ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023
(Main)Mass customization value chain management — Part 1: Framework
Mass customization value chain management — Part 1: Framework
This document specifies a framework for mass customization value chain management, including the framework model, functions and information flow of mass customization. This document does not describe interoperability at a system level or interoperability throughout the life cycle in detail.
Management de la chaîne de valeur de la personnalisation de masse — Partie 1: Cadre
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Mass customization value chain
management —
Part 1:
Framework
Management de la chaîne de valeur de la personnalisation de
masse —
Partie 1: Cadre
Reference number
ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
5 Mass customization value chain management overview . 3
6 Framework model . 4
6.1 General description of the framework model . 4
6.2 Framework model domain . 5
7 Functional model . 7
7.1 Functional model notation . 7
7.2 General description of functional model . 8
7.3 Interaction . 9
7.4 R&D . 10
7.5 Marketing and sales .12
7.6 Sourcing and planning .13
7.7 Production . 14
7.8 Logistics . . 15
7.9 Service . 17
8 Information flow of mass customization .18
Annex A (informative) Mass customization value chain management — Consumer
electronics industry .20
Annex B (informative) Mass customization value chain management — Iron and steel
industry .26
Annex C (informative) Mass customization value chain management — Electrical industry .30
Annex D (informative) Mass customization value chain management — Reverse
customization . .33
Bibliography .36
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration,
Subcommittee SC 5, Interoperability, integration, and architectures for enterprise systems and automation
applications.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24644 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Introduction
Along with the generalization and popularization of Internet technologies, Internet of Things (IoT),
flexible manufacturing technologies and modern logistics, individualized customization services have
become embedded into all industrial and service sectors. Users can, by means of Internet platforms,
determine and customize their own products upon their own demands. Mass customization is becoming
a new mode in the manufacturing industry, and value chains will be ultimately driven by the users.
Cooperation among enterprises is required by utilizing quick-response Internet platforms to provide
a wide range of products and services in small lots to satisfy the users with various individualized
demands.
From the user perspective, as the users directly interact with enterprises for customized products, they
want to participate in the creation process of their individualized product and also to obtain or receive
information about the progress of the product.
From the enterprise perspective, mass customization assists the enterprises in realizing the real-time
and accurate understanding of the user’s demands. Customized products increase the premium value
of products for enterprises. Because of accurately estimated a priori information from customized
product demand and requirements from the users, the enterprises can reduce or eliminate the
inventory-related costs by appropriately conducting large-scale procurement or production.
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PUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATION ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Mass customization value chain management —
Part 1:
Framework
1 Scope
This document specifies a framework for mass customization value chain management, including the
framework model, functions and information flow of mass customization.
This document does not describe interoperability at a system level or interoperability throughout the
life cycle in detail.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
domain
functional area
[SOURCE: ISO 24097-1:2017, 3.1.2, modified — “in a policy assertion” has been deleted from the
definition. The EXAMPLE has been deleted.]
3.2
information flow
transfer of information from an information-source-object to an information-destination-object
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 16500-1:1999, 3.30]
3.3
interaction
exchange of information between a user and a system via the human-system interface to achieve the
intended goal
[SOURCE: ISO 11064-5:2008, 3.20, modified — term "dialogue" was removed.]
3.4
mass customization
production mode that provides customized products and services according to the individualized
demands of users with the cost and efficiency in mass production
1
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
3.5
user experience
person's perceptions and responses resulting from the use and/or anticipated use of a product, system
or service
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 30071-1:2019, 3.1.6, modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry were removed.]
3.6
value-added service
service that is offered in addition to the core service in question thus creating additional value
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.231]
3.7
value chain
range of activities or parties that create or receive value in the form of products or services
[SOURCE: ISO 22948:2020, 3.2.11]
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.
APS Advanced Planning and Scheduling
BOM Bill of Material
B2B Business to Business
CAX Computer Aided X
CBL Collaboration layer
CP Configuration Partner
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CTL Control layer
CTO Configure to Order
DTS Delivery-to-Service
EML Equipment layer
ENDO Bare unit on which customization can be configured through assembly. Transceiver is set
in working assembly form.
EPL Enterprise layer
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
EVI Early Vendor Involvement
FIFO First-In-First-Out
IT&OT Information technology and operational technology
M&S Modelling and simulation
2
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
MRP Material Requirements Planning
MTO Mind-to-Order
OTD Order-to-Delivery
PLM Product Lifecycle Management
R&D Research and Development
TMS Transportation Management System
WMS Warehouse Management System
WSL Workshop layer
5 Mass customization value chain management overview
For mass customization value chain management, the value activities of mass customization can be
divided into domains from the perspective of life cycle and system, and the contents of each activity
and the information transmitted between activities should be clearly defined. The framework of mass
customization value chain management consists of the framework model, functions and information
flow of mass customization.
This document falls in the constructs of function view, according to the definition of enterprise activity
and function view in ISO 19439.
According to ISO 19439:2006 5.3.2, the function view shall represent the business processes of
the enterprise domain, their functionality, behaviour, inputs and outputs. The function view shall
describe the assembly of single processing steps as a collection of processes (business processes and
enterprise activities) structured as a network of activities reflecting their logical connection and
interdependencies.
According to ISO 19439:2006 3.19, enterprise activity is all, or part, of process functionality that
consists of elementary tasks performed in the enterprise that consume inputs and allocate time and
resources to produce outputs.
With the definitions and concepts of enterprise activity and function view, the framework is generated
referring to the enterprise modelling concepts defined in ISO 19439, which conforms with the
requirement of ISO 15704. Specifically, the framework corresponds with the domain identification,
concept definitions and requirements definition of the function view at the generic level as shown in the
dash area of Figure 1. The modelling concepts are reused in ISO 19440, which is built upon ISO 19439,
to identify and specify constructs necessary for users that model enterprises.
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Figure 1 — Overview of the framework for enterprise modelling
NOTE Figure 1 is taken from ISO 19439:2006, Figure 5.
