ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2007-05)
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra WideBand technology (UWB); Building Material Analysis and Classification equipment applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra WideBand technology (UWB); Building Material Analysis and Classification equipment applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
DEN/ERM-TG31C-001-1
Elektromagnetna združljivost in zadeve v zvezi z radijskim spektrom (ERM) - Naprave kratkega dosega (SRD) - Tehnične karakteristike za opremo SRD, ki uporablja ultra širokopasovno (UWB) tehnologijo - Aplikacije opreme za analizo in klasifikacijo vgrajenih materialov, ki deluje v frekvenčnem pasu od 2,2 GHz do 8 GHz - 1. del: Tehnične karakteristike in preskusne metode
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using
Ultra WideBand technology (UWB);
Building Material Analysis and Classification equipment applications
operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TG31C-001-1
Keywords
radar, radio, SRD, testing, UWB
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3 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.5
Foreword.5
1 Scope.7
2 References.7
2.1 Normative references.8
2.2 Informative references.8
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .8
3.1 Definitions.8
3.2 Symbols.9
3.3 Abbreviations.9
4 Technical requirement specifications.10
4.1 General requirements.10
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes.10
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing .10
4.2.2 Auxiliary test equipment.11
4.2.3 Declarations by the provider.11
4.2.4 Marking and equipment identification.11
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design.11
4.3.1 General.11
4.3.2 Controls.11
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility.11
4.4 Other device emissions.11
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures .12
5.1 Test conditions.12
5.2 Test power source.12
5.2.1 External test power source.12
5.2.2 Internal test power source .12
5.3 Normal test conditions.12
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity.12
5.3.2 Normal test power source .13
5.3.2.1 Internal battery power source.13
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources .13
5.3.2.3 Other power sources.13
6 General conditions.13
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements.13
6.2 Modes of operation of the transmitter .13
6.3 Measuring receiver.14
7 Interpretation of results .14
7.1 Measurement uncertainty.14
7.1.1 Measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than maximum acceptable uncertainty.15
7.1.2 Measurement uncertainty is greater than the maximum acceptable uncertainty.15
7.2 Other emissions from device circuitry.15
8 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters .15
8.1 General.15
8.2 Permitted range of operating frequencies.16
8.2.1 Definition.16
8.2.2 Method of measurement.16
8.2.3 Frequency range.17
8.3 Emissions.17
8.3.1 Undesired UWB emissions from the transmitter .17
8.3.1.1 Definitions.17
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4 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
8.3.1.2 Method of measurement.18
8.3.1.2.1 Method of measurement of the Total Emissions (TE).18
8.3.1.2.2 Method of measurement of the Other Emissions (OE).20
8.3.1.2.3 Method of calculation of the maximum mean undesired UWB emission of the equipment
(UE).20
8.3.1.3 Limits.20
8.3.2 Other Emissions (OE).21
8.3.2.1 Definition.21
8.3.2.2 Method of measurement.21
8.3.2.3 Limits.21
8.3.3 Total Power spectral density (UE-TP).21
8.3.3.1 Definitions.21
8.3.3.2 Method of measurement.22
8.3.3.3 Limits.22
8.4 Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) .23
8.4.1 Definitions.23
8.4.2 Declaration.23
8.4.3 Limits.23
8.5 Listen Before Talk (LBT).23
8.5.1 Definition.23
8.5.2 Function of LBT .23
8.5.3 Method of measurement.26
8.5.3.1 Measurement procedure.26
8.5.3.2 Test set-up.26
8.5.4 Limits.28
8.5.5 Test signal definition for LBT-mechanism.29
8.5.6 Design requirements.29
9 Methods of measurement and limits for receiver parameters.30
9.1 Receiver spurious emissions.30
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurements.31
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields .31
A.1.1 Anechoic chamber.31
A.1.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane.32
A.1.3 Test antenna.33
A.1.4 Measuring antenna.33
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites .34
A.2.1 Verification of the test site .34
A.2.2 Preparation of the DUT .34
A.2.3 Power supplies to the DUT.34
A.2.4 Range length.34
A.2.5 Site preparation.35
A 2.6 General requirements for RF cables .35
Annex B (normative): Design requirements.36
Annex C (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications .37
Annex D (normative): Definition of the representative wall and procedure for measurement of the
undesired emissions .38
D.1 Representative wall definition for measuring the undesired emissions and LBT function.38
D.2 Procedure for measurement the wall attenuation .38
D.3 Typical representative wall measurement result .40
Annex E (informative): Bibliography .41
History .42
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5 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the Vote phase of the
ETSI standards Two-step Approval Procedure.
Equipment covered by the present document operates in accordance with ECC Decision ECC/DEC(07)01 on Building
Material Analysis (BMA) devices.
For non EU countries the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Ultra WideBand (UWB) Building Material
Analysis (BMA) and Classification equipment applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz, as
identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
Clauses 1 and 3 provide a general description on the types of equipment covered by the present document and the
definitions and abbreviations used.
Clauses 4 and 5 provide the technical requirements for the conduction of the tests and information for equipment to be
presented.
Clauses 6 and 7 give guidance on the general conditions for testing of the device and the interpretation of results and
maximum measurement uncertainty values.
Clause 8 specifies the transmitter spectrum utilization parameters. The clause provides details on how the equipment
should be tested and the conditions which should be applied.
Annex A (normative) provides specifications concerning radiated measurements.
Annex B (normative) provides specifications concerning the design requirements.
Annex C (informative) gives information for the measurement antenna and the preamplifier specifications.
Annex D (normative) provides a representative wall definition for emission measurements and the LBT function.
Annex E (informative) Bibliography covers other supplementary information.
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6 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
Proposed national transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doa
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 6 months after doa
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7 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Building Material Analysis and Classification (BMA) applications
using UWB technology operating in all or part of the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz. Additionally, it specifies
reduced emissions in the ranges from 0,96 GHz to 2,2 GHz and 8 GHz to 10,6 GHz.
The present document applies to:
a) UWB building material analysis and classification equipment for imaging and object detection applications;
b) equipment fitted with an integral antenna;
c) handheld devices.
The present document does not apply to:
• UWB communication devices; and
• Ground penetrating radar devices; and
• through-wall radar imaging devices;
as defined in ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754 [6].
The present document specifies the equipment which is designed to not radiate into the free space. It is designed to
function only when positioned such that it radiates directly into the absorptive material such as walls and other building
materials which absorb emissions.
The present document does not necessarily include all the characteristics which may be required by a user, nor does it
necessarily represent the optimum performance achievable.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
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8 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
[1] CISPR 16-1 (2003): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[2] CEN EN 206-1 (2000): "Concrete - Part 1: Specification, Performance, Production and
Conformity".
[3] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): " Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[4] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[5] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)".
2.2 Informative references
[6] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of ultra-wideband transmissions".
[7] ITU-R Recommendation SM 1538: "Technical and operating parameters and spectrum
requirements for short-range radiocommunication devices".
[8] ETSI TR 102 070-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Guide to
the application of harmonized standards to multi-radio and combined radio and non-radio
equipment; Part 2: Effective use of the radio frequency spectrum".
