IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019
(Main)Amendment 1 - Environmental testing - Part 2-64: Tests - Test Fh: Vibration, broadband random and guidance
Amendment 1 - Environmental testing - Part 2-64: Tests - Test Fh: Vibration, broadband random and guidance
Amendement 1 - Essais d'environnement - Partie 2-64: Essais - Essai Fh: Vibrations aléatoires à large bande et guide
General Information
Standards Content (sample)
IEC 60068-2-64
Edition 2.0 2019-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
A MENDMENT 1
AM ENDEMENT 1
Environmental testing –
Part 2-64: Tests – Test Fh: Vibration, broadband random and guidance
Essais d’environnement –
Partie 2-64: Essais – Essai Fh: Vibrations aléatoires à large bande et guide
IEC 60068-2-64:2008-04/AMD1:2019-10(en-fr)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IEC 60068-2-64
Edition 2.0 2019-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
A MENDMENT 1
AM ENDEMENT 1
Environmental testing –
Part 2-64: Tests – Test Fh: Vibration, broadband random and guidance
Essais d’environnement –
Partie 2-64: Essais – Essai Fh: Vibrations aléatoires à large bande et guide
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 19.040 ISBN 978-2-8322-7458-3
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
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® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical CommissionMarque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019
© IEC 2019
FOREWORD
This amendment has been prepared by IEC technical committee 104: Environmental
conditions, classification and methods of test.
The text of this amendment is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
104/848/FDIS 104/855/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this amendment can be found in the report
on voting indicated in the above table.The committee has decided that the contents of this amendment and the base publication will
remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website under"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
publication will be• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correctunderstanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.___________
INTRODUCTION
Add, after the fourth paragraph, the following new paragraph:
The traditional general purpose broad-band random vibration test utilizes waveforms with a
Gaussian distribution of amplitudes. However, when so specified, this test procedure can also
be utilized with random vibration tests with a non-Gaussian distribution of amplitudes. Such
tests are sometimes alternatively known as high kurtosis tests.Add, after the last paragraph, the following new paragraph:
Annex C is an informative annex giving information on non-Gaussian distribution/high kurtosis
tests.---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019 – 3 –
© IEC 2019
3 Definitions
Add the following new terminological entries:
3.39
kurtosis
4 statistical moment, which provides a measure of the shape of an amplitude distribution
Note 1 to entry: Typically a waveform with Gaussian distribution will have a kurtosis of 3, if considered over an
infinite period.Note 2 to entry: Kurtosis is given by:
kurtosis xx−.
( )
∑ i
N σ
i=1
where:
σ is the standard deviation of the N values which describe the waveform;
x are individual values representing the waveform described by N such values;
𝑥𝑥̅ is the mean value of the N values which describe the waveform.
3.40
skewness
3 statistical moment, which provides a measure of non-symmetry of an amplitude
distribution
Note 1 to entry: Typically a waveform with Gaussian distribution will have a skewness of 0, if considered over an
infinite period.Note 2 to entry: Skewness is given by:
skewness xx−.
( )
∑ i
N σ
i=1
where:
σ is the standard deviation of the N values which describe the waveform;
x are individual values representing the waveform described by N such values;
𝑥𝑥̅ is the mean value of the N values which describe the waveform.
3.41
beta distribution
family of continuous probability distributions defined on the interval [0, 1] parametrized by two
positive shape parameters, denoted by α and β, that appear as exponents of the random
variable and control the shape of the distributionSEE: Figure 4.