6 Framework model
6.1 General description of the framework model
The framework model of mass customization consists of two dimensions, namely system level and life
cycle. The vertical axis in Figure 2 presents the system level, which includes equipment layer (EML),
control layer (CTL), workshop layer (WSL), enterprise layer (EPL), and collaboration layer (CBL) as
referenced in IEC 62264-1. The horizontal axis in Figure 2 covers the whole life cycle of a product,
which includes seven activities, i.e. interaction, research and development (R&D), marketing and sales,
sourcing and planning, production, logistics, and service.
System level in Figure 2 is divided into five layers according to the organizational structure related to
enterprise production activities, in which:
— EML is applied by an enterprise to realize the actual physical process, and perceive and operate it by
means of sensor, instrument, machine and device and others;
— CTL is used for handling information, and realizing the monitoring and controlling physical process
within an enterprise;
— WSL is applicable for realizing production management within a factory or a workshop;
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
— EPL aims to realize enterprise-oriented business management;
— CBL is applied to realizing the interconnectivity and sharing of internal and external information in
an enterprise and the business coordination between enterprises.
Mass customization domains include mind-to-order (MTO) domain, order-to-delivery (OTD) domain,
and delivery-to-service (DTS) domain.
As shown in Figure 2, the MTO domain covers four activities from the life cycle, i.e. interaction, R&D,
marketing and sales, and sourcing and planning, and it contains WSL and CBL from the system level.
The OTD domain includes the production activity and logistic activity. The production activity covers
the EML, CTL, WSL and EPL. The logistics activity includes all five system layers.
The DTS domain covers the service activity from the life cycle and it contains the EPL and CBL from the
system level.
Key
domain
Figure 2 — Mass customization domains
6.2 Framework model domain
In the MTO domain, enterprises shall focus on user demands, output product schemes through the
interaction and R&D activities. User orders are generated through the marketing and sales activity.
Enterprises shall arrange a master production schedule according to the product scheme and the user
1)
orders and find suitable suppliers through the sourcing and planning activity to ensure commodity
1) In this document, commodity includes raw material and purchasing parts from suppliers.
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
supply. The contents of a user order include, e.g. user basic information, customization information,
expected delivery date and place, product model, payment information.
In the interaction activity, enterprises shall collect user demands, and interact with users and
ecosystem partners, conduct user demands analysis and screening, and output customized demands.
The interaction methods include user interfaces, networks (e.g. user interactions with enterprises by
surfing the Internet using search engines), social networking (e.g. user interaction with enterprises
through social media), web, apps, etc.
In the R&D activity, enterprises shall conduct customized demands classification, assessment, and
transformation, and output product solutions after simulation verification.
In the marketing and sales activity, enterprises shall conduct product positioning and pricing, and this
activity shall obtain user orders through precision marketing.
In the sourcing and planning activity, enterprises shall find suitable material suppliers for source
searching demands and procurement demands.
In the OTD domain, factories shall conduct the production activity to produce customized products and
deliver them to users through the logistics activity.
In the production activity, factories shall arrange a detailed production plan according to the master
production schedule and material status (including material in stock or its expected arrival time), and
this activity shall execute manufacturing according to the detailed production plan.
In the logistics activity, enterprises shall arrange a reasonable delivery route and deliver the customized
products to the designated place at the appointed time through logistics management.
In the DTS domain, enterprises shall obtain user experience information through the service activity,
conduct online or offline diagnosis to get the status information of products, and this activity shall
provide after-sales and value-added services for users.
The user experience information and new demands obtained from the DTS domain shall be fed back to
the MTO domain to promote product optimization and iteration.
Figure 3 depicts mass customization domains, elements and functions, and information flow showing
the interaction between the users and domains, pictorially summarizing the dynamics of the MTO,
OTD, and DTS domains.
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Key
domain
function
information flow
element
Figure 3 — Mass customization domains and functions
7 Functional model
7.1 Functional model notation
The notations used in the mass customization functional model shown in Figure 4 and the interaction
workflow of seven activities, i.e. interaction, R&D, marketing and sales, sourcing and planning,
production, logistics and service, shown in Figure 5 are described in Table 1.
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Table 1 — Notation used in functional model and workflow of seven activities
Symbol Name Definition
Any entity (e.g. person, group) who makes usage of either the
users
customized services or products, or both.
A set of actions that consumes time and resources and whose
activity performance is necessary to achieve, or contribute to, the reali-
zation of one or more outcomes.
input/output infor-
Information which transfers into/out of workflow.
mation
The representation of all information that is dealt within an
database
information system, taken together.
element A necessary or typical part of workflow.
Transfer of information from an information-source-object to
information flow
an information-destination-object.
7.2 General description of functional model
As shown in Figure 4, the mass customization functional model is a synthesis of user-centred functions
covering seven activities in the customization life cycle. In Figure 4, “Users” is shown at the centre;
the rectangle boxes in the perimeter represent the lifecycle activities; and the solid arrows represent
the information flow between “Users” and the activities and also between the adjacent activities. The
activities do not need to completely correspond to a department or departments of the enterprise.
Different enterprises may place one or more activities in different departments or with external entrust
third parties.
Mass customization enterprises need to establish a unified platform or system not only to support the
horizontal integration and interoperability of the seven activities, but also to acquire users’ immediate
and overall satisfaction from creativity to product development, production, delivery and service. In
mass customization, the relationship among activities is many-to-many, which means that multiple
entities (e.g. enterprises or departments) may take the same role carrying out the same activity
simultaneously, and they may interact with another entity or a group of entities. The reason for taking
the same role or the same activity simultaneously is to meet a high demand of customized products in
a short period of time.
To ensure the proper data is transmitted between different entities, the input and output of each activity
can be seen as the data which should be exchanged or accessed through a common interface from/to
other activities. The users of this document can build their own uniform semantic/format models of
2)
data and interface accordingly, which can be helpful to establish an interoperable mass customization
system.