[9] CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01E (2005): "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain".
[10] CENELEC EN 55022: "Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics -
Limits and methods of measurement".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
activity factor: effective transmission time ratio, actual on-the-air time divided by active session time or actual
on-the-air emission time within a given time window
clutter: undesired radar reflections (echoes) e.g. from inhomogenities, interfaces, gravel stones, cavities in building
material structures
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Listen Before Talk (LBT): mechanism to avoid signal transmission in the presence of other radio service signals
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRI variations
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
spatial resolution: ability to discriminate between two adjacent targets
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9 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
SRD: Equipment defined to operate on a non-interference, no protection from interference basis (as also defined in
ITU-R Recommendation SM.1538 [7])
Total Power (TP): integration of the undesired emissions in the whole area around the BM&A-scenario
NOTE: The integration is over a sphere (same procedure as for Total Radiated Power (TRP)). This value is
comparable to an equivalent isotropic radiator.
undesired emissions: any emissions into free space during operation of the equipment when equipment is faced to a
wall or other absorptive material to be investigated
NOTE: Undesired emissions are:
leaked emissions from the side or backside of the antenna; and/or
scattered/reflected emissions from the building material to be investigated; and/or
residual emissions through the building material.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
cl1 cable loss 1
cl2 cable loss 2
E Electrical field strength
E relative dielectric constant of earth materials
R
E
rms Average electrical field strength measured as root mean square
f frequency
f frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
c
Gain of the measurement LNA
GLNA
Gain of the measurement antenna
GA
G(f) Antenna gain over frequency
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
P Power
P spectral power density
e.i.r.p.
P measured spectral power
m
P undesired spectral power density
wall, e.i.r.p.
P power of a different device at the BMA
victim
R Distance
rms Root mean square
t time
T pulse rise time
P
Z Free space wave impedance
F0
λ wavelength
c velocity of light in a vacuum
δR range resolution
δt time interval between the arrivals of two signals from targets separated in range by δR
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
BMA Building Material Analysis
CEPT Conférence Européenne des administrations de Postes et des Télécommunications
CW Continuous Wave
dB deciBel
dBi gain in deciBel relative to an isotropic antenna
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10 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
dBm deciBel reference to 1 mW
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
IT Information Technology
LBT Listen Before Talk
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
MSS Mobile Satellite Service
OE Other Emissions
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
SRD Short Range Device
TE Total maximum Emissions
TH ThresHold
TP Total Power
TP-UE Total Power of Undesired (UWB) Emissions
TRP Total Radiated Power
UE Undesired (UWB) Emissions
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UWB Ultra WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 Technical requirement specifications
4.1 General requirements
Equipment to be tested against the present document shall be fitted with an integral antenna.
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Each equipment to be tested shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all frequencies over which it is
intended to operate.
The provider shall provide one or more samples of the equipment, as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
The performance of the equipment to be tested shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity, the present document contains instructions for the preparation of
equipment for testing purposes, conditions of testing (clause 5) and the measurement methods (clause 8).
Equipment shall be offered by the provider complete with any ancillary equipment needed for testing. The provider
shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as applicable, in order
to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to be the most complex, as
proposed by the provider and agreed by the test laboratory.
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11 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
4.2.2 Auxiliary test equipment
All necessary set-up information, means for activation and hardware necessary (e.g. standardized wall structure for
testing, see annex D) shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing.
4.2.3 Declarations by the provider
The provider shall submit the necessary information regarding the equipment with respect to all technical requirements
set by the present document.
4.2.4 Marking and equipment identification
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable.
The marking shall include as a minimum:
- the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
- the type designation. This is the manufacturer's numeric or alphanumeric code or name that is specific to
particular equipment.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
4.3.1 General
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
4.3.2 Controls
The equipment shall be equipped with controls as defined in annex B.
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility
For the automatic transmitter shut-off facility it shall be possible to disable this feature for the purposes of testing.
Controls for testing purposes, which, if maladjusted, may increase the interfering potential of the equipment, shall not
be easily accessible to the user.
4.4 Other device emissions
The equipment may contain digital circuit elements, radio circuit elements and other elements whose performance is not
covered by the present document. These elements of the equipment shall meet the appropriate performance
requirements for those components, as specified in other standards.
For example the requirements of a standard for EMC compatibility of IT equipment, such as EN 55022 [10] (for the
elements of the device which are not concerned with radio communications but are considered to be IT equipment).
NOTE: For further information on this topic, see TR 102 070-2 [8].
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12 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient
temperatures
5.1 Test conditions
Testing shall be performed under normal test conditions. The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in
clauses 5.2 to 5.3.
5.2 Test power source
The equipment shall be tested using the appropriate test power source as specified in clauses 5.2.1 or 5.2.2. Where
equipment can be powered using either external or internal power sources, then equipment shall be tested using the
external test power source as specified in clause 5.2.1 then repeated using the internal power source as specified in
clause 5.2.2.
The test power source used shall be recorded and stated.
5.2.1 External test power source
During tests, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by an external test power source capable of producing
normal test voltages as specified in clause 5.3.2. The internal impedance of the external test power source shall be low
enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of the tests, the voltage of the external test
power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the equipment. The external test power source shall be suitably
de-coupled and applied as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. For radiated measurements any
external power leads should be so arranged so as not to affect the measurements.
During tests, the external test power source voltages shall be within a tolerance < ±1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test.
5.2.2 Internal test power source
For radiated measurements on portable equipment with integral antenna, fully charged internal batteries shall be used.
The batteries used should be as supplied or recommended by the provider. If internal batteries are used, at the end of
each test the voltage shall be within a tolerance of < ±5 % relative to the voltage at the beginning of each test.
If appropriate, the external test power source may replace the supplied or recommended internal batteries at the required
voltage - this shall be recorded and stated. In this case, the battery should remain present, electrically isolated from the
rest of the equipment, possibly by putting tape over its contacts.
5.3 Normal test conditions
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity
The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature and
humidity within the following ranges:
- temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C;
- relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %.
When it is impracticable to carry out tests under these conditions, a note to this effect stating the ambient temperature
and relative humidity during the tests, shall be recorded and stated.
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13 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
5.3.2 Normal test power source
5.3.2.1 Internal battery power source
The normal test voltage for equipment shall be a regulated battery power source. For the purpose of the present
document, the nominal voltage shall be the declared voltage, or any of the declared voltages, for which the equipment
was designed.
When the radio equipment is intended for operation with the usual types of regulated battery power source, the normal
test voltage shall be 1,1 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery (e.g. 6 V, 12 V, etc.).
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources
When the radio equipment is intended for operation from the usual types of regulated lead-acid battery power source,
the normal test voltage shall be 1,1 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery (6 V, 12 V, etc.).
5.3.2.3 Other power sources
For operation from other power sources or types of battery (primary or secondary), the normal test voltage shall be the
one declared by the equipment provider. Such values shall be recorded and stated.
6 General conditions
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements
For guidance on radiation test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements, see annex A.
Detailed descriptions of radiated measurement arrangements for UWB devices can be found in ITU-R
Recommendation SM.1754 [6].
