Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance

This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives. The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and appropriate test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject to abrasion. Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product performance are considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests developed for specific finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.

Caoutchouc, vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d’abrasion — Lignes directrices

Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices relatives à la détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion des caoutchoucs vulcanisés et thermoplastiques. Il inclut des abrasifs à l'état solide ou en poudre. Les lignes directrices fournies sont destinées à faciliter le choix d’une méthode d'essai et des conditions d’essai appropriées pour évaluer un matériau et établir son aptitude à l'emploi pour un produit soumis à une abrasion. Les facteurs ayant une influence sur la corrélation entre des essais d'abrasion en laboratoire et la performance du produit sont pris en compte, mais, par exemple le présent document ne traite pas des essais d'usure mis au point pour des produits finis particuliers en caoutchouc, par exemple essais sur remorque pour les pneumatiques.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jan-2023
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Start Date
31-Jan-2023
Due Date
22-Jan-2024
Completion Date
31-Jan-2023
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23794
Fourth edition
2023-01
Rubber, vulcanized or
thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d'abrasion —
Lignes directrices
Reference number
ISO 23794:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Wear mechanisms ..............................................................................................................................................................................................2

5 Types of abrasion test .....................................................................................................................................................................................3

6 Abradants .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

7 Test conditions .......................................................................................................................................................................................................9

7.1 Temperature ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

7.2 Degree and rate of slip ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9

7.3 Contact pressure ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact ........................................................................................................................................... 9

7.5 Lubricants and contamination ................................................................................................................................................. 9

8 Abrasion test apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................................10

9 Reference materials ......................................................................................................................................................................................12

10 Test procedure ....................................................................................................................................................................................................12

11 Expression of results ....................................................................................................................................................................................13

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................15

iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,

Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.

This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 23794:2015), which has been technically

revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— some terms (abradant and abrasion pattern) have been added in Clause 3;
— Figures 1 to 9 have been transferred from Clause 10 to Clause 5;
— some captions for the figures have been changed to proper description;
— in Clause 8, the order of the description has been changed;
— in addition, the text has been editorially revised to improve clarity.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23794:2023(E)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance

WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.

This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its

use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to

determine the applicability of any other restrictions.

WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document can involve the use or generation

of substances, or the generation of waste, that can constitute a local environmental hazard.

Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after

use.
1 Scope

This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and

thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives.

The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and appropriate

test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject to abrasion.

Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product performance are

considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests developed for specific

finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface due to frictional forces
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.1]
3.2
abrasion resistance
resistance to wear resulting from mechanical action upon a surface

Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is expressed by the abrasion resistance index.

[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.2]
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)
3.3
abrasion resistance index

ratio of the loss in volume of a standard rubber to the loss in volume of a test rubber, measured under

the same specified conditions and expressed as a percentage

Note 1 to entry: ISO 4649 contains a method for the determination of abrasion resistance (3.2) using a rotating

drum device.
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.3]
3.4
relative volume loss

loss in volume of a test rubber due to abrasion by a specified abradant which causes a reference rubber

to lose a defined mass under the same conditions
3.5
abradant
material or means used for grinding, rasping rubber to cause abrasion
3.6
abrasion pattern
patterns on a surface formed by friction
4 Wear mechanisms

The mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material

are complex, but the principal factors involved are cutting and abrasion. It is possible to categorize

wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made between
— abrasive wear,
— fatigue wear, and
— adhesive wear.

Additionally, wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism.

Abrasive wear is caused by sharp asperities cutting the rubber.

Fatigue wear is caused by particles of rubber being detached as a result of dynamic stressing on a

localized scale.

Adhesive wear is the transfer of rubber to another surface as a result of adhesive forces between the

two surfaces.

Wear by roll formation is where there is progressive tearing of a layer of rubber which forms a roll.

There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on the surface.

The term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream.

In any particular wear situation, more than one mechanism is usually involved, but one can be

predominate. Abrasive wear requires hard, sharp cutting edges, and high friction. Fatigue wear occurs

with smooth or rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. Adhesive wear is much less

common, but can occur on smooth surfaces. Roll formation requires high friction and relatively poor

tear strength. Roll formation results in a characteristic abrasion pattern of ridges and grooves at right

angles to the direction of movement.

Abrasive wear or roll formation results in much more rapid wear than fatigue processes. The

mechanism and hence the rate of wear can change, perhaps quite suddenly, with the conditions, such

as contact pressure, speed, and temperature. In any practical circumstances, the mechanisms can be

complex and critically dependent on the conditions. Consequently, the critical factor as regards testing

© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)

is that the test conditions should essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good correlation is

to be obtained. Even a comparison between two rubbers can be invalid if the dominant mechanism is

different in testing and in service. The range of conditions encountered in applications such as tyres is

so complex, that they cannot be matched by a single test.

It follows that there cannot be a universal standard abrasion test method for rubber, and the test

method and test conditions have to be chosen to suit the end application. Also, great care has to be

taken if the test is intended to provide a significant degree of acceleration.
5 Types of abrasion test

Many abrasion testing machines have been devised and standardized at national level for use with

rubber. The majority of rubber tests involve a relatively sharp abradant and were devised for use with

tyre tread materials.

Abrasion tests can be divided into two main types: those using a loose abradant and those using a solid

abradant.

A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shot-blasting machine as a logical

way of simulating the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the rubber in service. A loose

abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces. Conveyor belts or tank linings are examples of

products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A car tyre is an example of the situation where there

is a combination of abrasion against a solid rough abradant, the road, and abrasion against a free-

flowing abradant in the form of grit particles. This situation can also occur in testing as a result of the

generation of wear debris from a solid abradant.

Solid abradants can consist of almost anything, but the most common are: abrasive wheels (vitreous

or resilient), abrasive papers or cloths, and metal “knives”. The majority of wear situations involve the

rubber moving in contact with another solid material.

Distinctions can be made on the basis of the geometry by which the test piece and abradant are rubbed

together. Many geometries are possible, and some common configurations are shown in Figure 1 to

Figure 9:

Figure 1: The test piece reciprocates linearly against a sheet of abradant (or alternatively a strip of

abradant can be moved past a stationary test piece).

Figure 2: The abradant is a rotating disc with the test piece held against it (or vice versa).

Figure 3: Both abradant and test piece are in the form of a wheel, either of which can be the driven

member.

Figure 4: The rotating disc test piece is driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s). The relative position

of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 5: Both the test piece and the abradant are rotating.

Figure 6: The test piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum. The test piece may can

also be rotated.
Figure 7: The test piece revolves in contact with metal knives.

Figure 8: Test pieces are tumbled together with abrasive particles inside a hollow rotating drum.

Figure 9: Single metal knife is held against a rotating tube test piece.