2) The method of achieving interoperability in the functional model of mass customization is described in
ISO 15704.
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Figure 4 — Functional model
7.3 Interaction
Interaction is an activity which specifies reciprocal actions, including recognizing information, making
inputs, making selections and receiving outputs, required by users to achieve a goal. The workflow of
the interaction activity is shown in Figure 5.
An interaction platform shall aggregate user resources (e.g. a multitude of user information collected
from the users via the interaction platform) by introducing the users being targeted for mass
customization. Then the platform carries out categorizing the users to form social communities for
demand interaction. In each social community, experts, key opinion leaders, enterprises and resource
parties shall provide high-quality and relevant topics for community discussion and also supply
professional information for reference to the community members. After demand interaction, the
platform shall conduct demand analysis and screening from the perspective of cost, outcome, scale, etc.
Customized demands shall be output of the interaction activity.
Meanwhile, the new product/service demands proposed by the users from the service activity shall be
sent to the interaction activity to be included in the demand interaction.
Through the repository and reutilization of interaction data of different social communities, the
platform shall achieve a unified analysis and utilization of these data, such as output of user profiles.
The output of the customized demand from the interaction activity shall be transmitted to the R&D
activity for demand creation.
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Figure 5 — Workflow of the interaction activity
7.4 R&D
R&D includes activities that enterprises undertake to innovate and introduce new products and
services. R&D defines the product scheme based on the customized demands and the resources, and
then publishes the product scheme to the marketing and sales activity and the sourcing and planning
activity. The workflow of the R&D activity is shown in Figure 6.
R&D, in the mass customization, shall refine the users' primary demand and transform it into a
quantifiable demand. R&D shall then distribute the quantifiable demand to appropriate resource
providers, including but are not limited to, technical resources, design resources, supplier resources,
corresponding to the quantifiable demand classifications, e.g. function, appearance, and module. The
providers shall then design customized products according to the quantifiable demand distributed to
them, and the design shall be verified and optimized through the interactions with the users. Once the
final design for the customized products is approved, modular design, development and test processes
shall be carried out and then the customized product can be available on the market.
The interactivity of the demand distribution and resource matching process should be considered while
implementing the mass customization system. Enterprises shall build mechanisms for timely release of
the demand to the providers and collection of the response from the providers.
It should be noted that the modular design takes an important role in mass customization because it
balances "mass production" and "customized craft" by linking the customized demand to different
process configurations or different combinations of modules for productizing. On the one hand,
considerations should be given in the module design process to ensure that the configurability will not
affect product functionality. Considerations also should be given to whether or not the designed module
can easily be used for large-scale production while balancing customizability and cost.
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Moreover, the process data generated by R&D should be comprehensively recorded in a data store (e.g.
R&D data repository and reutilization) as reusable resources/knowledge-base for possible process
reengineering, system upgrade or product iterations.
The customized demand, i.e. the input to R&D, is from the interaction activity. The customized products
produced by an approved design shall be output to the marketing and sales activity, while the sourcing
and planning activity receives the source search demand and procurement demand from the R&D
activity.
Figure 6 — Workflow of the R&D activity
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ISO/PAS 24644-1:2023(E)
7.5 Marketing and sales
Marketing and sales is an activity that informs users about a product, gaining their curiosity and
interest in it, and leading them to purchase it. The workflow of the marketing and sales activity is
shown in Figure 7.
The information on the customized products, i.e. the output from R&D, shall be transmitted to the
market
...
2023-03
ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
ISO/TC 184/SC 5/WG 14
Secretariat: ANSI
Date: 2023-05-12
Mass customization value chain management — Part1:
Part 1:
Framework
FDIS stage
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(:(E)
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can
be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(:(E)
© ISO 2022 2023 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(:(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance
with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Field Code Changed
Attention is drawnISO draws attention to the possibility that some of the elementsimplementation of this
document may beinvolve the subjectuse of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights. ISO in respect thereof. As of the date of publication
of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this
document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information,
which may be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the
development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations
received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration,
Subcommittee SC 5, Interoperability, integration, and architectures for enterprise systems and automation
applications.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24644 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
Field Code Changed
iv © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(:(E)
Introduction
Along with the generalization and popularization of Internet technologies, Internet of Things (IoT),
flexible manufacturing technologies and modern logistics, individualized customization services have
become embedded into all industrial and service sectors. Users can, by means of Internet platforms,
determine and customize their own products upon their own demands. Mass customization is becoming
a new mode in the manufacturing industry, and value chains will be ultimately driven by the users.
Cooperation among enterprises is required by utilizing quick-response Internet platforms to provide a
wide range of products and services in small lots to satisfy the users with various individualized demands.
From the user’suser perspective, as the users directly interact with enterprises for customized products,
they desirewant to participate in the creation process of their individualized product and also to obtain
or receive information about the progress of the product.
From the enterprise perspective, mass customization will assistassists the enterprises in realizing the
real-time and accurate understanding of the user’s demands. Customized products increase the premium
value of products for enterprises. Because of accurately estimated a priori information from customized
product demand and requirements from the users, the enterprises can reduce or eliminate the inventory-
related costs by appropriately conducting large-scale procurement or production.
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:(E)
Mass customization value chain management —
Part1:
Part 1:
Framework
1 Scope
This document specifies a framework for mass customization value chain management, including the
framework model, functions and information flow of mass customization.
This document does not describe interoperability at a system level or interoperability throughout the life
cycle in detail.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
domain
functional area
[SOURCE: ISO 24097-1:2017, 3.1.2, modified — “in a policy assertion” has been deleted from the
definition. The EXAMPLE has been deleted.]
3.2
information flow
transfer of information from an information-source-object to an information-destination-object
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 16500-1:1999, 3.30]
3.3
interaction
exchange of information between a user and a system via the human-system interface to achieve the
intended goal
[SOURCE: ISO 11064-5:2008, 3.20], modified — term "dialogue" was removed.]