All reasonable efforts should be made to clearly demonstrate that emissions from the UWB transmitter do not exceed
the specified levels, with the transmitter in the far field. To the extent practicable, the device under test should be
measured at the distance specified in annex A and with the specified measurement bandwidths. However, in order to
obtain an adequate signal-to-noise ratio in the measurement system, radiated measurements may have to be made at
distances less than those specified in annex A and/or with reduced measurement bandwidths. The revised measurement
configuration should be stated on the test report, together with an explanation of why the signal levels involved
necessitated measurement at the distance employed or with the measurement bandwidth used in order to be accurately
detected by the measurement equipment, and calculations demonstrating compliance.
Where it is not practical to further reduce the measurement bandwidth (either because of limitations of
commonly-available test equipment or difficulties in converting readings taken using one measurement bandwidth to
those used by the limits in tables 3 and 5), and the required measurement distance would be so short that the device
would not clearly be within the far field, the test report shall state this fact, the measurement distance and bandwidth
used, the near field/far field distance for the measurement setup (see clause A.2.4), the measured device emissions, the
achievable measurement noise floor and the frequency range(s) involved.
6.2 Modes of operation of the transmitter
For the purpose of the measurements according to the present document, there shall be a facility to operate the
transmitter in a continuous state, whereby the signal with modulation is transmitted repeatedly.
If pulse gating is employed where the transmitter is quiescent for intervals that are long compared to the nominal pulse
repetition interval, measurements shall be made with the pulse train gated on.
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14 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
6.3 Measuring receiver
The term measuring receiver refers to a spectrum analyser. The reference bandwidth of the measuring receiver as
defined in CISPR 16-1 [1] shall be as given in table 1.
Table 1: Reference bandwidth of measuring receiver
Frequency being measured: f Spectrum analyser bandwidth (3 dB)
30 MHz ≤ f < 1 000 MHz 100 kHz
1 MHz
1 000 MHz ≤ f
7 Interpretation of results
7.1 Measurement uncertainty
Interpretation of the results recorded in the test report for the measurements described in the present document shall be
as follows:
• the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an equipment meets the
requirements of the present document;
• the value of the measurement uncertainty for the measurement of each parameter shall be separately included
in the test report;
• the value of the measurement uncertainty shall be wherever possible equal for each measurement, equal to or
lower than the figures in table 2, and the interpretation procedure specified in clause 7.1.1. shall be used.
Table 2: Measurement uncertainty
Parameter Uncertainty
-7
RF frequency
±1 × 10
RF power, radiated ±6 dB
Temperature ±1 K
Humidity
±5 %
°
Azimuth and elevation during TRP measurement
±5
NOTE: For radiated emissions measurements below 2,2 GHz and above
8 GHz it may not be possible to reduce measurement uncertainty to
the levels specified in table 2 (due to the very low signal level limits
and the consequent requirement for high levels of amplification
across wide bandwidths). In these cases alone it is acceptable to
employ the alternative interpretation procedure specified in
clause 7.1.2.
For the test methods, according to the present document the uncertainty figures shall be calculated according to the
methods described in TR 100 028 [3] and shall correspond to an expansion factor (coverage factor) k = 1,96 or k = 2
(which provide confidence levels of respectively 95 % and 95,45 % in cases where the distributions characterizing the
actual measurement uncertainties are normal (Gaussian)).
Table 2 is based on such expansion factors.
The particular expansion factor used for the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty shall be stated.
NOTE: Information on uncertainty contributions, and verification procedures are detailed in TR 102 273 [4].
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15 Final draft ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-02)
7.1.1 Measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than maximum
acceptable uncertainty
The interpretation of the results when comparing measurement values with specification limits shall be as follows:
a) When the measured value does not exceed the limit value the equipment under test meets the requirements of
the present document.
b) When the measured value exceeds the limit value the equipment under test does not meet the requirements of
the present document.
c) The measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician carrying out the measurement shall be recorded
in the test report.
d) The measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician may be a maximum value for a range of values
of measurement, or may be the measurement uncertainty for the specific measurement undertaken. The
method used shall be recorded in the test report.
7.1.2 Measurement uncertainty is greater than the maximum acceptable
uncertainty
The interpretation of the results when comparing measurement values with specification limits should be as follows:
a) When the measured value plus the difference between the maximum acceptable measurement uncertainty and
the measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician does not exceed the limit value the equipment
under test meets the requirements of the standard.
b) When the measured value plus the difference between the maximum acceptable measurement uncertainty and
the measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician exceeds the limit value the equipment under test
does not meet the requirements of the standard.
c) The measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician carrying out the measurement should be
recorded in the test report.
d) The measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician may be a maximum value for a range of values
of measurement, or may be the measurement uncertainty for the specific measurement undertaken. The
metho
...
ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using
Ultra WideBand technology (UWB);
Building Material Analysis and Classification equipment applications
operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TG31C-001-1
Keywords
radar, radio, SRD, testing, UWB
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
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Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
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The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2008.
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ETSI
3 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.5
Foreword.5
1 Scope.7
2 References.7
2.1 Normative references.8
2.2 Informative references.8
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .8
3.1 Definitions.8
3.2 Symbols.9
3.3 Abbreviations.10
4 Technical requirement specifications.10
4.1 General requirements.10
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes.10
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing .11
4.2.2 Auxiliary test equipment.11
4.2.3 Declarations by the provider.11
4.2.4 Marking and equipment identification.11
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design.11
4.3.1 General.11
4.3.2 Controls.11
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility.11
4.4 Other device emissions.12
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures .12
5.1 Test conditions.12
5.2 Test power source.12
5.2.1 External test power source.12
5.2.2 Internal test power source .12
5.3 Normal test conditions.13
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity.13
5.3.2 Normal test power source .13
5.3.2.1 Internal battery power source.13
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources .13
5.3.2.3 Other power sources.13
6 General conditions.13
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements.13
6.2 Modes of operation of the transmitter .14
6.3 Measuring receiver.14
7 Interpretation of results .14
7.1 Measurement uncertainty.14
7.1.1 Measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than maximum acceptable uncertainty.15
7.1.2 Measurement uncertainty is greater than the maximum acceptable uncertainty.15
7.2 Other emissions from device circuitry.16
8 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters .16
8.1 General.16
8.2 Permitted range of operating frequencies.16
8.2.1 Definition.16
8.2.2 Method of measurement.17
8.2.3 Frequency range.18
8.3 Emissions.18
8.3.1 Undesired UWB emissions from the transmitter .18
8.3.1.1 Definitions.18
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4 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
8.3.1.2 Method of measurement.18
8.3.1.2.1 Method of measurement of the Total Emissions (TE).19
8.3.1.2.2 Method of measurement of the Other Emissions (OE).21
8.3.1.2.3 Method of calculation of the maximum mean undesired UWB emission of the equipment
(UE).21
8.3.1.3 Limits.22
8.3.2 Other Emissions (OE).22
8.3.2.1 Definition.22
8.3.2.2 Method of measurement.22
8.3.2.3 Limits.22
8.3.3 Total Power spectral density (UE-TP).22
8.3.3.1 Definitions.22
8.3.3.2 Method of measurement.23
8.3.3.3 Limits.23
8.4 Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) .24
8.4.1 Definitions.24
8.4.2 Declaration.24
8.4.3 Limits.24
8.5 Listen Before Talk (LBT).24
8.5.1 Definition.24
8.5.2 Function of LBT .25
8.5.3 Method of measurement.27
8.5.3.1 Measurement procedure.27
8.5.3.2 Test set-up.27
8.5.4 Limits.29
8.5.5 Test signal definition for LBT-mechanism.30
8.5.6 Design requirements.31
9 Methods of measurement and limits for receiver parameters.31
9.1 Receiver spurious emissions.31
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurements .32
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields .32
A.1.1 Anechoic chamber.32
A.1.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane.33
A.1.3 Test antenna.34
A.1.4 Measuring antenna.34
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites .35
A.2.1 Verification of the test site .35
A.2.2 Preparation of the DUT .35
A.2.3 Power supplies to the DUT.35
A.2.4 Range length.35
A.2.5 Site preparation.36
A 2.6 General requirements for RF cables .36
Annex B (normative): Design requirements.37
Annex C (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications .38
Annex D (normative): Definition of the representative wall and procedure for measurement
of the undesired emissions.39
D.1 Representative wall definition for measuring the undesired emissions and LBT function.39
D.2 Procedure for measurement the wall attenuation .40
D.3 Typical representative wall measurement result .41
Annex E (informative): Bibliography.42
History .43
ETSI
5 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
Equipment covered by the present document operates in accordance with ECC Decision ECC/DEC(07)01 on Building
Material Analysis (BMA) devices.