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– 4 – IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019
© IEC 2019
Figure 4 – Examples of the beta distribution with different α and β values
4 Requirements for test apparatus
4.1 General
Add, at the end of 4.1, the following new paragraph:
For non-Gaussian testing, the test apparatus shall be able to produce a signal with a specified
probability distribution and crest factor. Generally, non-Gaussian random vibration testing
requires shaker and amplifier systems that are designed for Gaussian random vibrations but
with increased crest factor capabilities.4.6.2 Distribution
Add, after Figure 2, the following new paragraph:
For non-Gaussian tests, the time history shall be recorded and the statistical characteristics of
crest factor, skewness, kurtosis and amplitude probability distribution established, see
Clause C.3. If required by the test specification, additional analysis of the time history shall be
undertaken. The measurement time for kurtosis, skewness and amplitude probability
distribution should be long enough to obtain statistically acceptable results.5 Severities
Replace, in the second paragraph, the first two sentences with the following:
Each parameter shall be specified by the relevant specification. They shall be:
Add, at the end of the second paragraph, after list item d), the following new text:
For non-Gaussian vibration testing the test severity is determined by the same parameters as
for broad-band Gaussian vibration testing but with the addition of:– the type of non-Gaussian testing to be undertaken (see Annex C),
– the required probability distribution or kurtosis (and skewness if applicable),
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© IEC 2019
– the required crest factor.
8.4.1 General
Add, at the end of 8.4.1, the following new text and Figure 5:
For non-Gaussian vibration testing, the time history shall be recorded and the kurtosis,
skewness (if applicable) and amplitude probability density shall be established as required by
the relevant specification (see also Figure 5).Key
Kurtosis = 4,5 (see 3.39)
Skewness = 0 (see 3.40)
Figure 5 – Time history of non-Gaussian excitation –
Probability density function compared with Gaussian (normal) distribution
11 Information to be given in the relevant specification
Replace the existing list item h) with the following new list item h):
h) Crest factor* / amplitude distribution, kurtosis and skewness (if applicable)/drive signal
clipping amplitude---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
– 6 – IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019
© IEC 2019
Replace, in list item h) the clause number with "4.6.2 and 5.3"
Add, at the end of Annex B, the following new Annex C:
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IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019 – 7 –
© IEC 2019
Annex C
(informative)
Guidance on non-Gaussian distribution/high kurtosis tests
C.1 Non-Gaussian random vibration
Random vibration testing has traditionally utilized a nominally Gaussian distribution of
amplitudes, but with the crest factor of the waveform set so as to truncate the amplitude
distribution at around three standard deviations. In recent years, several different techniques
have become available, which allow the required acceleration spectral density to be achieved,
but with a waveform distribution typically modified to permit higher amplitudes to occur with a
greater probability. This commonly results in a distribution with a 4 moment of statistics
(kurtosis), which is greater than that of a normal or Gaussian distribution. Hence, the
approach is sometimes referred to as high kurtosis or non-Gaussian vibration testing. With
some available techniques it may also be possible to use a waveform with a kurtosis less than
that of a Gaussian distribution and/or with a non-zero skewness.High kurtosis or non-Gaussian vibration testing can be advantageous in a number of
circumstances. A typical application arises when both vibration and shock conditions occur
together. Such conditions commonly occur when equipment is transported on or installed in
land vehicles. In such cases it may be required to incorporate moderately higher amplitude
components to the waveform either randomly or pseudo-periodically. High kurtosis or non-
Gaussian vibration testing may also be used to replicate the effects of repeated impacts of
moderate amplitude such as occurs when equipment is loose or experiences “rattling”. In this
case a waveform with a high kurtosis and non-zero skewness could be used.The traditional general purpose broad-band random vibration test procedure of this document
can also be used with high kurtosis or non-Gaussian vibration testing with only minor
modifications.High kurtosis or non-Gaussian vibration testing should not be used in place of a traditional
broad-band Gaussian vibration test, except were explicitly specified in the relevant
specification.C.2 Methods to generate non-Gaussian random vibration
C.2.1 General
High kurtosis or non-Gaussian vibration testing mostly utilizes the same control strategy as
used with traditional broad-band Gaussian vibration tests. Moreover, the underlying
techniques used by vibration controllers to establish a non-Gaussian waveform, are
essentially the same as for Gaussian vibration testing, but typically with an additional step.
Currently, there are several different available techniques used to modify a Gaussian
waveform into a non-Gaussian one. The different techniques may produce distinctly different
waveforms, simply specifying the acceleration spectral density, skewness, and kurtosis is not
sufficient to produce a waveform with identical characteristics. As a consequence, the
techniques are not necessarily interchangeable and different failure modes may be
stimulated, by the different techniques, even if the test severity is identical. Therefore, it is
essential to record and to interpret the time history characteristics during the test.