3.4
mass customization
production mode that provides customized products and services according to the individualized
demands of users with the cost and efficiency in mass production
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:(E)
3.5
user experience
person's perceptions and responses resulting from the use and/or anticipated use of a product, system
or service
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 30071-1:2019, 3.1.6], modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry were removed.]
3.6
value-added service
service that is offered in addition to the core service in question thus creating additional value
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.231]
3.7
value chain
range of activities or parties that create or receive value in the form of products or services
[SOURCE: ISO 22948:2020, 3.2.11]
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.
APS Advanced Planning and Scheduling
BOM Bill of Material
B2B Business to Business
CAX Computer Aided X
CBL Collaboration layer
CP Configuration Partner
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CTL Control layer
CTO Configure to Order
DTS Delivery-to-Service
EML Equipment layer
ENDO Bare unit on which customization can be configured through assembly. Transceiver is set
in working assembly form.
EPL Enterprise layer
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
EVI Early Vendor Involvement
FIFO First-In-First-Out
IT&OT Information technology and operational technology
M&S Modelling and simulation
MES Manufacturing Execution System
MRP Material Requirements Planning
MTO Mind-to-Order
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OTD Order-to-Delivery
PLM Product Lifecycle Management
R&D Research and Development
TMS Transportation Management System
WMS Warehouse Management System
WSL Workshop layer
5 Mass customization value chain management overview
For mass customization value chain management, the value activities of mass customization can be
divided into domains from the perspective of life cycle and system, and the contents of each activity and
the information transmitted between activities should be clearly defined. The framework of mass
customization value chain management consists of the framework model, functions and information flow
of mass customization.
This document falls in the constructs of function view, according to the definition of enterprise activity
and function view in ISO 19439.
NOTE 1 According to ISO 19439:2006 5.3.2, "the function view shall represent the business processes of
the enterprise domain, their functionality, behaviour, inputs and outputs. The function view shall
describe the assembly of single processing steps as a collection of processes (business processes and
enterprise activities) structured as a network of activities reflecting their logical connection and
interdependencies.".
NOTE 2 According to ISO 19439:2006 3.19, enterprise activity is "all, or part, of process functionality that
consists of elementary tasks performed in the enterprise that consume inputs and allocate time and
resources to produce outputs.".
With the definitions and concepts of enterprise activity and function view, the framework is generated
referring to the enterprise modelling concepts defined in ISO 19439, which conforms with the
requirement of ISO 15704. Specifically, the framework is correspondcorresponds with the domain
identification, concept definitions and requirements definition of the function view at the generic level as
1
shown in the dash area of Figure 1 .Figure 1. The modelling concepts are reused in ISO 19440, which is
built upon ISO 19439, to identify and specify constructs necessary for users that model enterprises.
1
Figure 1 is excerpted from ISO 19439, and it is Figure 5 in ISO 19439.
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Figure 1 — Overview of the framework for enterprise modelling
NOTE Figure 1 is taken from ISO 19439:2006, Figure 5.
6 Framework model
6.1 General description of the framework model
The framework model of mass customization consists of two dimensions, namely system level and life
cycle. The vertical axis in Figure 2Figure 2 presents the system level, which includes equipment layer
(EML), control layer (CTL), workshop layer (WSL), enterprise layer (EPL), and collaboration layer (CBL)
as referenced in IEC 62264-1. The horizontal axis in Figure 2Figure 2 covers the whole life cycle of a
product, which includes seven activities, i.e.,. interaction, research and development (R&D), marketing
and sales, sourcing and planning, production, logistics, and service.
System level in figure 2Figure 2 is divided into five layers according to the organizational structure
related to enterprise production activities, in which:
— EML is applied by an enterprise to realize the actual physical process, and perceive and operate it by
means of sensor, instrument, machine and device and others;
— CTL is used for handling information, and realizing the monitoring and controlling physical process
within an enterprise;
— WSL is applicable for realizing production management within a factory or a workshop;
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:(E)
— EPL aims to realize enterprise-oriented business management; and
— CBL is applied to realizing the interconnectivity and sharing of internal and external information in
an enterprise and the business coordination between enterprises.
Mass customization domains include mind-to-order (MTO) domain, order-to-delivery (OTD) domain, and
delivery-to-service (DTS) domain.
As shown in Figure 2,Figure 2, the MTO domain covers four activities from the life cycle, i.e.,. interaction,
R&D, marketing and sales, and sourcing and planning, and it contains WSL and CBL from the system level.
The OTD domain includes the production activity and logistic activity. In The production activity, it covers
the EML, CTL, WSL and EPL. In The logistics activity, it includes all five system layers.
The DTS domain covers the service activity from the life cycle, and it contains the EPL and CBL from the
system level.
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Key
domain
domain
Figure 2 — Mass customization domains
6.2 Framework model domain
In the MTO domain, enterprises shall focus on user demands, output product schemes through the
interaction and R&D activities. User orders are generated through the marketing and sales activity.
Enterprises shall arrange a master production schedule according to the product scheme and the user
2
orders, and find suitable suppliers through the sourcing and planning activity to ensure commodity
supply. The contents of a user order include, e.g. user basic information, customized information,
expected delivery date and place, product model, payment information, etc.
In the interaction activity, enterprises shall collect user demands, and interact with users and ecosystem
partners, conduct user demands analysis and screening, and output customized demands. The interaction
methods include user interface, networkinterfaces, networks (e.g., users’. user interactions with
enterprises viaby surfing the Internet by using the platforms such as Google, Yahoo, etc.),search engines),
social networking (e.g., users’. user interaction with enterprises through the social media such as WeChat,
Facebook, etc.),), web, apps, etc.
In the R&D activity, enterprises shall conduct customized demands classification, assessment, and
transformation, and output product solutions after simulation verification.
In the marketing and sales activity, enterprises shall conduct product positioning and pricing, and this
activity shall obtain user orders through precision marketing.
2
In this document, commodity includes raw material and purchasing parts from suppliers.