For non EU countries the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Ultra WideBand (UWB) Building Material
Analysis (BMA) and Classification equipment applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz, as
identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
Clauses 1 and 3 provide a general description on the types of equipment covered by the present document and the
definitions and abbreviations used.
Clauses 4 and 5 provide the technical requirements for the conduction of the tests and information for equipment to be
presented.
Clauses 6 and 7 give guidance on the general conditions for testing of the device and the interpretation of results and
maximum measurement uncertainty values.
Clause 8 specifies the transmitter spectrum utilization parameters. The clause provides details on how the equipment
should be tested and the conditions which should be applied.
Annex A (normative) provides specifications concerning radiated measurements.
Annex B (normative) provides specifications concerning the design requirements.
Annex C (informative) gives information for the measurement antenna and the preamplifier specifications.
Annex D (normative) provides a representative wall definition for emission measurements and the LBT function.
Annex E (informative) Bibliography covers other supplementary information.
ETSI
6 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
National transposition dates
Date of adoption of this EN: 11 April 2008
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 July 2008
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 31 January 2009
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 31 January 2009
ETSI
7 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Building Material Analysis and Classification (BMA) applications
using UWB technology operating in all or part of the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz. Additionally, it specifies
reduced emissions in the ranges from 0,96 GHz to 2,2 GHz and 8 GHz to 10,6 GHz.
The present document applies to:
a) UWB building material analysis and classification equipment for imaging and object detection applications;
b) equipment fitted with an integral antenna;
c) handheld devices.
The present document does not apply to:
• UWB communication devices; and
• Ground penetrating radar devices; and
• through-wall radar imaging devices;
as defined in ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754 [6].
The present document specifies the equipment which is designed to not radiate into the free space. It is designed to
function only when positioned such that it radiates directly into the absorptive material such as walls and other building
materials which absorb emissions.
The present document does not necessarily include all the characteristics which may be required by a user, nor does it
necessarily represent the optimum performance achievable.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
ETSI
8 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
[1] CISPR 16-1 (2003): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[2] CEN EN 206-1 (2000): "Concrete - Part 1: Specification, Performance, Production and
Conformity".
[3] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): " Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[4] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[5] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[6] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of ultra-wideband transmissions".
[7] ITU-R Recommendation SM 1538: "Technical and operating parameters and spectrum
requirements for short-range radiocommunication devices".
[8] ETSI TR 102 070-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Guide to
the application of harmonized standards to multi-radio and combined radio and non-radio
equipment; Part 2: Effective use of the radio frequency spectrum".
[9] CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01E (2005): "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain".
[10] CENELEC EN 55022: "Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics -
Limits and methods of measurement".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
activity factor: effective transmission time ratio, actual on-the-air time divided by active session time or actual
on-the-air emission time within a given time window
clutter: undesired radar reflections (echoes) e.g. from inhomogenities, interfaces, gravel stones, cavities in building
material structures
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Listen Before Talk (LBT): mechanism to avoid signal transmission in the presence of other radio service signals
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRI variations
ETSI
9 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
spatial resolution: ability to discriminate between two adjacent targets
SRD: Equipment defined to operate on a non-interference, no protection from interference basis (as also defined in
ITU-R Recommendation SM.1538 [7])
Total Power (TP): integration of the undesired emissions in the whole area around the BM&A-scenario
NOTE: The integration is over a sphere (same procedure as for Total Radiated Power (TRP)). This value is
comparable to an equivalent isotropic radiator.
undesired emissions: any emissions into free space during operation of the equipment when equipment is faced to a
wall or other absorptive material to be investigated
NOTE: Undesired emissions are:
leaked emissions from the side or backside of the antenna; and/or
scattered/reflected emissions from the building material to be investigated; and/or
residual emissions through the building material.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
cl1 cable loss 1
cl2 cable loss 2
E Electrical field strength
E relative dielectric constant of earth materials
R
E
rms Average electrical field strength measured as root mean square
f frequency
f frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
c
Gain of the measurement LNA
GLNA
Gain of the measurement antenna
GA
G(f) Antenna gain over frequency
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
P Power
P spectral power density
e.i.r.p.
P measured spectral power
m
P undesired spectral power density
wall, e.i.r.p.
P power of a different device at the BMA
victim
R Distance
rms Root mean square
t time
T pulse rise time
P
Z Free space wave impedance
F0
λ wavelength
c velocity of light in a vacuum
δR range resolution
δt time interval between the arrivals of two signals from targets separated in range by δR
ETSI
10 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
BMA Building Material Analysis
CEPT Conférence Européenne des administrations de Postes et des Télécommunications
CW Continuous Wave
dB deciBel
dBi gain in deciBel relative to an isotropic antenna
dBm deciBel reference to 1 mW
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
IT Information Technology
LBT Listen Before Talk
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
MSS Mobile Satellite Service
OE Other Emissions
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
SRD Short Range Device
TE Total maximum Emissions
TH ThresHold
TP Total Power
TP-UE Total Power of Undesired (UWB) Emissions
TRP Total Radiated Power
UE Undesired (UWB) Emissions
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UWB Ultra WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 Technical requirement specifications
4.1 General requirements
Equipment to be tested against the present document shall be fitted with an integral antenna.
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Each equipment to be tested shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all frequencies over which it is
intended to operate.
The provider shall provide one or more samples of the equipment, as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
ETSI
11 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
The performance of the equipment to be tested shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity, the present document contains instructions for the preparation of
equipment for testing purposes, conditions of testing (clause 5) and the measurement methods (clause 8).