If the abrasion is unidirectional, abrasion patterns will develop which can markedly affect abrasion

loss.
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 1 — Test piece reciprocating linearly against a sheet of abradant
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 2 — Test piece held against a rotating disc of abradant
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load

Figure 3 — Test piece and abradant in the form of wheels either of which can be driven

Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load

NOTE The relative position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.

Figure 4 — Rotating disc test piece driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s)
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 5 — Rotating test piece held against a rotating abradant disc
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
NOTE The test piece can also be rotated.
Figure 6 — Test piece held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load

Figure 7 — Knife-type abradant held against test piece in the form of a rotating disc

Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
3 rotating drum (mill)
Figure 8 — Test pieces and abradants inside a rotating drum
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load

Figure 9 — Knife-type abradant held against a rotating cylindrical tube test piece

6 Abradants
Abradants can be classified into the following types:
— abrasive wheels;
— abrasive papers and cloths attached to discs;
— metal knives;
— smooth surfaces;
— loose abradants.

The abrasive wheel is probably the most convenient abradant because of its low cost and mechanical

stability, and also, by simple refacing, a consistent surface can be maintained. Wheels are characterized

by the nature of the abrading particles, their size and sharpness, the structure of the wheel, and the

manner in which the abrasive is bonded (either resilient or vitreous). It follows that a very wide range

of abrasive properties is possible.

Abrasive papers and cloths are inexpensive and easy to use, but deteriorate in cutting power rather

quickly. They are characterized by the nature of the abrading particles and their size and sharpness.

Metal “knives” can have various geometries, including the form of a mesh and a raised pattern on a

wheel. The main characteristic is the sharpness (radius) of the edges in contact with the rubber, and

there can be some difficulty maintaining a reproducible sharpness.

Smooth surfaces are characterized by their degree of smoothness and the material, which defines the

level of friction.

Loose abradants are commonly particles of the same material as is used to form abrasive wheels or

papers, and are characterized by their size and sharpness.
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(E)

The choice of abradant should be made primarily to give the best correlation with service conditions,

but it is also necessary for the abradant to be available in a convenient form and for its production to be

reproducible.

As a consequence of these considerations, abrasive wheels and papers or cloths predominate where

cutting by sharp asperities is to be simulated. It is still necessary to select an appropriate asperity size

and sharpness. Materials such as textiles and metal plates are more appropriate for other applications.

Smoother materials generally abrade relatively slowly and, if conditions are accelerated, give rise to an

excessive temperature rise at the sliding surfaces. Because of these difficulties, abrasive wheels and

papers are frequently used for convenience in situations where they are
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 23794
Quatrième édition
2023-01
Caoutchouc, vulcanisé ou
thermoplastique — Essais d’abrasion
— Lignes directrices
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance
Numéro de référence
ISO 23794:2023(F)
© ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2023

Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette

publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,

y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut

être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.

ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
© ISO 2023 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(F)
Sommaire Page

Avant-propos .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

1 Domaine d’application ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Références normatives ..................................................................................................................................................................................1

3 Termes et définitions ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Mécanismes d'usure .........................................................................................................................................................................................2

5 Types d'essai d'abrasion .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3

6 Agents abrasifs ...................................................................... ................................................................................................................................. 9

7 Conditions d'essai ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

7.1 Température ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

7.2 Degré et vitesse de glissement .............................................................................................................................................. 10

7.3 Pression de contact ........................................................................................................................................... ............................... 10

7.4 Contact continu/intermittent ................................................................................................................................................ 10

7.5 Lubrifiants et contamination .................................................................................................................................................. 10

8 Appareillage d'essai d'abrasion ........................................................................................................................................................11

9 Matériaux de référence ..............................................................................................................................................................................13

10 Mode opératoire d’essai ............................................................................................................................................................................13

11 Expression des résultats ..........................................................................................................................................................................14

Bibliographie ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................16

iii
© ISO 2023 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(F)
Avant-propos

L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes

nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est

en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude

a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,

gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.

L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui

concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.

Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont

décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents

critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a

été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir

www.iso.org/directives).

L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de

droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable

de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant

les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de

l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de

brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).

Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données

pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un

engagement.

Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions

spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion

de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles

techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.

Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 45, Élastomères et produits à base

d'élastomères, sous-comité SC 2, Essais et analyses.

Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition (ISO 23794:2015) qui a fait l’objet d’une

révision technique.
Les principales modifications sont les suivantes:

— quelques termes (agent abrasif et schéma d’abrasion) ont été ajoutés dans l’Article 3;

— les Figures 1 à 9 ont été transférées de l’Article 10 à l’Article 5;
— certaines légendes de figures ont été modifiées pour une description correcte;
— à l’Article 8, l’ordre de description a été modifié;

— en outre, le texte a fait l'objet d'une révision éditoriale pour en améliorer la compréhension.

Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent

document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes

se trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
© ISO 2023 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 23794:2023(F)
Caoutchouc, vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais
d’abrasion — Lignes directrices

AVERTISSEMENT 1 — Il convient que l’utilisateur du présent document connaisse bien les

pratiques courantes de laboratoire. Le présent document n’a pas pour objet de traiter tous les

problèmes de sécurité qui sont, le cas échéant, liés à son utilisation. Il incombe à l’utilisateur

d’établir des pratiques appropriées en matière d’hygiène et de sécurité, et déterminer

l'applicabilité de toute autre restriction.

AVERTISSEMENT 2 — Certains modes opératoires spécifiés dans le présent document peuvent

impliquer l’utilisation ou la génération de substances ou de déchets qui pourraient constituer

un danger pour l’environnement local. Il convient de se référer à la documentation appropriée

pour leur manipulation et leur élimination après utilisation.
1 Domaine d’application

Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices relatives à la détermination de la résistance à

l'abrasion des caoutchoucs vulcanisés et thermoplastiques. Il inclut des abrasifs à l'état solide ou en

poudre.

Les lignes directrices fournies sont destinées à faciliter le choix d’une méthode d'essai et des conditions

d’essai appropriées pour évaluer un matériau et établir son aptitude à l'emploi pour un produit soumis

à une abrasion. Les facteurs ayant une influence sur la corrélation entre des essais d'abrasion en

laboratoire et la performance du produit sont pris en compte, mais, par exemple le présent document

ne traite pas des essais d'usure mis au point pour des produits finis particuliers en caoutchouc, par

exemple essais sur remorque pour les pneumatiques.
2 Références normatives
Le présent document ne contient aucune référence normative.
3 Termes et définitions

Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et les définitions suivants s'appliquent.

L'ISO et l'IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en

normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:

— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l'adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp

— IEC Electropedia : disponible à l'adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
perte de matière en surface, due à des forces de frottement
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.1]
3.2
résistance à l'abrasion
résistance à une usure résultant d’une action mécanique sur une surface

Note 1 à l'article: La résistance à l'abrasion est exprimée par un indice de résistance à l'abrasion.