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In the sourcing and planning activity, enterprises shall find suitable material suppliers for source
searching demands and procurement demands.
In the OTD domain, factories shall conduct the production activity to produce customized products, and
deliver them to users through the logistics activity.
In the production activity, factories shall arrange a detailed production plan according to the master
production schedule and material status (including material in stock or its expected arrival time), and
this activity shall execute manufacturing according to the detailed production plan.
In the logistics activity, enterprises shall arrange a reasonable a delivery route and deliver the customized
products to the designated place at the appointed time through logistics management.
In the DTS domain, enterprises shall obtain user experience information through the service activity,
conduct online or offline diagnosis to get the status information of products, and this activity shall provide
after-sales and value-added services for users.
The user experience information and new demands obtained from the DTS domain shall be fed back to
the MTO domain to promote product optimization and iteration.
Figure 3Figure 3 depicts mass customization domains, elements and functions, and information flow
showing the interaction between the users and domains, pictorially summarizing the dynamics of the
MTO, OTD, and DTS domains.
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Key
domain
function
information flow
element
domain
function
information flow
element
Figure 3 — Mass customization domains and functions
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7 Functional model
7.1 Functional model notation
The notations used in the mass customization functional model shown in Figure 4Figure 4 and the
interaction workflow of seven activities, i.e.,. interaction, R&D, marketing and sales, sourcing and
planning, production, logistics and service, shown in Figure 5Figure 5 are described in Table 1.Table 1.
Table 1 — Notation used in functional model and workflow of seven activities
Symbol Name Definition
Any entity (e.g.,. person, group) who makes usage of either the
users
customized services or products, or both.
A set of actions that consumes time and resources and whose
activity performance is necessary to achieve, or contribute to, the
realization of one or more outcomes.
input/output
Information which transfers into/out of workflow.
information
The representation of all information that is dealt within an
database
information system, taken together.
element A necessary or typical part of workflow.
Transfer of information from an information-source-object to an
information flow
information-destination-object.
7.2 General description of functional model
As shown in Figure 4,Figure 4, the mass customization functional model is a synthesis of user-centred
functions covering seven activities in the customization life cycle. In Figure 4,In Figure 4, “Users” is shown
at the centre; the rectangle boxes in the perimeter represent the lifecycle activities; and the solid arrows
represent the information flow between “Users” and the activities and also between the adjacent
activities. The activities do not need to completely correspond to a department or departments of the
enterprise. Different enterprises may place one or more activities in different departments or with
external entrust third parties.
Mass customization enterprises need to establish a unified platform or system not only to support the
horizontal integration and interoperability of the seven activities, but also to acquire users’ immediate
and overall satisfaction from creativity to product development, production, delivery and service. In mass
customization, the relationship among activities is many-to-many, which means that multiple entities
(e.g.,. enterprises or departments) may take the same role carrying out the same activity simultaneously,
and they may interact with another entity or a group of entities. The reason for taking the same role or
the same activity simultaneously is to meet a high demand of customized products in a short period of
time.
To ensure the proper data is transmitted between different entities, the input and output of each activity
can be seen as the data which should be exchanged or accessed through a common interface from/to
other activities. The users of this document can build their own uniform semantic/format models of data
3
and interface accordingly, which can be helpful to establish an interoperable mass customization system.
3
The method of achieving interoperability in the functional model of mass customization is described in ISO 15704.
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Figure 4 — Functional model
7.3 Interaction
Interaction is an activity which specifies reciprocal actions, including recognizing information, making
inputs, making selections and receiving outputs, required by users to achieve a goal. The workflow of the
interaction activity is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5.
An interaction platform shall aggregate user resources (e.g.,. a multitude of user information collected
from the users via the interaction platform) by introducing the users being targeted for mass
customization. Then the platform carries out categorizing the users to form social communities for
demand interaction. In each social community, experts, key opinion leaders, enterprises and resource
parties shall provide high-quality and relevant topics for community discussion and also supply
professional information for reference to the community members. After demand interaction, the
platform shall conduct demand analysis and screening from the perspective of cost, outcome, scale, etc.
Customized demands shall be output of the interaction activity.
Meanwhile, the new product/service demands proposed by the users from the service activity shall be
sent to the interaction activity to be included in the demand interaction.
Through the repository and reutilization of interaction data of different social communities, the platform
shall achieve a unified analysis and utilization of these data, such as output of user profiles. The output of
the customized demand from the interaction activity shall be transmitted to the R&D activity for demand
creation.
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:(E)
Figure 5 — Workflow of the interaction activity
7.4 R&D
R&D includes activities that enterprises undertake to innovate and introduce new products and services.
R&D defines the product scheme based on the customized demands and the resources, and then
publishes the product scheme to the marketing and sales activity and the sourcing and planning activity.
The workflow of the R&D activity is shown in Figure 6.Figure 6.
R&D, in the mass customization, shall refine the users' primary demand and transform it into a
quantifiable demand. R&D shall then distribute the quantifiable demand to appropriate resource
providers, including but are not limited to, technical resources, design resources, supplier resources,
corresponding to the quantifiable demand classifications such as, e.g. function, appearance, and module,
etc. The providers shall then design customized products according to the quantifiable demand
distributed to them, and the design shall be verified and optimized through the interactions with the
users. Once the final design for the customized products is approved, modular design, development and
test processes shall be carried out. and then the customized product can be available on the market.
The interactivity of the demand distribution and resource matching process should be considered while
implementing the mass customization system. Enterprises shall build mechanisms for timely release of
the demand to the providers and collection of the response from the providers.
It should be noted that the modular design takes an important role in mass customization because it
balances "mass production" and "customized craft" by linking the customized demand to different
process configurations or different combinations of modules for productizing. On the one hand,
considerations should be given in the module design process to ensure that the configurability will not
affect product functionality. Considerations also should be given to whether or not the designed module
can easily be used for large-scale production while balancing customizability and cost.