Equipment shall be offered by the provider complete with any ancillary equipment needed for testing. The provider
shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as applicable, in order
to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to be the most complex, as
proposed by the provider and agreed by the test laboratory.
4.2.2 Auxiliary test equipment
All necessary set-up information, means for activation and hardware necessary (e.g. standardized wall structure for
testing, see annex D) shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing.
4.2.3 Declarations by the provider
The provider shall submit the necessary information regarding the equipment with respect to all technical requirements
set by the present document.
4.2.4 Marking and equipment identification
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable.
The marking shall include as a minimum:
- the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
- the type designation. This is the manufacturer's numeric or alphanumeric code or name that is specific to
particular equipment.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
4.3.1 General
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
4.3.2 Controls
The equipment shall be equipped with controls as defined in annex B.
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility
For the automatic transmitter shut-off facility it shall be possible to disable this feature for the purposes of testing.
Controls for testing purposes, which, if maladjusted, may increase the interfering potential of the equipment, shall not
be easily accessible to the user.
ETSI
12 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
4.4 Other device emissions
The equipment may contain digital circuit elements, radio circuit elements and other elements whose performance is not
covered by the present document. These elements of the equipment shall meet the appropriate performance
requirements for those components, as specified in other standards.
For example the requirements of a standard for EMC compatibility of IT equipment, such as EN 55022 [10] (for the
elements of the device which are not concerned with radio communications but are considered to be IT equipment).
NOTE: For further information on this topic, see TR 102 070-2 [8].
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient
temperatures
5.1 Test conditions
Testing shall be performed under normal test conditions. The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in
clauses 5.2 to 5.3.
5.2 Test power source
The equipment shall be tested using the appropriate test power source as specified in clauses 5.2.1 or 5.2.2. Where
equipment can be powered using either external or internal power sources, then equipment shall be tested using the
external test power source as specified in clause 5.2.1 then repeated using the internal power source as specified in
clause 5.2.2.
The test power source used shall be recorded and stated.
5.2.1 External test power source
During tests, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by an external test power source capable of producing
normal test voltages as specified in clause 5.3.2. The internal impedance of the external test power source shall be low
enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of the tests, the voltage of the external test
power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the equipment. The external test power source shall be suitably
de-coupled and applied as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. For radiated measurements any
external power leads should be so arranged so as not to affect the measurements.
During tests, the external test power source voltages shall be within a tolerance < ±1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test.
5.2.2 Internal test power source
For radiated measurements on portable equipment with integral antenna, fully charged internal batteries shall be used.
The batteries used should be as supplied or recommended by the provider. If internal batteries are used, at the end of
each test the voltage shall be within a tolerance of < ±5 % relative to the voltage at the beginning of each test.
If appropriate, the external test power source may replace the supplied or recommended internal batteries at the required
voltage - this shall be recorded and stated. In this case, the battery should remain present, electrically isolated from the
rest of the equipment, possibly by putting tape over its contacts.
ETSI
13 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
5.3 Normal test conditions
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity
The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature and
humidity within the following ranges:
- temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C;
- relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %.
When it is impracticable to carry out tests under these conditions, a note to this effect stating the ambient temperature
and relative humidity during the tests, shall be recorded and stated.
5.3.2 Normal test power source
5.3.2.1 Internal battery power source
The normal test voltage for equipment shall be a regulated battery power source. For the purpose of the present
document, the nominal voltage shall be the declared voltage, or any of the declared voltages, for which the equipment
was designed.
When the radio equipment is intended for operation with the usual types of regulated battery power source, the normal
test voltage shall be 1,1 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery (e.g. 6 V, 12 V, etc.).
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources
When the radio equipment is intended for operation from the usual types of regulated lead-acid battery power source,
the normal test voltage shall be 1,1 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery (6 V, 12 V, etc.).
5.3.2.3 Other power sources
For operation from other power sources or types of battery (primary or secondary), the normal test voltage shall be the
one declared by the equipment provider. Such values shall be recorded and stated.
6 General conditions
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements
For guidance on radiation test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements, see annex A.
Detailed descriptions of radiated measurement arrangements for UWB devices can be found in ITU-R
Recommendation SM.1754 [6].
All reasonable efforts should be made to clearly demonstrate that emissions from the UWB transmitter do not exceed
the specified levels, with the transmitter in the far field. To the extent practicable, the device under test should be
measured at the distance specified in annex A and with the specified measurement bandwidths. However, in order to
obtain an adequate signal-to-noise ratio in the measurement system, radiated measurements may have to be made at
distances less than those specified in annex A and/or with reduced measurement bandwidths. The revised measurement
configuration should be stated on the test report, together with an explanation of why the signal levels involved
necessitated measurement at the distance employed or with the measurement bandwidth used in order to be accurately
detected by the measurement equipment, and calculations demonstrating compliance.
ETSI
14 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Where it is not practical to further reduce the measurement bandwidth (either because of limitations of
commonly-available test equipment or difficulties in converting readings taken using one measurement bandwidth to
those used by the limits in tables 3 and 5), and the required measurement distance would be so short that the device
would not clearly be within the far field, the test report shall state this fact, the measurement distance and bandwidth
used, the near field/far field distance for the measurement setup (see clause A.2.4), the measured device emissions, the
achievable measurement noise floor and the frequency range(s) involved.
6.2 Modes of operation of the transmitter
For the purpose of the measurements according to the present document, there shall be a facility to operate the
transmitter in a continuous state, whereby the signal with modulation is transmitted repeatedly.
If pulse gating is employed where the transmitter is quiescent for intervals that are long compared to the nominal pulse
repetition interval, measurements shall be made with the pulse train gated on.
6.3 Measuring receiver
The term measuring receiver refers to a spectrum analyser. The reference bandwidth of the measuring receiver as
defined in CISPR 16-1 [1] shall be as given in table 1.
Table 1: Reference bandwidth of measuring receiver
Frequency being measured: f Spectrum analyser bandwidth (3 dB)
30 MHz ≤ f < 1 000 MHz 100 kHz
1 000 MHz ≤ f 1 MHz
7 Interpretation of results
7.1 Measurement uncertainty
Interpretation of the results recorded in the test report for the measurements described in the present document shall be
as follows:
• the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an equipment meets the
requirements of the present document;
• the value of the measurement uncertainty for the measurement of each parameter shall be separately included
in the test report;
• the value of the measurement uncertainty shall be wherever possible equal for each measurement, equal to or
lower than the figures in table 2, and the interpretation procedure specified in clause 7.1.1. shall be used.
ETSI
15 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Table 2: Measurement uncertainty
Parameter Uncertainty
-7
RF frequency
±1 × 10
RF power, radiated
±6 dB
Temperature
±1 K
Humidity ±5 %
°
Azimuth and elevation during TRP measurement
±5
NOTE: For radiated emissions measurements below 2,2 GHz and above
8 GHz it may not be possible to reduce measurement uncertainty to
the levels specified in table 2 (due to the very low signal level limits
and the consequent requirement for high levels of amplification
across wide bandwidths). In these cases alone it is acceptable to
employ the alternative interpretation procedure specified in
clause 7.1.2.