[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.2]
© ISO 2023 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2023(F)
3.3
indice de résistance à l'abrasion

rapport, exprimé en pourcentage, de la diminution de volume d'un mélange témoin à la diminution de

volume du mélange soumis à essai, mesurées dans les mêmes conditions spécifiées

Note 1 à l'article: L’ISO 4649 contient une méthode pour la détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion (3.2) à l'aide

d'un dispositif à tambour rotatif.
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.3]
3.4
perte de volume relative

perte de volume d'un mélange soumis à l'abrasion d'un agent abrasif spécifié qui entraîne une perte de

masse donnée du caoutchouc de référence soumis à essai dans les mêmes conditions
3.5
agent abrasif

matériau ou moyen utilisé pour meuler, râper le caoutchouc afin de provoquer une abrasion

3.6
schéma d'abrasion
motifs sur une surface formée par friction
4 Mécanismes d'usure

Les mécanismes qui provoquent l'usure d'un caoutchouc en mouvement au contact d'un autre matériau

sont complexes mais les facteurs principaux sont l'arrachement de matière et l’abrasion. Plusieurs

modes de classement des mécanismes d'usure sont possibles et une distinction est communément

opérée entre
— l'usure par abrasion,
— l'usure par fatigue, et
— l'usure d'adhérence.

En outre, l'usure conduisant à la formation d'un rouleau de matière est parfois considérée comme un

mécanisme distinct.

L'usure par abrasion est causée par des aspérités aiguës qui déchirent le caoutchouc.

L'usure par fatigue est causée par des particules de caoutchouc qui se détachent sous l'effet de

contraintes dynamiques à une échelle localisée.

L'usure d'adhérence se produit par transfert de caoutchouc sur une autre surface, résultant de forces

d'adhérence entre les deux surfaces.

L'usure conduisant à la formation d'un rouleau résulte du déchirement progressif d'une couche de

caoutchouc qui forme un rouleau.

On peut aussi observer une usure par corrosion due à une attaque chimique directe de la surface.

Le terme d'usure par érosion est parfois utilisé pour désigner l'action des particules dans un courant de

liquide.

Toute situation particulière d'usure est causée, en général, par plusieurs mécanismes, mais l'un d'entre

eux peut prédominer. L'usure par abrasion fait intervenir des arêtes tranchantes et dures ainsi qu'un

frottement élevé. L'usure par fatigue intervient sur des surfaces lisses ou rugueuses mais sans aspérité

et ne nécessite pas un frottement élevé. L'usure d'adhérence est beaucoup moins courante, mais peut

se produire sur des surfaces lisses. La formation d'un rouleau implique un frottement élevé et une

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ISO 23794:2023(F)

résistance à la déchirure relativement faible. La formation d'un rouleau induit un schéma d'abrasion

caractérisé par la présence de crêtes et de sillons perpendiculaires au sens à la direction du mouvement.

L'usure par abrasion ou la formation d'un rouleau entraîne une usure beaucoup plus rapide que

les processus d'usure par fatigue. Le mécanisme et donc la vitesse de l'usure peuvent varier, parfois

de façon très soudaine, en fonction des conditions telles que la pression de contact, la vitesse et la

température. Dans la pratique, les mécanismes sont parfois complexes et dépendent de façon critique

des conditions. En conséquence, il convient que le facteur décisif pour les essais soit que les conditions

d'essai reproduisent rigoureusement les conditions de service, afin d'obtenir une bonne corrélation.

Une comparaison entre deux caoutchoucs peut perdre sa validité si le mécanisme dominant varie entre

l'essai et le service. L'éventail des conditions rencontrées dans des applications telles que les pneus est

si complexe qu'il est impossible de les reproduire lors d'un essai unique.

Par conséquent, il ne peut y avoir une méthode d'essai normalisée universelle d'abrasion du caoutchouc,

et la méthode d'essai et les conditions d'essai doivent être choisies en fonction de l'application finale. En

outre, de grandes précautions sont à prendre si l'essai comporte un niveau d'accélération significatif.

5 Types d'essai d'abrasion

Beaucoup de machines d'essai d'abrasion ont été créées et normalisées au niveau national pour être

utilisées avec des caoutchoucs. La majeure partie des essais sur les caoutchoucs fait intervenir un agent

abrasif relativement acéré et a été conçue pour les matériaux de bande de roulement des pneus.

Les essais d'abrasion peuvent être divisés en deux catégories principales selon que l'on utilise un agent

abrasif à l'état de poudre ou un agent abrasif à l'état solide.

Une poudre abrasive peut être utilisée à l'instar d'un appareil de grenaillage pour simuler l'effet du

sable ou d'agents abrasifs analogues sur le caoutchouc en cours de service. Un abrasif en poudre peut

également être utilisé entre deux surfaces glissant l'une par rapport à l'autre. Les bandes transporteuses

ou les garnitures de réservoir sont des exemples de produits soumis à l'abrasion de poudres. Un pneu

de voiture est un exemple de cas où une abrasion contre un agent abrasif rugueux et solide, à savoir

la route, est combiné à un agent abrasif non agglomérant, sous forme de particules de gravier. Cette

situation peut également se produire dans le cadre des essais, en raison de débris d'usure détachés d'un

agent abrasif solide.

Les agents abrasifs solides sont multiples, mais les plus courants sont: les roues abrasives (vitreux ou

élastiques), les toiles ou les papiers abrasifs, et les « lames » métalliques. En majorité, les situations

d'usure font intervenir un caoutchouc en mouvement, en contact avec un autre matériau solide.

Des distinctions peuvent être établies en fonction de la forme selon laquelle l'éprouvette et l'agent abrasif

frottent l'un contre l'autre. De très nombreuses formules sont possibles et certaines configurations

courantes sont représentées aux Figure 1 à Figure 9:

Figure 1: L'éprouvette est déplacée linéairement par mouvements de va-et-vient sur une plaque d'agent

abrasif (ou, en variante, une plaque d'agent abrasif peut être déplacée sur une éprouvette fixe).

Figure 2: L'agent abrasif est un disque tournant contre lequel est maintenue l'éprouvette (ou vice versa).

Figure 3: Les deux éléments d'essai ont la forme de roues qui peuvent l'une ou l'autre être l'élément

entraîné.

Figure 4: L'éprouvette à disque rotatif entraîne, ou est entraînée par, la ou les roues abrasives. La

position relative de l'éprouvette et de l'abrasif est comme indiquée sur la figure ou inverse.

Figure 5: L'éprouvette et l'agent abrasif sont tous deux tournants.

Figure 6: L'éprouvette est maintenue contre un rouleau tournant et traverse le rouleau. L'éprouvette

peut également être en rotation.
Figure 7: L'éprouvette tourne en contact avec des lames métalliques.
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ISO 23794:2023(F)

Figure 8: Les éprouvettes sont mélangées avec des particules abrasives à l'intérieur d'un tambour

rotatif creux.