Moreover, the process data generated by R&D should be comprehensively recorded in a data store (e.g.,.
R&D data repository and reutilization) as reusable resources/knowledge-base for possible process
reengineering, system upgrade or product iterations.
The customized demand, i.e.,. the input to R&D, is from the interaction activity. The customized products
produced by an approved design shall be output to the marketing and sales activity, while the sourcing
and planning activity receives the source search demand and procurement demand from the R&D
activity.
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:(E)
Figure 6 — Workflow of the R&D activity
7.5 Marketing and sales
Marketing and sales is an activity of informingthat informs users about a product, gaining their curiosity
and interest in it, and leading them to purchase it. The workflow of the marketing and sales activity is
shown in Figure 7.Figure 7.
The information on the customized products, i.e.,. the output from R&D, shall be transmitted to the
marketing and sales activity for product’sproduct positioning and pricing. The customized products shall
be promoted to target users through precision marketing. The users who have an intention to purchase
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:(E)
shall select their choices from the customized products. Upon placing orders and paying for the products,
user orders shall be generated.
The products purchasing demand, i.e.,. the output from the service, shall be transmitted to marketing and
sales for demand matching. If there is a matching product in the product library, the user places an order
directly, and then the purchase is completed when the user pays for the products. Otherwise, the demand
information shall be transmitted to the interaction activity to drive a new round of interaction and R&D
activities.
Through reutilizing the marketing and sales data in the repository, enterprises shall achieve unified
analysis of these data, such as membership management. After the user orders are generated, the
marketing and sales activity shall output the source search demand or procurement demand for the
orders. This demand shall be transmitted to the sourcing and planning activity for supplier sourcing.
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:(E)
Figure 7 — Workflow of the marketing and sales activity
7.6 Sourcing and planning
The activities in R&D and marketing and sales shall trigger the master production scheduling. The
workflow of sourcing and planning activity is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8.
The procurement demand required for the user orders shall be released from the master production
schedule. Whether the available suppliers can meet the procurement demand shall be evaluated. If
available suppliers cannot meet the procurement demand, new supplier source search demands are
issued. New suppliers respond to the demand and then the suppliers shall be evaluated. If the available
suppliers can meet the procurement demand, the demand is released to available suppliers for the
demand interaction. Purchasing mechanisms such as bidding mechanisms shall be carried out during the
supplier selection. The suppliers shall deliver the commodity to the factory bythrough the logistics
activity.
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:(E)
The master production schedule, commodity in stock and their lead time from the sourcing and planning
activity shall be transmitted to the production activity. The sourcing and planning related data shall be
stored and analysed to optimize this activity.
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:(E)
Figure 8 — Workflow of the sourcing and planning activity
7.7 Production
The production activity executes the actual manufacturing process and shall interact with the sourcing
and planning activity and the logistics activity. The workflow of Productionthe production activity is
shown in Figure 9.Figure 9.
The master production schedule from the upstream, material in stock and its lead time information from
the sourcing and planning activity shall be transmitted to the production activity. After the demand and
capacity are balanced by the scheduling system, a detailed production plan and a material demand plan
shall be automatically aligned to generate an executable master production plan. In the process of mass
customization, the master production schedule shall be changed according to the users’ demand.
The suppliers shall produce and deliver the materials according to the material demand plan. The factory
shall produce products according to the executable production plan. Intelligent manufacturing
tech
...
FINAL
PUBLICLY ISO/DPAS
DRAFT
AVAILABLE 24644-1
SPECIFICATION
ISO/TC 184/SC 5
Mass customization value chain
Secretariat: ANSI
management —
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
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---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
FINAL
PUBLICLY ISO/DPAS
DRAFT
AVAILABLE 24644-1
SPECIFICATION
ISO/TC 184/SC 5
Mass customization value chain
Secretariat: ANSI
management —
Voting begins on:
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
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ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
5 Mass customization value chain management overview . 3
6 Framework model . 4
6.1 General description of the framework model . 4
6.2 Framework model domain . 5
7 Functional model . 7
7.1 Functional model notation . 7
7.2 General description of functional model . 8
7.3 Interaction . 9
7.4 R&D . 10
7.5 Marketing and sales .12
7.6 Sourcing and planning .13
7.7 Production . 14
7.8 Logistics . . 15
7.9 Service . 17
8 Information flow of mass customization .18
Annex A (informative) Mass customization value chain management — Consumer
electronics industry .20
Annex B (informative) Mass customization value chain management — Iron and steel
industry .26
Annex C (informative) Mass customization value chain management — Electrical industry .30
Annex D (informative) Mass customization value chain management — Reverse
customization . .33
Bibliography .36
iii
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration,
Subcommittee SC 5, Interoperability, integration, and architectures for enterprise systems and automation
applications.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24644 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Introduction
Along with the generalization and popularization of Internet technologies, Internet of Things (IoT),
flexible manufacturing technologies and modern logistics, individualized customization services have
become embedded into all industrial and service sectors. Users can, by means of Internet platforms,
determine and customize their own products upon their own demands. Mass customization is becoming
a new mode in the manufacturing industry, and value chains will be ultimately driven by the users.
Cooperation among enterprises is required by utilizing quick-response Internet platforms to provide
a wide range of products and services in small lots to satisfy the users with various individualized
demands.
From the user perspective, as the users directly interact with enterprises for customized products, they
want to participate in the creation process of their individualized product and also to obtain or receive
information about the progress of the product.
From the enterprise perspective, mass customization assists the enterprises in realizing the real-time
and accurate understanding of the user’s demands. Customized products increase the premium value
of products for enterprises. Because of accurately estimated a priori information from customized
product demand and requirements from the users, the enterprises can reduce or eliminate the
inventory-related costs by appropriately conducting large-scale procurement or production.
v
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PUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATION ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Mass customization value chain management —
Part 1:
Framework
1 Scope
This document specifies a framework for mass customization value chain management, including the
framework model, functions and information flow of mass customization.