For the test methods, according to the present document the uncertainty figures shall be calculated according to the
methods described in TR 100 028 [3] and shall correspond to an expansion factor (coverage factor) k = 1,96 or k = 2
(which provide confidence levels of respectively 95 % and 95,45 % in cases where the distributions characterizing the
actual measurement uncertainties are normal (Gaussian)).
Table 2 is based on such expansion factors.
The particular expansion factor used for the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty shall be stated.
NOTE: Information on uncertainty contributions, and verification procedures are detailed in TR 102 273 [4].
7.1.1 Measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than maximum
acceptable uncertainty
The interpretation of the results when comparing measurement values with specification limits shall be as follows:
a) When the measured value does not exceed the limit value the equipment under test meets the requirements of
the present document.
b) When the measured value exceeds the limit value the equipment under test does not meet the requirements of
the present document.
c) The measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician carrying out the measurement shall be recorded
in the test report.
d) The measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician may be a maximum value for a range of values
of measurement, or may be the measurement uncertainty for the specific measurement undertaken. The
method used shall be recorded in the test report.
7.1.2 Measurement uncertainty is greater than the maximum acceptable
uncertainty
The interpretation of the results when comparing measurement values with specification limits should be as follows:
a) When the measured value plus the difference between the maximum acceptable measurement uncertainty and
the measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician does not exceed the limit value the equipment
under test meets the requirements of the standard.
b) When the measured value plus the difference between the maximum acceptable measurement uncertainty and
the measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician exceeds the limit value the equipment under test
does not meet the requirements of the standard.
c) The measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician carrying out the measurement should be
recorded in the test report.
ETSI
16 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
d) The measurement uncertainty calculated by the test technician may be a maximum value for a range of values
of measurement, or may be the measure
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2008
(OHNWURPDJQHWQD]GUXåOMLYRVWLQ]DGHYHY]YH]L]UDGLMVNLPVSHNWURP (50
1DSUDYHNUDWNHJDGRVHJD 65' 7HKQLþQHNDUDNWHULVWLNH]DRSUHPR65'NL
XSRUDEOMDXOWUDãLURNRSDVRYQR 8:% WHKQRORJLMR$SOLNDFLMHRSUHPH]DDQDOL]RLQ
NODVLILNDFLMRYJUDMHQLKPDWHULDORYNLGHOXMHYIUHNYHQþQHPSDVXRG*+]GR
*+]GHO 7HKQLþQHNDUDNWHULVWLNHLQSUHVNXVQHPHWRGH
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM) - Short Range Devices
(SRD) - Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra WideBand technology
(UWB) - Building Material Analysis and Classification equipment applications operating in
the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz - Part 1: Technical characteristics and test
methods
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 302 435-1 Version 1.2.1
ICS:
33.060.20 Sprejemna in oddajna Receiving and transmitting
oprema equipment
33.100.01 Elektromagnetna združljivost Electromagnetic compatibility
na splošno in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using
Ultra WideBand technology (UWB);
Building Material Analysis and Classification equipment applications
operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz;
Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
2 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Reference
DEN/ERM-TG31C-001-1
Keywords
radar, radio, SRD, testing, UWB
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
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Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
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ETSI
3 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.5
Foreword.5
1 Scope.7
2 References.7
2.1 Normative references.8
2.2 Informative references.8
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .8
3.1 Definitions.8
3.2 Symbols.9
3.3 Abbreviations.10
4 Technical requirement specifications.10
4.1 General requirements.10
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes.10
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing .11
4.2.2 Auxiliary test equipment.11
4.2.3 Declarations by the provider.11
4.2.4 Marking and equipment identification.11
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design.11
4.3.1 General.11
4.3.2 Controls.11
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility.11
4.4 Other device emissions.12
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures .12
5.1 Test conditions.12
5.2 Test power source.12
5.2.1 External test power source.12
5.2.2 Internal test power source .12
5.3 Normal test conditions.13
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity.13
5.3.2 Normal test power source .13
5.3.2.1 Internal battery power source.13
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources .13
5.3.2.3 Other power sources.13
6 General conditions.13
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements.13
6.2 Modes of operation of the transmitter .14
6.3 Measuring receiver.14
7 Interpretation of results .14
7.1 Measurement uncertainty.14
7.1.1 Measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than maximum acceptable uncertainty.15
7.1.2 Measurement uncertainty is greater than the maximum acceptable uncertainty.15
7.2 Other emissions from device circuitry.16
8 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters .16
8.1 General.16
8.2 Permitted range of operating frequencies.16
8.2.1 Definition.16
8.2.2 Method of measurement.17
8.2.3 Frequency range.18
8.3 Emissions.18
8.3.1 Undesired UWB emissions from the transmitter .18
8.3.1.1 Definitions.18
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4 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
8.3.1.2 Method of measurement.18
8.3.1.2.1 Method of measurement of the Total Emissions (TE).19
8.3.1.2.2 Method of measurement of the Other Emissions (OE).21
8.3.1.2.3 Method of calculation of the maximum mean undesired UWB emission of the equipment
(UE).21
8.3.1.3 Limits.22
8.3.2 Other Emissions (OE).22
8.3.2.1 Definition.22
8.3.2.2 Method of measurement.22
8.3.2.3 Limits.22
8.3.3 Total Power spectral density (UE-TP).22
8.3.3.1 Definitions.22
8.3.3.2 Method of measurement.23
8.3.3.3 Limits.23
8.4 Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) .24
8.4.1 Definitions.24
8.4.2 Declaration.24
8.4.3 Limits.24
8.5 Listen Before Talk (LBT).24
8.5.1 Definition.24
8.5.2 Function of LBT .25
8.5.3 Method of measurement.27
8.5.3.1 Measurement procedure.27
8.5.3.2 Test set-up.27
8.5.4 Limits.29
8.5.5 Test signal definition for LBT-mechanism.30
8.5.6 Design requirements.31
9 Methods of measurement and limits for receiver parameters.31
9.1 Receiver spurious emissions.31
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurements .32
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields .32
A.1.1 Anechoic chamber.32
A.1.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane.33
A.1.3 Test antenna.34
A.1.4 Measuring antenna.34
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites .35
A.2.1 Verification of the test site .35
A.2.2 Preparation of the DUT .35
A.2.3 Power supplies to the DUT.35
A.2.4 Range length.35
A.2.5 Site preparation.36
A 2.6 General requirements for RF cables .36
Annex B (normative): Design requirements.37
Annex C (informative): Measurement antenna and preamplifier specifications .38
Annex D (normative): Definition of the representative wall and procedure for measurement
of the undesired emissions.39
D.1 Representative wall definition for measuring the undesired emissions and LBT function.39
D.2 Procedure for measurement the wall attenuation .40
D.3 Typical representative wall measurement result .41
Annex E (informative): Bibliography.42
History .43
ETSI
5 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
Equipment covered by the present document operates in accordance with ECC Decision ECC/DEC(07)01 on Building
Material Analysis (BMA) devices.