Figure 9: Une lame métallique unique est tenue contre une éprouvette en rotation en forme de tube.

Si l'abrasion est unidirectionnelle, les marques d'abrasion qui se forment risquent d'affecter notablement

la perte par abrasion.
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
Figure 1 — Éprouvette en va-et-vient linéaire sur une plaque d'agent abrasif
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
Figure 2 — Éprouvette maintenue contre un disque abrasif tournant
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge

Figure 3 — Éprouvette et agent abrasif en forme de roues qui peuvent l'une ou l'autre être

l'élément entraîné
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge

NOTE La position relative de l'éprouvette et de l'abrasif est comme indiquée sur la figure ou inverse.

Figure 4 — L'éprouvette à disque rotatif entraîne, ou est entraînée par la (les) roue(s)

abrasive(s)
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
Figure 5 — Éprouvette tournante maintenue contre une roue abrasive tournante
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
NOTE L'éprouvette peut également être en rotation.

Figure 6 — L’éprouvette est maintenue contre un rouleau abrasif tournant et traverse le

rouleau
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge

Figure 7 — Abrasif en forme de couteau maintenu contre une éprouvette sous forme de disque

tournant
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
3 tambour rotatif (rouleau)
Figure 8 — Éprouvettes et abrasifs à l'intérieur d'un tambour rotatif
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge

Figure 9 — Abrasif en forme de couteau tenu contre une éprouvette en forme de tube

cylindrique en rotation
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
6 Agents abrasifs
Les agents abrasifs peuvent être classés en plusieurs catégories:
— roues abrasives;
— papiers et toiles abrasifs fixés sur des disques;
— lames métalliques;
— surfaces lisses;
— agents abrasifs en poudre.

La roue abrasive est probablement l'agent abrasif le plus pratique en raison de son faible coût, de sa

stabilité mécanique et du fait qu'une surface homogène peut être maintenue par simple rectification.

Les roues sont caractérisées par la nature des particules abrasives, leur dimension et leur géométrie, la

structure de la roue et le mode de fixation de l'abrasif (soit élastique soit vitreux). En conséquence, une

très vaste gamme de propriétés abrasives est possible.

Les toiles et les papiers abrasifs sont peu onéreux et faciles à utiliser, mais la qualité de la coupe s'altère

assez rapidement. Ils sont caractérisés par la nature, la taille et l’acuité des particules abrasives.

Les «lames» métalliques peuvent prendre différentes formes, y compris celle d'un maillage ou d'une

structure en relief sur une roue. La principale caractéristique est le tranchant (rayon) des arêtes en

contact avec le caoutchouc et il est parfois difficile de maintenir un tranchant reproductible.

Les surfaces lisses sont caractérisées par leur rugosité et par le matériau, qui définit le niveau de

frottement.

Les agents abrasifs en poudre sont couramment des particules des mêmes matériaux que ceux utilisés

pour la fabrication des roues ou des papiers abrasifs et se caractérisent par la dimension et l’acuité de

leurs grains.

Il convient que la sélection de l'agent abrasif soit opérée, avant tout pour assurer la meilleure corrélation

avec les conditions de service, mais il est également indispensable que l'abrasif soit disponible sous une

forme pratique et que sa production soit reproductible.

Partant de ces considérations, les roues, toiles et papiers abrasifs prévalent lorsqu'il faut simuler un

déchirement par des aspérités aiguës, mais il faut encore choisir une taille et une acuité appropriées

des aspérités. Des matériaux tels que les textiles et les plaques métalliques sont plus appropriés pour

d'autres applications. Avec des matériaux relativement lisses, l'abrasion est généralement plus lente et

le fait d'accélérer les conditions engendre une augmentation trop importante de la température sur les

surfaces de glissement. En raison de ces difficultés, on utilise fréquemment, par commodité, des roues

et papiers abrasifs dans des situations où ils sont inappropriés pour l'évaluation des performances

pendant le service.
7 Conditions d'essai
7.1 Température

Même si la température a un effet important sur la vitesse d'usure et qu'il s'agit de l'un des facteurs

essentiels pour obtenir une corrélation entre les conditions de laboratoire et les conditions de

service, il est extrêmement difficile de maîtriser la température durant l'essai. Les essais d'abrasion

sont normalement effectués à une température de laboratoire normalisée. Cependant, plutôt que

la température ambiante, c'est la température des surfaces en contact qui est importante et cette

température dépend de plusieurs facteurs expérimentaux examinés de 7.2 à 7.5.
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
7.2 Degré et vitesse de glissement

Quelle que soit la forme impliquant un agent abrasif fixe, il y a un mouvement relatif ou un glissement entre

l'abrasif et l'éprouvette d'essai. Le degré de glissement est un facteur essentiel pour la détermination de

la vitesse d'usure. À la Figure 1 et à la Figure 6, le glissement est de 100 % et la vitesse de glissement est

la même que celle du mouvement entre l'agent abrasif et l'éprouvette, tandis qu'à la Figure 3 le degré de

glissement peut varier si l'on change l'angle entre les roues. Aux Figure 2, Figure 4, Figure 5, et Figure 7,

la vitesse de glissement dépendra de la distance entre l'éprouvette et le centre de la roue. A la Figure 9,

le degré de glissement est de 100 % mais le taux de glissement varie sur l'éprouvette. Dans tous les cas,

la vitesse de glissement dépend de la vitesse du composant entraîné. Une augmentation de la vitesse de

glissement augmentera également la chaleur générée et donc la température.
7.3 Pression de contact

La pression de contact entre l'éprouvette et l'agent abrasif est un autre facteur essentiel pour déterminer

la vitesse d'usure. Dans certaines conditions, la vitesse d'usure est pratiquement proportionnelle à la

pression mais des changements brusques interviendront si le mécanisme d'abrasion change, suite à un

changement de pression. Un changement de ce type peut provenir d'une augmentation importante de la

température.

Plutôt que de considérer indépendamment la pression de contact et le degré de glissement, il a été

suggéré d'utiliser la puissance consommée pour déplacer le caoutchouc sur l'agent abrasif comme

mesure de la sévérité d'un essai d'abrasion. La puissance déployée dépend alors du frottement entre les

surfaces et détermine la vitesse de l'augmentation de température.
7.4 Contact continu/intermittent

Une différence importante entre les appareils représentés, par exemple aux Figure 1 et Figure 4, est

que, dans le premier cas, l'éprouvette est constamment et totalement en contact avec l'agent abrasif et

donc que la chaleur générée sur la surface de contact ne peut en aucun cas se dissiper.

7.5 Lubrifiants et contamination

Toute modification de la nature des surfaces en contact aura une incidence sur la vitesse d'usure, qu'il

s'agisse de modifications de l'agent abrasif ou de l'éprouvette au cours de l'usure. En outre, un autre

matériau peut être délibérément introduit entre les surfaces de contact, une contamination accidentelle

peut se produire ou des débris provenant de l'agent abrasif ou de l'éprouvette peuvent apparaître.

