ISO/IEC 9899:2018
(Main)Information technology — Programming languages — C
Information technology — Programming languages — C
1 This document specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs written in the C programming language.1) It specifies - the representation of C programs; - the syntax and constraints of the C language; - the semantic rules for interpreting C programs; - the representation of input data to be processed by C programs; - the representation of output data produced by C programs; - the restrictions and limits imposed by a conforming implementation of C. 2 This document does not specify - the mechanism by which C programs are transformed for use by a data-processing system; - the mechanism by which C programs are invoked for use by a data-processing system; - the mechanism by which input data are transformed for use by a C program; - the mechanism by which output data are transformed after being produced by a C program; - the size or complexity of a program and its data that will exceed the capacity of any specific data-processing system or the capacity of a particular processor; - all minimal requirements of a data-processing system that is capable of supporting a conforming implementation.
Technologies de l'information — Langages de programmation — C
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 9899
Fourth edition
2018-07
Information technology —
Programming languages — C
Technologies de l'information — Langages de programmation — C
Reference number
ISO/IEC 9899:2018(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2018
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ISO/IEC 9899:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Published in Switzerland
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© ISO/IEC 2018– All rights reserved ISO/IEC 9899:2018 (E)
Contents
Foreword xi
Introduction xii
1 Scope
1
2 Normative references 2
3 Terms, definitions and symbols 3
4 Conformance
8
5 Environment 9
5.1 Conceptual models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1.1 Translation environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1.2 Execution environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2 Environmental considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2.1 Character sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2.2 Character display semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2.3 Signals and interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2.4 Environmental limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6 Language 28
6.1 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2.1 Scopes of identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2.2 Linkages of identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2.4 Storage durations of objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2.5 Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2.6 Representations of types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.2.7 Compatible type and composite type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.2.8 Alignment of objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.3 Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3.1 Arithmetic operands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3.2 Other operands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.4 Lexical elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.4.1 Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.4.2 Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
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6.4.3 Universal character names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.4.4 Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.4.5 String literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.4.6 Punctuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.4.7 Header names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.4.8 Preprocessing numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.4.9 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.5 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.5.1 Primary expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.5.2 Postfix operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.5.3 Unary operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.5.4 Cast operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.5.5 Multiplicative operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.5.6 Additive operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.5.7 Bitwise shift operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.5.8 Relational operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.5.9 Equality operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.5.10 Bitwise AND operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.5.11 Bitwise exclusive OR operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.5.12 Bitwise inclusive OR operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.5.13 Logical AND operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.5.14 Logical OR operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.5.15 Conditional operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.5.16 Assignment operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.5.17 Comma operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.6 Constant expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.7 Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.7.1 Storage-class specifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.7.2 Type specifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.7.3 Type qualifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.7.4 Function specifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.7.5 Alignment specifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.7.6 Declarators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.7.7 Type names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.7.8 Type definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.7.9 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.7.10 Static assertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.8 Statements and blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.8.1 Labeled statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.8.2 Compound statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
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6.8.3 Expression and null statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.8.4 Selection statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.8.5 Iteration statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.8.6 Jump statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.9 External definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.9.1 Function definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.9.2 External object definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.10 Preprocessing directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.10.1 Conditional inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.10.2 Source file inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.10.3 Macro replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.10.4 Line control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.10.5 Error directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.10.6 Pragma directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.10.7 Null directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.10.8 Predefined macro names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.10.9 Pragma operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.11 Future language directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.11.1 Floating types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.11.2 Linkages of identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.11.3 External names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.11.4 Character escape sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.11.5 Storage-class specifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.11.6 Function declarators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.11.7 Function definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.11.8 Pragma directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.11.9 Predefined macro names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7 Library 131
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.1.1 Definitions of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.1.2 Standard headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.1.3 Reserved identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.1.4 Use of library functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.2 Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.2.1 Program diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.3 Complex arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.3.2 Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.3.3 Branch cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
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7.3.4 TheCX LIMITED RANGE pragma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.3.5 Trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.3.6 Hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.3.8 Power and absolute-value functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.3.9 Manipulation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.4 Character handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.4.1 Character classification functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.4.2 Character case mapping functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.5 Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
7.6 Floating-point environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
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7.6.1 TheFENV ACCESS pragma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.6.2 Floating-point exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.6.3 Rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.6.4 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.7 Characteristics of floating types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.8 Format conversion of integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.8.1 Macros for format specifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.8.2 Functions for greatest-width integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.9 Alternative spellings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.10 Sizes of integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
7.11 Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.11.1 Locale control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.11.2 Numeric formatting convention inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.12 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.12.1 Treatment of error conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
_