For non EU countries the present document may be used for regulatory (Type Approval) purposes.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Ultra WideBand (UWB) Building Material
Analysis (BMA) and Classification equipment applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz, as
identified below:
Part 1: "Technical characteristics and test methods";
Part 2: "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
Clauses 1 and 3 provide a general description on the types of equipment covered by the present document and the
definitions and abbreviations used.
Clauses 4 and 5 provide the technical requirements for the conduction of the tests and information for equipment to be
presented.
Clauses 6 and 7 give guidance on the general conditions for testing of the device and the interpretation of results and
maximum measurement uncertainty values.
Clause 8 specifies the transmitter spectrum utilization parameters. The clause provides details on how the equipment
should be tested and the conditions which should be applied.
Annex A (normative) provides specifications concerning radiated measurements.
Annex B (normative) provides specifications concerning the design requirements.
Annex C (informative) gives information for the measurement antenna and the preamplifier specifications.
Annex D (normative) provides a representative wall definition for emission measurements and the LBT function.
Annex E (informative) Bibliography covers other supplementary information.
ETSI
6 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
National transposition dates
Date of adoption of this EN: 11 April 2008
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 July 2008
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 31 January 2009
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 31 January 2009
ETSI
7 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
1 Scope
The present document specifies the requirements for Building Material Analysis and Classification (BMA) applications
using UWB technology operating in all or part of the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz. Additionally, it specifies
reduced emissions in the ranges from 0,96 GHz to 2,2 GHz and 8 GHz to 10,6 GHz.
The present document applies to:
a) UWB building material analysis and classification equipment for imaging and object detection applications;
b) equipment fitted with an integral antenna;
c) handheld devices.
The present document does not apply to:
• UWB communication devices; and
• Ground penetrating radar devices; and
• through-wall radar imaging devices;
as defined in ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754 [6].
The present document specifies the equipment which is designed to not radiate into the free space. It is designed to
function only when positioned such that it radiates directly into the absorptive material such as walls and other building
materials which absorb emissions.
The present document does not necessarily include all the characteristics which may be required by a user, nor does it
necessarily represent the optimum performance achievable.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
ETSI
8 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
[1] CISPR 16-1 (2003): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus".
[2] CEN EN 206-1 (2000): "Concrete - Part 1: Specification, Performance, Production and
Conformity".
[3] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts) (V1.4.1): " Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[4] ETSI TR 102 273 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties".
[5] ANSI C63.5 (2006): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated
Emission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[6] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1754: "Measurement techniques of ultra-wideband transmissions".
[7] ITU-R Recommendation SM 1538: "Technical and operating parameters and spectrum
requirements for short-range radiocommunication devices".
[8] ETSI TR 102 070-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Guide to
the application of harmonized standards to multi-radio and combined radio and non-radio
equipment; Part 2: Effective use of the radio frequency spectrum".
[9] CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01E (2005): "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain".
[10] CENELEC EN 55022: "Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics -
Limits and methods of measurement".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
activity factor: effective transmission time ratio, actual on-the-air time divided by active session time or actual
on-the-air emission time within a given time window
clutter: undesired radar reflections (echoes) e.g. from inhomogenities, interfaces, gravel stones, cavities in building
material structures
integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
Listen Before Talk (LBT): mechanism to avoid signal transmission in the presence of other radio service signals
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a sufficiently long time to
cover all PRI variations
ETSI
9 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
spatial resolution: ability to discriminate between two adjacent targets
SRD: Equipment defined to operate on a non-interference, no protection from interference basis (as also defined in
ITU-R Recommendation SM.1538 [7])
Total Power (TP): integration of the undesired emissions in the whole area around the BM&A-scenario
NOTE: The integration is over a sphere (same procedure as for Total Radiated Power (TRP)). This value is
comparable to an equivalent isotropic radiator.
undesired emissions: any emissions into free space during operation of the equipment when equipment is faced to a
wall or other absorptive material to be investigated
NOTE: Undesired emissions are:
leaked emissions from the side or backside of the antenna; and/or
scattered/reflected emissions from the building material to be investigated; and/or
residual emissions through the building material.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
cl1 cable loss 1
cl2 cable loss 2
E Electrical field strength
E relative dielectric constant of earth materials
R
E
rms Average electrical field strength measured as root mean square
f frequency
f frequency at which the emission is the peak power at maximum
c
Gain of the measurement LNA
GLNA
Gain of the measurement antenna
GA
G(f) Antenna gain over frequency
f Highest frequency of the frequency band of operation
H
f Lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation
L
P Power
P spectral power density
e.i.r.p.
P measured spectral power
m
P undesired spectral power density
wall, e.i.r.p.
P power of a different device at the BMA
victim
R Distance
rms Root mean square
t time
T pulse rise time
P
Z Free space wave impedance
F0
λ wavelength
c velocity of light in a vacuum
δR range resolution
δt time interval between the arrivals of two signals from targets separated in range by δR
ETSI
10 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
BMA Building Material Analysis
CEPT Conférence Européenne des administrations de Postes et des Télécommunications
CW Continuous Wave
dB deciBel
dBi gain in deciBel relative to an isotropic antenna
dBm deciBel reference to 1 mW
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
IT Information Technology
LBT Listen Before Talk
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
MSS Mobile Satellite Service
OE Other Emissions
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
SRD Short Range Device
TE Total maximum Emissions
TH ThresHold
TP Total Power
TP-UE Total Power of Undesired (UWB) Emissions
TRP Total Radiated Power
UE Undesired (UWB) Emissions
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UWB Ultra WideBand
VBW Video BandWidth
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
4 Technical requirement specifications
4.1 General requirements
Equipment to be tested against the present document shall be fitted with an integral antenna.
4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Each equipment to be tested shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all frequencies over which it is
intended to operate.
The provider shall provide one or more samples of the equipment, as appropriate for testing.
Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to allow testing to be performed, shall be
supplied.
ETSI
11 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
The performance of the equipment to be tested shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding
production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity, the present document contains instructions for the preparation of
equipment for testing purposes, conditions of testing (clause 5) and the measurement methods (clause 8).
Equipment shall be offered by the provider complete with any ancillary equipment needed for testing. The provider
shall declare the frequency range(s), the range of operation conditions and power requirements, as applicable, in order
to establish the appropriate test conditions.
4.2.1 Choice of model for testing
If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be
performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to be the most complex, as
proposed by the provider and agreed by the test laboratory.
4.2.2 Auxiliary test equipment
All necessary set-up information, means for activation and hardware necessary (e.g. standardized wall structure for
testing, see annex D) shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing.
4.2.3 Declarations by the provider
The provider shall submit the necessary information regarding the equipment with respect to all technical requirements
set by the present document.
4.2.4 Marking and equipment identification
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible and durable.
The marking shall include as a minimum:
- the name of the manufacturer or his trademark;
- the type designation. This is the manufacturer's numeric or alphanumeric code or name that is specific to
particular equipment.
4.3 Mechanical and electrical design
4.3.1 General
The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good
engineering practice and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
4.3.2 Controls
The equipment shall be equipped with controls as defined in annex B.