Pour simuler les conditions de service, un matériau sous forme de particules peut être introduit entre

les surfaces de contact, comme un pneu de voiture roulant sur une route poussiéreuse. De même,

on peut introduire entre les surfaces un lubrifiant tel que de l'eau. Les appareils d'essai capables de

fonctionner dans de telles conditions sont relativement rares.

Il est courant d'éliminer constamment les débris d'usure sur l'éprouvette à l'aide d'une brosse ou en

utilisant de l'air sous pression. Pour l'air sous pression, il est important de veiller à ce que l'alimentation

en air ne soit pas contaminée par de l'huile ou de l'eau venant du compresseur. Avec les roues et les

papiers abrasifs, un phénomène de colmatage ou de poissage de l'agent abrasif est courant et invalide

l'essai. Ce problème est normalement provoqué par une température élevée sur les surfaces de contact

et, même si l'on parvient parfois à l'atténuer en introduisant une poudre entre les surfaces, il convient

de considérer que ce phénomène indique des conditions d'essai inappropriées. Si des températures

élevées sont prévues en conditions de service, il convient de choisir une méthode d'essai dans laquelle

l'agent abrasif est continuellement renouvelé.

Si une corrélation entre les essais en laboratoire et les conditions de service est nécessaire, il convient

que les conditions d'essai soient choisies avec le plus grand soin pour correspondre à celles de

l'application concernée.
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
8 Appareillage d'essai d'abrasion

Un grand nombre d'appareils d'essai d'abrasion ont été mis au point et la liste suivante, qui n'est pas

exhaustive, indique les principaux appareils utilisés dans l'industrie des polymères et du caoutchouc

(les caractéristiques principales pour chaque appareil sont présentées dans le Tableau 1).

— Akron: Forme roue sur roue, possibilité de faire varier le degré de glissement en fonction de l'angle

relatif des roues.
[2]
NOTE 1 Un exemple de l'utilisation de cette méthode figure dans la BS 903-A9 .

— Lame abrasive: Une lame de couteau unique soumise à une charge normale constante est en contact

avec la surface plate d’une éprouvette en rotation en forme de tube cylindrique.

— DuPont (Grasselli) : Deux petites éprouvettes plates moulées sur un disque tournant de papier

abrasif.
1) [24]

— Laboratory Abrasion Tester 100 (LAT 100) (Système du Dr. Grosch ): Appareil sophistiqué à

commande électronique permettant de faire varier plusieurs paramètres. Forme à roue sur disque.

— Lambourn (Dunlop) : L'éprouvette et la roue abrasive sont toutes deux entraînées mais à des

vitesses différentes.

— Lambourn perfectionné: Modèle très perfectionné avec entraînement distinct pour l'éprouvette et

la roue abrasive.

— Martindale : Éprouvette disque sur disque de toile abrasive. Le schéma du mouvement relatif forme

une courbe de Lissajous induisant une abrasion multidirectionnelle. Méthode normalisée pour les

tissus enduits.

NOTE 2 Un exemple de l'utilisation de cette méthode pour les textiles enduits se trouve dans

[4]
l'ISO 5470-2 .

— NBS (appareil pour article chaussant): Éprouvette carrée de petite taille en contact avec un tambour

tournant recouvert de papier abrasif. Utilisé essentiellement pour les composants d'articles

chaussants.

NOTE 3 Un exemple de l'utilisation de cette méthode, essentiellement pour les semelles et les talons de

[5]
chaussures, figure dans l'ASTM D1630 .

— Pico: Éprouvette disque tournant contre deux lames en tungstène avec flux uniforme de poudre

destiné à éliminer les produits d’abrasion.
[6]
NOTE 4 Un exemple de l'utilisation de cette méthode figure dans l'ASTM D2228 .

— Tambour cylindrique tournant (DIN, Conti): Petite éprouvette disque déplacée sur un cylindre

tournant recouvert de papier abrasif présentant une large surface abrasive pour l'épr

...

ISO 23794:2022(E)
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ISO/TC 45/SC 2
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Secretariat: JISC
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Date: 2022-11-17xx
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Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance
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Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d'abrasion — Lignes directrices
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this

publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission

can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.

ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Contents

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................. iii

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1 Scope................................................................................................................................................................. iii

2 Normative references ................................................................................................................................. iii

3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ iii

4 Wear mechanisms ....................................................................................................................................... iii

5 Types of abrasion test ................................................................................................................................ iii

6 Abradants ....................................................................................................................................................... iii

7 Test conditions ............................................................................................................................................. iii

7.1 Temperature ................................................................................................................................................. iii

7.2 Degree and rate of slip ............................................................................................................................... iii

7.3 Contact pressure .......................................................................................................................................... iii

7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact .......................................................................................................... iii

7.5 Lubricants and contamination ................................................................................................................ iii

8 Abrasion test apparatus ............................................................................................................................ iii

9 Reference materials .................................................................................................................................... iii

10 Test procedure .............................................................................................................................................. iii

11 Expression of results .................................................................................................................................. iii

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................... iii

Foreword iv

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................. 1

3 Terms and definitions ............................................................................................................................. 1

4 Wear mechanisms .................................................................................................................................... 2

5 Types of abrasion test ............................................................................................................................. 3

6 Abradants .................................................................................................................................................... 9

7 Test conditions ....................................................................................................................................... 10

7.1 Temperature ........................................................................................................................................... 10

7.2 Degree and rate of slip ......................................................................................................................... 10

7.3 Contact pressure .................................................................................................................................... 10

7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact .................................................................................................... 11

8.5 Lubricants and contamination ......................................................................................................... 11

8 Abrasion test apparatus ...................................................................................................................... 11

9 Reference materials ............................................................................................................................. 14

10 Test procedure ....................................................................................................................................... 14

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 23794:2022(E)

10 Expression of results ............................................................................................................................ 15

Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 17

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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national

standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally

carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a

technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.

International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part

in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all

matters of electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for

the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with

the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see
www.iso.org/directiveswww.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject

of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details

of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction

and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see
www.iso.org/patentswww.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,

Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.

This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 23794:2015), which has been

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technically revised.
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The main changes are as follows:
— some terms (abradant and abrasion paternpattern) have been added in Clause 3;
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— Figures 1 to 9 have been transferred from Clause 10 to Clause 5;
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— some captions for the figures have been changed to proper description;
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— in Clause 8, the order of the description has been changed;
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— in addition, the text has been editorially revised to improve clarity.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body.

A complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html.
vi © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23794:2022(E)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance

WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This

document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is

the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine

the applicability of any other restrictions.

WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document can involve the use or generation of

substances, or the generation of waste, that can constitute a local environmental hazard. Reference

should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after use.

1 Scope

This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and

thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives.

The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and

appropriate test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject

to abrasion. Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product

performance are considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests

developed for specific finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.