Set out below is information on three methods for modifying a Gaussian waveform into a non-
Gaussian one. It should be emphasized that these three different methods are only included
here as guidance for the specifier who may have no prior knowledge. Available approaches
are not limited to those described and indeed many other methods and variants exist which
can also be used to effectively implement the non-Gaussian vibration test of this document.
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© IEC 2019
The three methods described in this annex are:
– amplitude modulation technique,
– phase modification technique,
– non-uniform phase technique.
The selection of the most appropriate techniques for generating a non-Gaussian waveform
will depend upon the application and characteristics of the waveform required. This document
makes no recommendations as to the most appropriate technique for a particular application.
Any choice to be made is left to the relevant specification.C.2.2 Amplitude modulation technique
Commonly, general purpose broad-band Gaussian digital random vibration test controllers
generate the required waveform by randomizing the phase components of a frequency
spectrum, using a uniformly distributed random variable. This frequency spectrum is
converted to a waveform by means of an inverse Fourier transform. The random waveform is
typically multiplied by a window function, overlapped and then added together to form a nearly
stationary input to the vibration excitation system. The multiplication by the window function
accomplishes two objectives: the spectral lines are spread and the window limits the leakage
into nearby frequencies. If the window and overlap are chosen appropriately, the result can be
truly stationary. If the overlap is not sufficient for a given window, the data can be slightly non-
stationary, with a period equal to the overlap duration.The amplitude modulation approach to generate a non-Gaussian waveform is similar to the
one described above, except the amplitude of the window is a random variable. The
distribution of this random variable can arise from any distribution, although if a beta
distribution is used, it effectively limits the kurtosis.The amplitude modulation technique:
a) Produces waveforms with a well-defined spectrum.
b) Produces waveforms with zero skewness.
c) Produces waveforms which have relatively long “bursts” of high amplitudes. Hence, long
realizations need to be generated to accurately estimate the kurtosis. The kurtosis of short
segments will vary considerably.d) The kurtosis of the waveform can be controlled using a defined distribution such as with
the parameters of a beta distribution. Increasing the standard deviation of the beta
distribution monotonically increases the kurtosis. This makes an iterative procedure to
pick the parameters for a specified kurtosis relatively straightforward.C.2.3 Phase modification technique
Another way to generate non-Gaussian vibrations is to initially set the phase of the frequency
spectrum from a uniform distribution, as in the previous technique. However, the phase is
subsequently modified using an optimization procedure to vary the phase in an attempt to
minimize the difference between the target kurtosis and skewness with that of the generated
waveform.The phase modification technique:
a) can produce waveforms with kurtosis both less than 3 and greater than 3;
b) can produce waveforms with a skewness other than zero;
c) is computationally intensive.
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IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019 – 9 –
© IEC 2019
C.2.4 Non-uniform phase technique
If the values chosen for the frequency spectrum are selected from a distribution other than a
non-uniform one, the resultant waveform will have non-Gaussian kurtosis and skewness
statistics.If, for example, the phase values are selected from a beta distribution, the span of values will
be in the range 0 to 2π and the mean will have a value of π. If the two parameters of the beta
distribution (α and β) are equal and positive, the distribution will be symmetrical about the
mean. If, α = β = 1, a uniform distribution results. As the values of α and β become large, the
distribution starts to approximate to a Gaussian distribution whose variance decreases as the
values of α and β increase.When all the phase angles of the frequency spectrum are 0, the peak amplitude of the
waveform will be the maximum possible. If the phase distribution moves from uniformly
distributed random toward an impulse at π, a waveform with an increasing peak amplitude
and hence an increasing kurtosis, will be produced. This can be achieved using a beta
distribution with a decreasing variance (an increasing α and β).It is even possible to make the beta parameters (α = β) a function of frequency and hence the
kurtosis will be a function of frequency. This can for example be used to generate a waveform
which is approximately Gaussian at low frequencies but has a large kurtosis at higher
frequencies.Variation to the technique can be achieved by modifying the way that the resultant waveforms
are windowed, overlapped and added together. These can be used to control where in the
extended waveform the peaks occur. In this way the peaks can occur randomly or pseudo-
periodically.The non-uniform phase technique:
a) Can only generate waveforms with a values of kurtosis greater than or equal to 3.
b) Can only generate waveforms with negative and positive skewness.c) Produces waveforms with many short duration excursions greater than would be expected
from a Gaussian distribution. The frequency of these excursions can be controlled in
either a random or quasi-periodic manner.d) Is computationally efficient.