4.3.3 Transmitter shut-off facility
For the automatic transmitter shut-off facility it shall be possible to disable this feature for the purposes of testing.
Controls for testing purposes, which, if maladjusted, may increase the interfering potential of the equipment, shall not
be easily accessible to the user.
ETSI
12 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
4.4 Other device emissions
The equipment may contain digital circuit elements, radio circuit elements and other elements whose performance is not
covered by the present document. These elements of the equipment shall meet the appropriate performance
requirements for those components, as specified in other standards.
For example the requirements of a standard for EMC compatibility of IT equipment, such as EN 55022 [10] (for the
elements of the device which are not concerned with radio communications but are considered to be IT equipment).
NOTE: For further information on this topic, see TR 102 070-2 [8].
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient
temperatures
5.1 Test conditions
Testing shall be performed under normal test conditions. The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in
clauses 5.2 to 5.3.
5.2 Test power source
The equipment shall be tested using the appropriate test power source as specified in clauses 5.2.1 or 5.2.2. Where
equipment can be powered using either external or internal power sources, then equipment shall be tested using the
external test power source as specified in clause 5.2.1 then repeated using the internal power source as specified in
clause 5.2.2.
The test power source used shall be recorded and stated.
5.2.1 External test power source
During tests, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by an external test power source capable of producing
normal test voltages as specified in clause 5.3.2. The internal impedance of the external test power source shall be low
enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of the tests, the voltage of the external test
power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the equipment. The external test power source shall be suitably
de-coupled and applied as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. For radiated measurements any
external power leads should be so arranged so as not to affect the measurements.
During tests, the external test power source voltages shall be within a tolerance < ±1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test.
5.2.2 Internal test power source
For radiated measurements on portable equipment with integral antenna, fully charged internal batteries shall be used.
The batteries used should be as supplied or recommended by the provider. If internal batteries are used, at the end of
each test the voltage shall be within a tolerance of < ±5 % relative to the voltage at the beginning of each test.
If appropriate, the external test power source may replace the supplied or recommended internal batteries at the required
voltage - this shall be recorded and stated. In this case, the battery should remain present, electrically isolated from the
rest of the equipment, possibly by putting tape over its contacts.
ETSI
13 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
5.3 Normal test conditions
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity
The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature and
humidity within the following ranges:
- temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C;
- relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %.
When it is impracticable to carry out tests under these conditions, a note to this effect stating the ambient temperature
and relative humidity during the tests, shall be recorded and stated.
5.3.2 Normal test power source
5.3.2.1 Internal battery power source
The normal test voltage for equipment shall be a regulated battery power source. For the purpose of the present
document, the nominal voltage shall be the declared voltage, or any of the declared voltages, for which the equipment
was designed.
When the radio equipment is intended for operation with the usual types of regulated battery power source, the normal
test voltage shall be 1,1 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery (e.g. 6 V, 12 V, etc.).
5.3.2.2 Regulated lead-acid battery power sources
When the radio equipment is intended for operation from the usual types of regulated lead-acid battery power source,
the normal test voltage shall be 1,1 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery (6 V, 12 V, etc.).
5.3.2.3 Other power sources
For operation from other power sources or types of battery (primary or secondary), the normal test voltage shall be the
one declared by the equipment provider. Such values shall be recorded and stated.
6 General conditions
6.1 Radiated measurement arrangements
For guidance on radiation test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements, see annex A.
Detailed descriptions of radiated measurement arrangements for UWB devices can be found in ITU-R
Recommendation SM.1754 [6].
All reasonable efforts should be made to clearly demonstrate that emissions from the UWB transmitter do not exceed
the specified levels, with the transmitter in the far field. To the extent practicable, the device under test should be
measured at the distance specified in annex A and with the specified measurement bandwidths. However, in order to
obtain an adequate signal-to-noise ratio in the measurement system, radiated measurements may have to be made at
distances less than those specified in annex A and/or with reduced measurement bandwidths. The revised measurement
configuration should be stated on the test report, together with an explanation of why the signal levels involved
necessitated measurement at the distance employed or with the measurement bandwidth used in order to be accurately
detected by the measurement equipment, and calculations demonstrating compliance.
ETSI
14 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Where it is not practical to further reduce the measurement bandwidth (either because of limitations of
commonly-available test equipment or difficulties in converting readings taken using one measurement bandwidth to
those used by the limits in tables 3 and 5), and the required measurement distance would be so short that the device
would not clearly be within the far field, the test report shall state this fact, the measurement distance and bandwidth
used, the near field/far field distance for the measurement setup (see clause A.2.4), the measured device emissions, the
achievable measurement noise floor and the frequency range(s) involved.
6.2 Modes of operation of the transmitter
For the purpose of the measurements according to the present document, there shall be a facility to operate the
transmitter in a continuous state, whereby the signal with modulation is transmitted repeatedly.
If pulse gating is employed where the transmitter is quiescent for intervals that are long compared to the nominal pulse
repetition interval, measurements shall be made with the pulse train gated on.
6.3 Measuring receiver
The term measuring receiver refers to a spectrum analyser. The reference bandwidth of the measuring receiver as
defined in CISPR 16-1 [1] shall be as given in table 1.
Table 1: Reference bandwidth of measuring receiver
Frequency being measured: f Spectrum analyser bandwidth (3 dB)
30 MHz ≤ f < 1 000 MHz 100 kHz
1 000 MHz ≤ f 1 MHz
7 Interpretation of results
7.1 Measurement uncertainty
Interpretation of the results recorded in the test report for the measurements described in the present document shall be
as follows:
• the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an equipment meets the
requirements of the present document;
• the value of the measurement uncertainty for the measurement of each parameter shall be separately included
in the test report;
• the value of the measurement uncertainty shall be wherever possible equal for each measurement, equal to or
lower than the figures in table 2, and the interpretation procedure specified in clause 7.1.1. shall be used.
ETSI
15 ETSI EN 302 435-1 V1.2.1 (2008-04)
Table 2: Measurement uncertainty
Parameter Uncertainty
-7
RF frequency
±1 × 10
RF power, radiated
±6 dB
Temperature
±1 K
Humidity ±5 %
°
Azimuth and elevation during TRP measurement
±5
NOTE: For radiated emissions measurements below 2,2 GHz and above
8 GHz it may not be possible to reduce measurement uncertainty to
the levels specified in table 2 (due to the very low signal level limits
and the consequent requirement for high levels of amplification
across wide bandwidths). In these cases alone it is acceptable to
employ the alternative interpretation procedure specified in
clause 7.1.2.
For the test methods, according to the present document the uncertainty figures shall be calculated according to the
methods described in TR 100 028 [3] and shall correspond to an expansion factor (coverage factor) k = 1,96 or k = 2
(which provide confidence levels of respectively 95 % and 95,45 % in cases where the distributions characterizing the
actual measurement uncertainties are normal (Gaussian)).
Table 2 is based on such expansion factors.
The particular expansion factor used for the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty shall be stated.
NOTE: Information on uncertainty contributions, and verification procedures are detailed in TR 102 273 [4].
7.1.1 Measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than maximum
acceptable uncertainty
The interpretation of the results when comparing measurement values
...
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