2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp

— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/

3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface due to frictional forces
[[1]]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020, , 3.1]
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3.2
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abrasion resistance
resistance to wear resulting from mechanical action upon a surface
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Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is expressed by the abrasion resistance index.

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ISO 23794:2022(E)
[[1]]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020, , 3.2]
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3.3
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
abrasion resistance index

ratio of the loss in volume of a standard rubber to the loss in volume of a test rubber, measured under

Formatted: Pattern: Clear
the same specified conditions and expressed as a percentage
Formatted: Pattern: Clear

Note 1 to entry: ISO 4649 contains a method for the determination of abrasion resistance (3.2) using a rotating

Formatted: Pattern: Clear
drum device.
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
[[1]]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020, , 3.3] Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
3.4
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
relative volume loss

loss in volume of a test rubber due to abrasion by a specified abradant which causes a reference

Formatted: Pattern: Clear
rubber to lose a defined mass under the same conditions
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
3.5
abradant
material or means used for grinding, rasping rubber to cause abrasion
3.6
abrasion pattern
patterns on a surface formed by friction
4 Wear mechanisms

The mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material

are complex, but the principal factors involved are cutting and abrasion. It is possible to categorize

wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made between:
— abrasive wear,
— fatigue wear, and
— adhesive wear.

Additionally, wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism.

Abrasive wear is caused by sharp asperities cutting the rubber.

Fatigue wear is caused by particles of rubber being detached as a result of dynamic stressing on a

localized scale.

Adhesive wear is the transfer of rubber to another surface as a result of adhesive forces between the

two surfaces.

Wear by roll formation is where there is progressive tearing of a layer of rubber which forms a roll.

There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on the surface.

The term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream.

In any particular wear situation, more than one mechanism is usually involved, but one can be

predominate. Abrasive wear requires hard, sharp cutting edges, and high friction. Fatigue wear

2 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)

occurs with smooth or rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. Adhesive wear is

much less common, but can occur on smooth surfaces. Roll formation requires high friction and

relatively poor tear strength. Roll formation results in a characteristic abrasion pattern of ridges and

grooves at right angles to the direction of movement.

Abrasive wear or roll formation results in much more rapid wear than fatigue processes. The

mechanism and hence the rate of wear can change, perhaps quite suddenly, with the conditions, such

as contact pressure, speed, and temperature. In any practical circumstances, the mechanisms can be

complex and critically dependent on the conditions. Consequently, the critical factor as regards

testing is that the test conditions should essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good

correlation is to be obtained. Even a comparison between two rubbers can be invalid if the dominant

mechanism is different in testing and in service. The range of conditions encountered in applications

such as tyres is so complex, that they cannot be matched by a single test.

It follows that there cannot be a universal standard abrasion test method for rubber, and the test

method and test conditions have to be chosen to suit the end application. Also, great care has to be

taken if the test is intended to provide a significant degree of acceleration.
5 Types of abrasion test

Many abrasion testing machines have been devised and standardized at national level for use with

rubber. The majority of rubber tests involve a relatively sharp abradant and were devised for use

with tyre tread materials.

Abrasion tests can be divided into two main types: those using a loose abradant and those using a

solid abradant.

A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shot-blasting machine as a logical way

of simulating the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the rubber in service. A loose

abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces. Conveyor belts or tank linings are examples

of products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A car tyre is an example of the situation where

there is a combination of abrasion against a solid rough abradant, the road, and abrasion against a

free-flowing abradant in the form of grit particles. This situation can also occur in testing as a result

of the generation of wear debris from a solid abradant.

Solid abradants can consist of almost anything, but the most common are: abrasive wheels (vitreous

or resilient), abrasive papers or cloths, and metal “knives”. The majority of wear situations involve

the rubber moving in contact with another solid material.

Distinctions can be made on the basis of the geometry by which the test piece and abradant are

rubbed together. Many geometries are possible, and some common configurations are shown in

Figure 1 to Figure 9:
Formatted: Pattern: Clear

Figure 1: The test piece reciprocates linearly against a sheet of abradant (or alternatively a strip of Formatted: Pattern: Clear

abradant can be moved past a stationary test piece).
Formatted: Pattern: Clear

Figure 2: The abradant is a rotating disc with the test piece held against it (or vice versa).

Formatted: Pattern: Clear

Figure 3: Both abradant and test piece are in the form of a wheel, either of which can be the driven

Formatted: Pattern: Clear
member.

Figure 4: The rotating disc test piece is driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s). The relative

Formatted: Pattern: Clear
position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 5: Both the test piece and the abradant are rotating.
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)

Figure 6: The test piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum. The test piece may

Formatted: Pattern: Clear
can also be rotated.
Figure 7: The test piece revolves in contact with metal knives.
Formatted: Pattern: Clear

Figure 8: Test pieces are tumbled together with abrasive particles inside a hollow rotating drum.

Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Figure 9: Single metal knife is held against a rotating tube test piece.
Formatted: Pattern: Clear

If the abrasion is unidirectional, abrasion patterns will develop which can markedly affect abrasion

loss.
23794_ed4fig1.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
Figure 1 — Test piece reciprocating linearly against a sheet of abradant
23794_ed4fig2.EPS
4 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
Figure 2 — Test piece held against a rotating disc of abradant
23794_ed4fig3.EPS
Key
1 test piece
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic

Figure 3 — Test piece and abradant in the form of wheels either of which could can be driven

23794_ed4fig4.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic

NOTE The relative position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.

Figure 4 — Rotating disc test piece driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s).)

23794_ed4fig5.EPS
6 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
Figure 5 — Rotating test piece held against a rotating abradant disc
23794_ed4fig6.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
NOTE The test piece may can also be rotated.

Figure 6 — The testTest piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum.

23794_ed4fig7.EPS
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 7
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic

Figure 7 — Knife-type abradant held against test piece in the form of a rotating disc

23794_ed4fig8.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
3 rotating drum (mill)
Figure 8 — Test pieces and abradants inside a rotating drum
23794_ed4fig9.EPS
8 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic

Figure 9 — Knife-type abradant held against a rotating cylindrical tube test piece

6 Abradants
Abradants can be classified into the following types:
— abrasive wheels;
— abrasive papers and cloths attached to discs;
— metal knives;
— smooth surfaces;
— loose abradants.

The abrasive wheel is probably the most convenient abradant because of its low cost and mechanical

stability, and also, by simple refacing, a consistent surface can be maintained. Wheels are

characterized by the nature of the abrading particles, their size and sharpness, the structure of the

wheel, and the manner in which the abrasive is bonded (either resilient or vitreous). It follows that a

very wide range of abrasive properties is possible.

Abrasive papers and cloths are inexpensive and easy to use, but deteriorate in cutting power rather

quickly. They are characterized by the nature of the abrading particles and their size and sharpness.