7.12.2 TheFP CONTRACT pragma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.12.3 Classification macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.12.4 Trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.12.5 Hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.12.6 Exponential and logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.12.7 Power and absolute-value functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.12.8 Error and gamma functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.12.9 Nearest integer functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.12.10 Remainder functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.12.11 Manipulation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.12.12 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.12.13 Floating multiply-add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.12.14 Comparison macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.13 Nonlocal jumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
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7.13.1 Save calling environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.13.2 Restore calling environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.14 Signal handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.14.1 Specify signal handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.14.2 Send signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
7.15 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.16 Variable arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.16.1 Variable argument list access macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.17 Atomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.17.2 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.17.3 Order and consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.17.4 Fences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.17.5 Lock-free property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.17.6 Atomic integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.17.7 Operations on atomic types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.17.8 Atomic flag type and operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.18 Boolean type and values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.19 Common definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.20 Integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.20.1 Integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.20.2 Limits of specified-width integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.20.3 Limits of other integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.20.4 Macros for integer constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
7.21 Input/output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
7.21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
7.21.2 Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
7.21.3 Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.21.4 Operations on files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.21.5 File access functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
7.21.6 Formatted input/output functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.21.7 Character input/output functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.21.8 Direct input/output functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
7.21.9 File positioning functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.21.10 Error-handling functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
7.22 General utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.22.1 Numeric conversion functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.22.2 Pseudo-random sequence generation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.22.3 Memory management functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.22.4 Communication with the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
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7.22.5 Searching and sorting utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.22.6 Integer arithmetic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.22.7 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
7.22.8 Multibyte/wide string conversion functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
_
7.23 Noreturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.24 String handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.24.1 String function conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.24.2 Copying functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.24.3 Concatenation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.24.4 Comparison functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
7.24.5 Search functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
7.24.6 Miscellaneous functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
7.25 Type-generic math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
7.26 Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.26.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.26.2 Initialization functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
7.26.3 Condition variable functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
7.26.4 Mutex functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
7.26.5 Thread functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
7.26.6 Thread-specific storage functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
7.27 Date and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
7.27.1 Components of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
7.27.2 Time manipulation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
7.27.3 Time conversion functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
7.28 Unicode utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
7.28.1 Restartable multibyte/wide character conversion functions . . . . . . . . . . 293
7.29 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
7.29.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
7.29.2 Formatted wide character input/output functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
7.29.3 Wide character input/output functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.29.4 General wide string utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.29.4.1 Wide string numeric conversion functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.29.4.2 Wide string copying functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
7.29.4.3 Wide string concatenation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.29.4.4 Wide string comparison functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.29.4.5 Wide string search functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.29.4.6 Miscellaneous functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
7.29.5 Wide character time conversion functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
7.29.6 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
7.29.6.1 Single-byte/wide character conversion functions . . . . . . . . . . . 322
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7.29.6.2 Conversion state functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
7.29.6.3 Restartable multibyte/wide character conversion functions . . . . . 323
7.29.6.4 Restartable multibyte/wide string conversion functions . . . . . . . 325
7.30 Wide character classification and mapping utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
7.30.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
7.30.2 Wide character classification utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
7.30.2.1 Wide character classification functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
7.30.2.2 Extensible wide character classification functions . . . . . . . . . . . 330
7.30.3 Wide character case mapping utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
7.30.3.1 Wide character case mapping functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
7.30.3.2 Extensible wide character case mapping functions . . . . . . . . . . 331
7.31 Future library directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.1 Complex arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.2 Character handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.3 Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.4 Floating-point environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.5 Format conversion of integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.6 Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.7 Signal handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.8 Atomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.9 Boolean type and values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.10 Integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7.31.11 Input/output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.31.12 General utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.31.13 String handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.31.14 Date and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.31.15 Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.31.16 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities . . . . . . . . . . 334
7.31.17 Wide character classification and mapping utilities . . . . . . . . 334
Annex A (informative) Language syntax summary 335
Annex B (informative) Library summary 347
Annex C (informative) Sequence points 367
Annex D (normative) Universal character names for identifiers 368
Annex E (informative) Implementation limits 369
Annex F (normative) IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic 371
Annex G (normative) IEC 60559-compatible complex arithmetic 389
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Annex H (informative) Language independent arithmetic 399
Annex I (informative) Common warnings 403
Annex J (informative) Portability issues 404
Annex K (normative) Bounds-checking interfaces 425
Annex L (normative) Analyzability 474
Annex M (informative) Change History 476
Bibliography 479
Index 480
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© ISO/IEC 2018– All rights reserved ISO/IEC 9899:2018 (E)
Foreword
1 ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that
are member of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through
technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of
technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other
international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also
take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint
technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
2 The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
3 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
4 Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does
not constitute an endorsement.
5 For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the
following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
6 This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Sub-
committee SC 22, Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces.
7 This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition, ISO/IEC 9899:2011, which has been
technically revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO/IEC 9899:2011/Cor 1:2012.
8 There are no major changes in this edition, only technical corrections and clarifications.
9 A complete change history can be found in Annex M.
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Introduction
1 With the introduction of new devices and extended character sets, new features could be added to
this document. Subclauses in the language and library clauses warn imp
...
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