C.3 Additional analysis
The relevant specification may specify, when undertaking non-Gaussian or high kurtosis
testing, that additional parameters of the waveform are derived. These additional parameters
are not used to control the test waveform, but rather to establish additional characteristics of
the waveform which can be used for comparison with perceived damage criterion. Different
additional waveform parameters may be used, depending upon the perceived damagecriterion of concern. Several or all of the following parameters may be considered.
a) cycle counting,b) Rainflow cycle fatigue counting,
c) level crossing counts,
d) maximum response spectrum (MRS),
e) fatigue damage spectrum (FDS),
f) temporal moments.
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© IEC 2019
The probability density as well as other methods can yield significant different results if their
setup and boundary definitions are not commonly defined for reasons of comparison (see
DIN 45667:1969-10).C.4 Frequency range
The relevant specification may state a frequency range in which the non-Gaussian distribution
has a significant influence. The upper frequency of this frequency range may be particularly
relevant to non-Gaussian waveforms containing high amplitude events at higher frequencies.
This is because to adequately define such events, the upper frequency of the test frequency
range may need to be greater than would normally be required for an equivalent conventional
Gaussian vibration test. Also some of the techniques used to generate a non-Gaussian
random vibration, inherently impose restrictions on the lower frequency of the usable
frequency range to prevent excessive shocks characterized by low frequencies.Bibliography
Add the following new references:
DIN 45667:1969-10, Classification methods for evaluation of random vibrations
LALANNE, C. Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis. Volume 5: Specification
Development, Second Edition, ISTE – Wiley, 2009
MCNEILL Scot I. Implementing the Fatigue Damage Spectrum and Fatigue Damage
Equivalent Vibration Testing. 79th Shock and Vibration Symposium, October 26-30, 2008,
Orlando Florida, USA.___________
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– 12 – IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019
© IEC 2019
AVANT-PROPOS
Le présent amendement a été établi par le comité d'études 104 de l'IEC: Conditions,
classification et essais d’environnement.Le texte de cet amendement est issu des documents suivants:
FDIS Rapport de vote
104/848/FDIS 104/855/RVD
Le rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant
abouti à l'approbation de cet amendement.Le comité a décidé que le contenu de cet amendement et de la publication de base ne sera
pas modifié avant la date de stabilité indiquée sur le site web de l'IEC sous"http://webstore.iec.ch" dans les données relatives à la publication recherchée. À cette date,
la publication sera:• reconduite,
• supprimée,
• remplacée par une édition révisée, ou
• amendée.
IMPORTANT – Le logo "colour inside" qui se trouve sur la page de couverture de cette
publication indique qu'elle contient des couleurs qui sont considérées comme utiles à
une bonne compréhension de son contenu. Les utilisateurs devraient, par conséquent,
imprimer cette publication en utilisant une imprimante couleur.___________
INTRODUCTION
Ajouter le nouvel alinéa suivant après le quatrième alinéa:
L'essai de vibrations aléatoires à large bande habituel pour un usage général utilise des
formes d’ondes qui présentent une distribution gaussienne des amplitudes. Toutefois, lorsque
cela est spécifié, cette procédure d’essai peut également être utilisée pour des essais de
vibrations aléatoires avec une distribution non gaussienne des amplitudes. De tels essais
sont parfois aussi connus sous la dénomination d'essais à coefficient d'aplatissement élevé.