Metal “knives” can have various geometries, including the form of a mesh and a raised pattern on a

wheel. The main characteristic is the sharpness (radius) of the edges in contact with the rubber, and

there can be some difficulty maintaining a reproducible sharpness.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 9
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)

Smooth surfaces are characterized by their degree of smoothness and the material, which defines the

level of friction.

Loose abradants are commonly particles of the same material as is used to form abrasive wheels or

papers, and are characterized by their size and sharpness.

The choice of abradant should be made primarily to give the best correlation with service conditions,

but it is also necessary for the abradant to be available in a convenient form and for its production to

be reproducible.

As a consequence of these considerations, abrasive wheels and papers or cloths predominate where

cutting by sharp asperities is to be simulated. It is still necessary to select an appropriate asperity

size and sharpness. Materials such as textiles and metal plates are more appropriate for other

applications. Smoother materials generally abrade relatively slowly and, if conditions are

accelerated, give rise to an excessive temperature rise at the sliding surfaces. Because of these

difficulties, abrasive wheels and papers are frequently used for convenience in situations where they

are inappropriate for assessment of in-service performance.
7 Test conditions
7.1 Temperature

Although temperature has a large effect on wear rate and is one of the important factors in obtaining

correlation between laboratory and service conditions, it is extremely difficult to control the

temperature during testing. Abrasion tests are normally carried out at standard laboratory

temperature. However, it is the temperature of the contact surfaces which is of importance rather

than the ambient temperature, and the surface temperature reached is dependent on several

experimental factors as outlined in 7.2 to 7.5.
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
7.2 Degree and rate of slip

With any geometry involving a fixed abradant, there is relative movement or slip between the

abradant and the test piece, and the degree of slip is a critical factor in determining the wear rate. In

Figure 1 and Figure 6, there is 100 % slip, and the rate of slip is the same as the rate of movement

Formatted: Pattern: Clear

between abradant and test piece, whereas in Figure 3, the degree of slip can be varied by changing

Formatted: Pattern: Clear

the angle between the wheels. In Figure 2, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 7, the rate of slip will depend

Formatted: Pattern: Clear

on the distance of the test piece from the centreline. In Figure 9, the degree of slip is 100 % but the

rate of slip varies across the test piece. In all cases, the rate will depend on the speed of the driven

Formatted: Pattern: Clear

member. An increase in the rate of slip will also increase the amount of heat generated and hence the

Formatted: Pattern: Clear
temperature.
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
7.3 Contact pressure
Formatted: Pattern: Clear

The contact pressure between the test piece and abradant is another critical factor in determining

Formatted: Pattern: Clear

the wear rate. Under some conditions, the wear rate is approximately proportional to the pressure,

but abrupt changes will occur if, with changing pressure, the abrasion mechanism changes. Such a

change can be because of a large rise in temperature.

Rather than consider contact pressure and degree of slip separately, it has been proposed that the

power consumed in moving the rubber over the abradant should be used as a measure of the severity

of an abrasion test. The power used will depend on the friction between the surfaces and will

determine the rate of temperature rise.
10 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact

An important difference between the types of apparatus shown in, for example, Figure 1 and Figure 4

Formatted: Pattern: Clear

is that, in the first case, the test piece is continuously and totally in contact with the abradant and

Formatted: Pattern: Clear

there is no chance of the heat generated at the contact surfaces being dissipated.

7.5 Lubricants and contamination

Any change in the nature of the contact surfaces will affect the rate of wear, and this includes changes

in the abradant and the test piece as the wear process proceeds. Additionally, there can be deliberate

addition of another material between the contact surfaces, accidental contamination, debris from the

abradant, and debris from the test piece.

Introduction of a particulate material between the contact surfaces can be made to simulate service

conditions, such as a car tyre running on a dusty road. Similarly, a lubricant such as water can be

introduced. Relatively few types of apparatus are capable of operating under these conditions.

It is common practice to remove wear debris by continuously brushing the test piece or by the use of

air jets. In the latter case, care has to be taken to ensure that the air supply is not contaminated with

oil or water from the compressor. Clogging or smearing of the abradant is a common problem with

abrasive wheels and papers, and its occurrence will invalidate the test. It is normally caused by a high

temperature at the contact surfaces and, although the problem can sometimes be reduced by

introducing a powder between the surfaces, it should be treated as an indication that the test

conditions are not suitable. If high temperatures are experienced in service, a test method in which

new abradant is continually used should be chosen.

If correlation between laboratory tests and service conditions is required, the test conditions should

be chosen extremely carefully to match those found in the application concerned.
8 Abrasion test apparatus

A large number of abrasion testers have been developed, and the following list is not exhaustive, but

covers those of greatest significance in the rubber and plastics industries (the main features of each

are presented in Table 1).
Formatted: Pattern: Clear

— Akron: Wheel-on-wheel geometry, notable for the ability to vary the degree of slip by changing

the relative angle of the wheels.
[2]
NOTE 1 An example of the use of this method can be found in BS 903-A9 .
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Formatted: Pattern: Clear

— Blade abrader: Single knife blade under a constant normal load is in contact with the flat surface

of a rotating cylindrical tube test piece. Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
1) 1

— DuPont (Grasselli) : : Pair of small, flat-faced moulded test pieces on a rotating abrasive paper

disc.
1) [24]

— Laboratory Abrasion Tester 100 (LAT 100) (System Dr Grosch ): Sophisticated computer-

Formatted: Pattern: Clear
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23794
Fourth edition
Rubber, vulcanized or
thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d'abrasion —
Lignes directrices
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 23794:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Wear mechanisms ..............................................................................................................................................................................................2

5 Types of abrasion test .....................................................................................................................................................................................3

6 Abradants .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

7 Test conditions .......................................................................................................................................................................................................9

7.1 Temperature ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

7.2 Degree and rate of slip ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9

7.3 Contact pressure ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact ........................................................................................................................................... 9

7.5 Lubricants and contamination ................................................................................................................................................. 9

8 Abrasion test apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................................10

9 Reference materials ......................................................................................................................................................................................12

10 Test procedure ....................................................................................................................................................................................................12

11 Expression of results ....................................................................................................................................................................................13

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................15

iii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,

Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.

This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 23794:2015), which has been technically

revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— some terms (abradant and abrasion pattern) have been added in Clause 3;
— Figures 1 to 9 have been transferred from Clause 10 to Clause 5;
— some captions for the figures have been changed to proper description;
— in Clause 8, the order of the description has been changed;
— in addition, the text has been editorially revised to improve clarity.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23794:2022(E)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance

WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.

This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its

use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to

determine the applicability of any other restrictions.

WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document can involve the use or generation

of substances, or the generation of waste, that can constitute a local environmental hazard.

Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after

use.
1 Scope

This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and

thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives.

The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and appropriate

test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject to abrasion.

Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product performance are

considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests developed for specific

finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface due to frictional forces
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.1]
3.2
abrasion resistance
resistance to wear resulting from mechanical action upon a surface

Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is expressed by the abrasion resistance index.

[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.2]
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
3.3
abrasion resistance index

ratio of the loss in volume of a standard rubber to the loss in volume of a test rubber, measured under

the same specified conditions and expressed as a percentage

Note 1 to entry: ISO 4649 contains a method for the determination of abrasion resistance (3.2) using a rotating

drum device.
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.3]
3.4
relative volume loss

loss in volume of a test rubber due to abrasion by a specified abradant which causes a reference rubber

to lose a defined mass under the same conditions
3.5
abradant
material or means used for grinding, rasping rubber to cause abrasion
3.6
abrasion pattern
patterns on a surface formed by friction
4 Wear mechanisms

The mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material

are complex, but the principal factors involved are cutting and abrasion. It is possible to categorize

wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made between
— abrasive wear,
— fatigue wear, and
— adhesive wear.

Additionally, wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism.

Abrasive wear is caused by sharp asperities cutting the rubber.

Fatigue wear is caused by particles of rubber being detached as a result of dynamic stressing on a

localized scale.

Adhesive wear is the transfer of rubber to another surface as a result of adhesive forces between the

two surfaces.

Wear by roll formation is where there is progressive tearing of a layer of rubber which forms a roll.

There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on the surface.

The term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream.

In any particular wear situation, more than one mechanism is usually involved, but one can be

predominate. Abrasive wear requires hard, sharp cutting edges, and high friction. Fatigue wear occurs

with smooth or rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. Adhesive wear is much less

common, but can occur on smooth surfaces. Roll formation requires high friction and relatively poor

tear strength. Roll formation results in a characteristic abrasion pattern of ridges and grooves at right

angles to the direction of movement.

Abrasive wear or roll formation results in much more rapid wear than fatigue processes. The

mechanism and hence the rate of wear can change, perhaps quite suddenly, with the conditions, such

as contact pressure, speed, and temperature. In any practical circumstances, the mechanisms can be

complex and critically dependent on the conditions. Consequently, the critical factor as regards testing

PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)

is that the test conditions should essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good correlation is

to be obtained. Even a comparison between two rubbers can be invalid if the dominant mechanism is

different in testing and in service. The range of conditions encountered in applications such as tyres is

so complex, that they cannot be matched by a single test.

It follows that there cannot be a universal standard abrasion test method for rubber, and the test

method and test conditions have to be chosen to suit the end application. Also, great care has to be

taken if the test is intended to provide a significant degree of acceleration.
5 Types of abrasion test

Many abrasion testing machines have been devised and standardized at national level for use with

rubber. The majority of rubber tests involve a relatively sharp abradant and were devised for use with

tyre tread materials.

Abrasion tests can be divided into two main types: those using a loose abradant and those using a solid

abradant.

A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shot-blasting machine as a logical

way of simulating the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the rubber in service. A loose

abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces. Conveyor belts or tank linings are examples of

products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A car tyre is an example of the situation where there

is a combination of abrasion against a solid rough abradant, the road, and abrasion against a free-

flowing abradant in the form of grit particles. This situation can also occur in testing as a result of the

generation of wear debris from a solid abradant.

Solid abradants can consist of almost anything, but the most common are: abrasive wheels (vitreous

or resilient), abrasive papers or cloths, and metal “knives”. The majority of wear situations involve the

rubber moving in contact with another solid material.

Distinctions can be made on the basis of the geometry by which the test piece and abradant are rubbed

together. Many geometries are possible, and some common configurations are shown in Figure 1 to

Figure 9:

Figure 1: The test piece reciprocates linearly against a sheet of abradant (or alternatively a strip of

abradant can be moved past a stationary test piece).

Figure 2: The abradant is a rotating disc with the test piece held against it (or vice versa).

Figure 3: Both abradant and test piece are in the form of a wheel, either of which can be the driven

member.

Figure 4: The rotating disc test piece is driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s). The relative position

of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 5: Both the test piece and the abradant are rotating.

Figure 6: The test piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum. The test piece may can

also be rotated.
Figure 7: The test piece revolves in contact with metal knives.

Figure 8: Test pieces are tumbled together with abrasive particles inside a hollow rotating drum.

Figure 9: Single metal knife is held against a rotating tube test piece.

If the abrasion is unidirectional, abrasion patterns will develop which can markedly affect abrasion

loss.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 1 — Test piece reciprocating linearly against a sheet of abradant
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 2 — Test piece held against a rotating disc of abradant
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---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load

Figure 3 — Test piece and abradant in the form of wheels either of which can be driven

Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load

NOTE The relative position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.

Figure 4 — Rotating disc test piece driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s)
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 5 — Rotating test piece held against a rotating abradant disc
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
NOTE The test piece can also be rotated.
Figure 6 — Test piece held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum
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---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load

Figure 7 — Knife-type abradant held against test piece in the form of a rotating disc

Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
3 rotating drum (mill)
Figure 8 — Test pieces and abradants inside a rotating drum
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load

Figure 9 — Knife-type abradant held against a rotating cylindrical tube test piece

6 Abradants
Abradants can be classified into the following types:
— abrasive wheels;
— abrasive papers and cloths attached to discs;
— metal knives;
— smooth surfaces;
— loose abradants.

The abrasive wheel is probably the most convenient abradant because of its low cost and mechanical

stability, and also, by simple refacing, a consistent surface can be maintained. Wheels are characterized

by the nature of the abrading particles, their size and sharpness, the structure of the wheel, and the

manner in which the abrasive is bonded (either resilient or vitreous). It follows that a very wide range

of abrasive properties is possible.

Abrasive papers and cloths are inexpensive and easy to use, but deteriorate in cutting power rather

quickly. They are characterized by the nature of the abrading particles and their size and sharpness.

Metal “knives” can have various geometries, including the form of a mesh and a raised pattern on a

wheel. The main characteristic is the sharpness (radius) of the edges in contact with the rubber, and

there can be some difficulty maintaining a reproducible sharpness.

Smooth surfaces are characterized by their degree of smoothness and the material, which defines the

level of friction.

Loose abradants are commonly particles of the same material as is used to form abrasive wheels or

papers, and are characterized by their size and sharpness.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO 23794:2022(E)

The choice of abradant should be made primarily to give the best correlation with service conditions,

but it is also necessary for the abradant to be available in a convenient form and for its production to be

reproducible.

As a consequence of these considerations, abrasive wheels and papers or cloths predominate where

cutting by sharp asperities is to be simulated. It is still necessary to select an appropriate asperity size

and sharpness. Materials such as textiles and metal plates are more appropriate for other applications.

Smoother materials generally abrade relatively slowly and, if conditions are accelerated, give rise to an

excessive temperature rise at the sliding surfaces. Because of these difficulties, abrasive wheels and

papers are frequently used for convenience in situations
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