 (ARML 2.0).
[i.58] ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997: "Information technology — Computer graphics and image processing —
The Virtual Reality Modeling Language — Part 1: Functional specification and UTF-8 encoding".
[i.59] OMI Github: "Metaverse interoperability community group (X3C), OMI glTF™ Extensions".
[i.60] USD: "Universal Scene Description (Pixar)".
[i.61] FBX: "Adaptable file format for 3D animation software".
[i.62] ISO/IEC 23000-13:2017: "Information technology — Multimedia application format (MPEG-A)
— Part 13: Augmented reality application format".
[i.63] ISO/IEC 14496-16:2011: "Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 16:
Animation Framework eXtension (AFX)".
[i.64] ISO/IEC 23090-14:2023: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media
— Part 14: Scene description". ®
[i.65] W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 21 October 2024: "WebXR Device API".
[i.66] More to explore with ARKit 6.
[i.67] Make the world your canvas.
[i.68] Snapdragon Spaces.
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[i.69] ISO/IEC 15938-13:2015: "Information technology — Multimedia content description interface —
Part 13: Compact descriptors for visual search".
[i.70] ISO/IEC 15938-15:2019: "Information technology — Multimedia content description interface —
Part 15: Compact descriptors for video analysis".
[i.71] ISO/IEC 15938-4:2002: "Information technology — Multimedia content description interface —
Part 4: Audio".
[i.72] ISO/IEC 23090-9:2023: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media —
Part 9: Geometry-based point cloud compression".
[i.73] ISO/IEC 23090-12:2023: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media
— Part 12: MPEG immersive video".
[i.74] IETF RFC 9113: "HTTP/2".
[i.75] IETF RFC 6455: "The Websocket Protocol".
[i.76] IETF RFC 5531: "RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol Specification Version 2".
[i.77] ISO 19111:2019: "Geographic information — Referencing by coordinates". ®
[i.78] OGC Abstract Specification Topic 2: Referencing by coordinates Corrigendum. ®
[i.79] OGC API - Features - Part 2: Coordinate Reference Systems by Reference.
[i.80] ISO 19112:2019: "Geographic information — Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers". ®
[i.81] Cesium Platform: "The platform for 3D geospatial". ®
[i.82] CesiumGS : "3D Tiles".
[i.83] ISO/IEC 23090-3:2024: " Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media —
Part 3: Versatile video coding".
[i.84] IETF RFC 3866: "Language Tags and Ranges in the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(LDAP)".
[i.85] glTF™ 2.0 Interactivity Extension Specification.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
3 Degrees of Freedom (3DoF): visual system providing rotation of the viewing position around three perpendicular
axes
6 Degrees of Freedom (6DoF): visual system providing rotation of the viewing position around three perpendicular
axes and allowing the transition of the viewing position along these three axes
3.2 Symbols
Void.
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3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
2D Two dimensions
3D Three dimensions
3DoF 3 Degrees of Freedom
6DoF 6 Degrees of Freedom
AAC Advanced Audio Coding
AFX Animation Framework eXtension
API Application Programming Interface
AR Augmented Reality
ARAF Augmented Reality Application Format
ARF Augmented Reality Framework
ARML Augmented Reality Markup Language
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASPRS American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
AUI Advanced User Interface
AV1 AOMedia Video 1
AVC Advanced Video Coding
AVP Attribute-Value Pairs
BIFS Binary Format for Scenes
BIM Building Information Modelling
CAD Computer Aided Design
Collada Collaborative Design Activity
CRS Coordinates Reference System
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
DNS Domain Name System
FBX Filmbox
glTF Graphics Language Transmission Format
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
G-PCC Geometry-based Point Cloud Compression
GPS Global Positioning System
GR Group Report
HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding
HTML HyperText Markup Language
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IoT Internet of Things
IP Internet Protocol
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
JSON JavaScript Object Notation
LAN Local Area Network
LAS LASer
LiDAR Light Detection And Ranging
MIV MPEG Immersive Video
MPEG Motion Picture Expert Group
MQTT Message Queuing Telemetry Transport
OASIS Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
OGC Open Geographic Consortium
OMI Open Metaverse Interoperability
PNG Portable Network Graphics
RAHT Region-Adaptive Hierarchical Transform
RFC Requests For Comments
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
RGB Red Green Blue
RP Reference Point
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RTCP RTP Control Protocol
RTP Real Time Protocol
RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol
SDK Software Development Kit
SDO Standards Developing Organization
SDP Session Description Protocol
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UML Unified Modelling Language
URI Uniform Resource Identifier
USD Universal Scene Description
V3C Visual Volumetric Video-based Coding
VFX Visual Effects
V-PCC Video-based Point Cloud Compression
VR Virtual Reality
VRML Virtual Reality Markup Language
VVC Versatile Video Coding
X3D eXtensible 3D
XML eXtensible Markup Language
XR eXtended Reality
4 Organization of this AR Standards Landscape
4.1 Introduction
ETSI GS ARF 003 [i.1] defines a global architecture of an AR system consisting of hardware, software and data
components. In addition to the global architecture, a functional architecture was defined. The functional architecture
specified by ETSI GS ARF 003 [i.1] is shown in Figure 1. Logical functions are shown as named boxes that may be
nested in cases where a high-level function is composed of several subfunctions. The architecture can be used for
describing stand alone or "fully" integrated AR systems as well as for describing implementations of components
distributed across local and remote resources (e.g. network servers). Depending on the deployment scenario and the
application requirements, multiple logical subfunctions and functions can also be combined in one deployable unit.
Functions in the architecture are connected by Reference Points (RPs). A reference point in a functional architecture is
located between two non-overlapping functions and represents the interrelated interactions between those functions.
Reference point implementations are interfaces that convey information between functions in a unidirectional or
bidirectional way using a specified protocol.
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Figure 1: Diagram of the functional reference architecture
4.2 The ETSI AR Framework Functional Architecture and
Associated Standards
4.2.1 Introduction
The present document describes the standards landscape and its technologies on the basis of reference points defined in
ETSI GS ARF 003 [i.1] and depicted in Figure 1. For each of these RPs, the standards and technologies of potential
value to AR system functions are listed in tables. These tables mention the name of the standards or technology
organization and of the standard itself, further information is collected in clause 5 of the present document.
NOTE: The standards that are collected in the present document were chosen by the members and participants of
the ISG as they are most commonly used in the field of AR and XR. This does not exclude the usage of
other standards and their technologies, depending on application-related requirements and availability of
techniques.
ETSI
14 ETSI GR ARF 007 V1.1.1 (2025-03)
Taking into account that all functions shown in Figure 1 will work with IP-based technologies, the communication
between them via the RPs also needs to support IP-based techniques. The functional block "Transmission" in Figure 1
takes care about this type of connectivity, its protocols and standards are listed in clause 4.2.2. From clause 4.2.3 on,
relevant standards and technologies for each of the RPs are mentioned. From clause 5 on, more information about these
technologies is given, consolidated under the name of the organizations that publish their specifications and take care
about their maintenance.
4.2.2 Standards and technologies for IP-based Communication
For a packet-oriented communication across networks the suite of IP protocols as developed by IETF and other
organizations is used. This suite of standards encapsulates data in datagrams, distributes IP addresses to source and
destination and takes care about the routing of the datagrams across the network. All standards and technologies
mentioned from clause 4.2.3 on make use of at least one of the protocols listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Protocols for IP-based communication
Communication Protocols SDO Features Standards
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) IETF Setting up a connection-oriented IETF RFC 9293 [i.8]
communication between source
and destination
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) IETF Sett
...