This document does not describe interoperability at a system level or interoperability throughout the
life cycle in detail.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
domain
functional area
[SOURCE: ISO 24097-1:2017, 3.1.2, modified — “in a policy assertion” has been deleted from the
definition. The EXAMPLE has been deleted.]
3.2
information flow
transfer of information from an information-source-object to an information-destination-object
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 16500-1:1999, 3.30]
3.3
interaction
exchange of information between a user and a system via the human-system interface to achieve the
intended goal
[SOURCE: ISO 11064-5:2008, 3.20, modified — term "dialogue" was removed.]
3.4
mass customization
production mode that provides customized products and services according to the individualized
demands of users with the cost and efficiency in mass production
1
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
3.5
user experience
person's perceptions and responses resulting from the use and/or anticipated use of a product, system
or service
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 30071-1:2019, 3.1.6, modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry were removed.]
3.6
value-added service
service that is offered in addition to the core service in question thus creating additional value
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.231]
3.7
value chain
range of activities or parties that create or receive value in the form of products or services
[SOURCE: ISO 22948:2020, 3.2.11]
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.
APS Advanced Planning and Scheduling
BOM Bill of Material
B2B Business to Business
CAX Computer Aided X
CBL Collaboration layer
CP Configuration Partner
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CTL Control layer
CTO Configure to Order
DTS Delivery-to-Service
EML Equipment layer
ENDO Bare unit on which customization can be configured through assembly. Transceiver is set
in working assembly form.
EPL Enterprise layer
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
EVI Early Vendor Involvement
FIFO First-In-First-Out
IT&OT Information technology and operational technology
M&S Modelling and simulation
2
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
MES Manufacturing Execution System
MRP Material Requirements Planning
MTO Mind-to-Order
OTD Order-to-Delivery
PLM Product Lifecycle Management
R&D Research and Development
TMS Transportation Management System
WMS Warehouse Management System
WSL Workshop layer
5 Mass customization value chain management overview
For mass customization value chain management, the value activities of mass customization can be
divided into domains from the perspective of life cycle and system, and the contents of each activity
and the information transmitted between activities should be clearly defined. The framework of mass
customization value chain management consists of the framework model, functions and information
flow of mass customization.
This document falls in the constructs of function view, according to the definition of enterprise activity
and function view in ISO 19439.
According to ISO 19439:2006 5.3.2, the function view shall represent the business processes of
the enterprise domain, their functionality, behaviour, inputs and outputs. The function view shall
describe the assembly of single processing steps as a collection of processes (business processes and
enterprise activities) structured as a network of activities reflecting their logical connection and
interdependencies.
According to ISO 19439:2006 3.19, enterprise activity is all, or part, of process functionality that
consists of elementary tasks performed in the enterprise that consume inputs and allocate time and
resources to produce outputs.
With the definitions and concepts of enterprise activity and function view, the framework is generated
referring to the enterprise modelling concepts defined in ISO 19439, which conforms with the
requirement of ISO 15704. Specifically, the framework corresponds with the domain identification,
concept definitions and requirements definition of the function view at the generic level as shown in the
dash area of Figure 1. The modelling concepts are reused in ISO 19440, which is built upon ISO 19439,
to identify and specify constructs necessary for users that model enterprises.
3
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ISO/DPAS 24644-1:2023(E)
Figure 1 — Overview of the framework for enterprise modelling
NOTE Figure 1 is taken from ISO 19439:2006, Figure 5.
6 Framework model
6.1 General description of the framework model
The framework model of mass customization consists of two dimensions, namely system level and life
cycle. The vertical axis in Figure 2 presents the system level, which includes equipment layer (EML),
control layer (CTL), workshop layer (WSL), enterprise layer (EPL), and collaboration layer (CBL) as
referenced in IEC 62264-1. The horizontal axis in Figure 2 covers the whole life cycle of a product,
which includes seven activities, i.e. interaction, research and development (R&D), marketing and sales,
sourcing and planning, production, logistics, and service.
System level in Figure 2 is divided into five layers according to the organizational structure related to
enterprise production activities, in which:
— EML is applied by an enterprise to realize the actual physical process, and perceive and operate it by
means of sensor, instrument, machine and device and others;
— CTL is used for handling information, and realizing the monitoring and controlling physical process
within an enterprise;
— WSL is applicable for realizing production management within a factory or a workshop;
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— EPL aims to realize enterprise-oriented business management;
— CBL is applied to realizing the interconnectivity and sharing of internal and external information in
an enterprise and the business coordination between enterprises.
Mass customization domains include mind-to-order (MTO) domain, order-to-delivery (OTD) domain,
and delivery-to-service (DTS) domain.
As shown in Figure 2, the MTO domain covers four activities from the life cycle, i.e. interaction, R&D,
marketing and sales, and sourcing and planning, and it contains WSL and CBL from the system level.
The OTD domain includes the production activity and logistic activity. The production activity covers
the EML, CTL, WSL and EPL. The logistics activity includes all five system layers.
The DTS domain covers the service activity from the life cycle and it contains the EPL and CBL from the
system level.
Key
domain
Figure 2 — Mass customization domains
6.2 Framework model domain
In the MTO domain, enterprises shall focus on user demands, output product schemes through the
interaction and R&D activities. User orders are generated through the marketing and sales activity.
Enterprises shall arrange a master production schedule according to the product scheme and the user
1)
orders and find suitable suppliers through the sourcing and planning activity to ensure commodity
1) In this document, commodity includes raw material and purchasing parts from suppliers.
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supply. The contents of a user order include, e.g. user basic information, customized information,
expected delivery date and place, product model, payment information.
In the interaction activity, enterprises shall collect user demands, and interact with users and
ecosystem partners, conduct user demands analysis and screening, and output customized demands.
The interaction methods include user interfaces, networks (e.g. user interactions with enterprises by
surfing the Internet using search engines), social networking (e.g. user interaction with enterprises
through social media), web, apps, etc.