Ajouter le nouvel alinéa suivant après le dernier alinéa:L'Annexe C est une annexe informative qui donne des informations sur les essais avec
distribution non gaussienne / à coefficient d'aplatissement élevé.---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019 – 13 –
© IEC 2019
3 Définitions
Ajouter les nouvelles entrées terminologiques suivantes:
3.39
coefficient d’aplatissement
moment statistique d'ordre 4, qui fournit une mesure de la forme d'une distribution d'amplitude
Note 1 à l’article: Normalement, une forme d’onde à distribution gaussienne aura un coefficient d'aplatissement
de 3 si elle est étudiée sur une période illimitée.Note 2 à l’article: Le coefficient d'aplatissement est donné par
114
coefficient d'aplatissement x−x.
( )
∑ i
N σ
i=1
où:
σ est l'écart-type des N valeurs qui décrivent la forme d’onde;
x sont les valeurs individuelles qui représentent la forme d’onde décrite par N valeurs de ce type;
𝑥𝑥̅ est la valeur moyenne des N valeurs qui décrivent la forme d’onde.3.40
coefficient d'asymétrie
moment statistique d'ordre 3, qui fournit une mesure de l'asymétrie d'une distribution
d'amplitudeNote 1 à l'article: Normalement, une forme d’onde à distribution gaussienne aura un coefficient d'asymétrie de 0 si
elle est étudiée sur une période illimitée.Note 2 à l'article: Le coefficient d'asymétrie est donné par:
113
coefficient d'asymétrie xx− .
( )
∑ i
N σ
i=1
où:
σ est l'écart-type des N valeurs qui décrivent la forme d’onde;
x sont les valeurs individuelles qui représentent la forme d’onde décrite par N valeurs de ce type;
𝑥𝑥̅ est la valeur moyenne des N valeurs qui décrivent la forme d’onde.3.41
distribution bêta
famille de distributions de probabilités continues définies sur l'intervalle [0, 1] paramétrées
par deux paramètres de forme positifs, notés α et β, qui apparaissent comme des exposants
de la variable aléatoire et qui contrôlent la forme de la distributionVOIR: Figure 4.
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© IEC 2019
Figure 4 – Exemples de distributions bêta avec différentes valeurs de α et de β
4 Exigences pour l'appareillage d'essai
4.1 Généralités
Ajouter le nouvel alinéa suivant à la fin de 4.1:
Pour les essais non gaussiens, l'appareillage d'essai doit être capable de produire un signal
avec une loi de probabilité et un facteur de crête spécifiés. Généralement, les essais de
vibrations aléatoires à distribution non gaussienne nécessitent des systèmes vibrants et
amplificateurs qui sont conçus pour les vibrations aléatoires à distribution gaussienne mais
avec des capacités de facteur de crête accrues.4.6.2 Distribution
Ajouter le nouvel alinéa suivant après la Figure 2:
Pour les essais non gaussiens, la variation temporelle doit être consignée et les
caractéristiques statistiques du facteur de crête, du coefficient d'asymétrie, du coefficient
d'aplatissement et de la loi de probabilité de l'amplitude doivent être établies, voir
l'Article C.3. Si cela est exigé par la spécification d'essai, une analyse supplémentaire de la
variation temporelle doit être effectuée. Il convient que la durée de mesure du coefficient
d'aplatissement, du coefficient d'asymétrie et de la loi de probabilité de l'amplitude soit
suffisamment longue pour obtenir des résultats statistiquement acceptables.5 Sévérités
Remplacer les deux premières phrases du deuxième alinéa par ce qui suit:
Les valeurs de chaque paramètre doivent être stipulées par la spécification applicable. Elles
doivent être:Ajouter le nouveau texte suivant à la fin du deuxième alinéa après le point d):
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IEC 60068-2-64:2008/AMD1:2019 – 15 –
© IEC 2019
Pour l'essai de vibrations à distribution non gaussienne, la sévérité d’essai est déterminée par
les mêmes paramètres que pour l'essai de vibrations à distribution gaussienne à large bande
mais en ajoutant:– le type d'essai non gaussien à réaliser (voir l'Annexe C),
– la loi de probabilité exigée ou le coefficient d'aplatissement (et le coefficient d'asymétrie
s'il est applicable),– le facteur de crête exigé.
8.4.1 Généralités
Ajouter le nouveau texte suivant et la Figure 5 à la fin de 8.4.1:
Pour l'essai de vibrations à distribution non gaussienne, la variation temporelle doit êt
...
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