In the R&D activity, enterprises shall conduct customized demands classification, assessment, and
transformation, and output product solutions after simulation verification.
In the marketing and sales activity, enterprises shall conduct product positioning and pricing, and this
activity shall obtain user orders through precision marketing.
In the sourcing and planning activity, enterprises shall find suitable material suppliers for source
searching demands and procurement demands.
In the OTD domain, factories shall conduct the production activity to produce customized products and
deliver them to users through the logistics activity.
In the production activity, factories shall arrange a detailed production plan according to the master
production schedule and material status (including material in stock or its expected arrival time), and
this activity shall execute manufacturing according to the detailed production plan.
In the logistics activity, enterprises shall arrange a reasonable delivery route and deliver the customized
products to the designated place at the appointed time through logistics management.
In the DTS domain, enterprises shall obtain user experience information through the service activity,
conduct online or offline diagnosis to get the status information of products, and this activity shall
provide after-sales and value-added services for users.
The user experience information and new demands obtained from the DTS domain shall be fed back to
the MTO domain to promote product optimization and iteration.
Figure 3 depicts mass customization domains, elements and functions, and information flow showing
the interaction between the users and domains, pictorially summarizing the dynamics of the MTO,
OTD, and DTS domains.
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Key
domain
function
information flow
element
Figure 3 — Mass customization domains and functions
7 Functional model
7.1 Functional model notation
The notations used in the mass customization functional model shown in Figure 4 and the interaction
workflow of seven activities, i.e. interaction, R&D, marketing and sales, sourcing and planning,
production, logistics and service, shown in Figure 5 are described in Table 1.
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Table 1 — Notation used in functional model and workflow of seven activities
Symbol Name Definition
Any entity (e.g. person, group) who makes usage of either the
users
customized services or products, or both.
A set of actions that consumes time and resources and whose
activity performance is necessary to achieve, or contribute to, the reali-
zation of one or more outcomes.
input/output infor-
Information which transfers into/out of workflow.
mation
The representation of all information that is dealt within an
database
information system, taken together.
element A necessary or typical part of workflow.
Transfer of information from an information-source-object to
information flow
an information-destination-object.
7.2 General description of functional model
As shown in Figure 4, the mass customization functional model is a synthesis of user-centred functions
covering seven activities in the customization life cycle. In Figure 4, “Users” is shown at the centre;
the rectangle boxes in the perimeter represent the lifecycle activities; and the solid arrows represent
the information flow between “Users” and the activities and also between the adjacent activities. The
activities do not need to completely correspond to a department or departments of the enterprise.
Different enterprises may place one or more activities in different departments or with external entrust
third parties.
Mass customization enterprises need to establish a unified platform or system not only to support the
horizontal integration and interoperability of the seven activities, but also to acquire users’ immediate
and overall satisfaction from creativity to product development, production, delivery and service. In
mass customization, the relationship among activities is many-to-many, which means that multiple
entities (e.g. enterprises or departments) may take the same role carrying out the same activity
simultaneously, and they may interact with another entity or a group of entities. The reason for taking
the same role or the same activity simultaneously is to meet a high demand of customized products in
a short period of time.
To ensure the proper data is transmitted between different entities, the input and output of each activity
can be seen as the data which should be exchanged or accessed through a common interface from/to
other activities. The users of this document can build their own uniform semantic/format models of
2)
data and interface accordingly, which can be helpful to establish an interoperable mass customization
system.
2) The method of achieving interoperability in the functional model of mass customization is described in
ISO 15704.
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Figure 4 — Functional model
7.3 Interaction
Interaction is an activity which specifies reciprocal actions, including recognizing information, making
inputs, making selections and receiving outputs, required by users to achieve a goal. The workflow of
the interaction activity is shown in Figure 5.
An interaction platform shall aggregate user resources (e.g. a multitude of user information collected
from the users via the interaction platform) by introducing the users being targeted for mass
customization. Then the platform carries out categorizing the users to form social communities for
demand interaction. In each social community, experts, key opinion leaders, enterprises and resource
parties shall provide high-quality and relevant topics for community discussion and also supply
professional information for reference to the community members. After demand interaction, the
platform shall conduct demand analysis and screening from the perspective of cost, outcome, scale, etc.
Customized demands shall be output of the interaction activity.
Meanwhile, the new product/service demands proposed by the users from the service activity shall be
sent to the interaction activity to be included in the demand interaction.
Through the repository and reutilization of interaction data of different social communities, the
platform shall achieve a unified analysis and utilization of these data, such as output of user profiles.
The output of the customized demand from the interaction activity shall be transmitted to the R&D
activity for demand creation.
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Figure 5 — Workflow of the interaction activity
7.4 R&D
R&D includes activities that enterprises undertake to innovate and introduce new products and
services. R&D defines the product scheme based on the customized demands and the resources, and
then publishes the product scheme to the marketing and sales activity and the sourcing and planning
activity. The workflow of the R&D activity is shown in Figure 6.
R&D, in the mass customization, shall refine the users' primary demand and transform it into a
quantifiable demand. R&D shall then distribute the quantifiable demand to appropriate resource
providers, including but are not limited to, technical resources, design resources, supplier resources,
corresponding to the quantifiable demand classifications, e.g. function, appearance, and module. The
providers shall then design customized products according to the quantifiable demand distributed to
them, and the design shall be verified and optimized through the interactions with the users. Once the
final design for the customized products is approved, modular design, development and test processes
shall be carried out and then the customized product can be available on the market.
The interactivity of the demand distribution and resource matching process should be considered while
implementing the mass customization system. Enterprises shall build mechanisms for timely release of
the demand to the providers and collection of the response from the providers.
It should be noted that the modular design takes an important role in mass customization because it
balances "mass production" and "customized craft" by linking the customized demand to different
process configurations or different combinations of modules for productizing. On the one hand,
considerations should be given in the module design process to ensure that the configurability will not
affect product functionality. Considerations also should be given to whether or not the designed module
can easil
...
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