ISO 23794:2023
(Main)Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance
This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives. The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and appropriate test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject to abrasion. Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product performance are considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests developed for specific finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.
Caoutchouc, vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d’abrasion — Lignes directrices
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices relatives à la détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion des caoutchoucs vulcanisés et thermoplastiques. Il inclut des abrasifs à l'état solide ou en poudre. Les lignes directrices fournies sont destinées à faciliter le choix d’une méthode d'essai et des conditions d’essai appropriées pour évaluer un matériau et établir son aptitude à l'emploi pour un produit soumis à une abrasion. Les facteurs ayant une influence sur la corrélation entre des essais d'abrasion en laboratoire et la performance du produit sont pris en compte, mais, par exemple le présent document ne traite pas des essais d'usure mis au point pour des produits finis particuliers en caoutchouc, par exemple essais sur remorque pour les pneumatiques.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23794
Fourth edition
2023-01
Rubber, vulcanized or
thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d'abrasion —
Lignes directrices
Reference number
ISO 23794:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Wear mechanisms .2
5 Types of abrasion test .3
6 Abradants . 8
7 Test conditions .9
7.1 Temperature . 9
7.2 Degree and rate of slip . 9
7.3 Contact pressure . 9
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact . 9
7.5 Lubricants and contamination . 9
8 Abrasion test apparatus .10
9 Reference materials .12
10 Test procedure .12
11 Expression of results .13
Bibliography .15
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,
Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 23794:2015), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— some terms (abradant and abrasion pattern) have been added in Clause 3;
— Figures 1 to 9 have been transferred from Clause 10 to Clause 5;
— some captions for the figures have been changed to proper description;
— in Clause 8, the order of the description has been changed;
— in addition, the text has been editorially revised to improve clarity.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23794:2023(E)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
determine the applicability of any other restrictions.
WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document can involve the use or generation
of substances, or the generation of waste, that can constitute a local environmental hazard.
Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after
use.
1 Scope
This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and
thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives.
The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and appropriate
test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject to abrasion.
Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product performance are
considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests developed for specific
finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface due to frictional forces
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.1]
3.2
abrasion resistance
resistance to wear resulting from mechanical action upon a surface
Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is expressed by the abrasion resistance index.
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.2]
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
3.3
abrasion resistance index
ratio of the loss in volume of a standard rubber to the loss in volume of a test rubber, measured under
the same specified conditions and expressed as a percentage
Note 1 to entry: ISO 4649 contains a method for the determination of abrasion resistance (3.2) using a rotating
drum device.
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.3]
3.4
relative volume loss
loss in volume of a test rubber due to abrasion by a specified abradant which causes a reference rubber
to lose a defined mass under the same conditions
3.5
abradant
material or means used for grinding, rasping rubber to cause abrasion
3.6
abrasion pattern
patterns on a surface formed by friction
4 Wear mechanisms
The mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material
are complex, but the principal factors involved are cutting and abrasion. It is possible to categorize
wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made between
— abrasive wear,
— fatigue wear, and
— adhesive wear.
Additionally, wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism.
Abrasive wear is caused by sharp asperities cutting the rubber.
Fatigue wear is caused by particles of rubber being detached as a result of dynamic stressing on a
localized scale.
Adhesive wear is the transfer of rubber to another surface as a result of adhesive forces between the
two surfaces.
Wear by roll formation is where there is progressive tearing of a layer of rubber which forms a roll.
There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on the surface.
The term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream.
In any particular wear situation, more than one mechanism is usually involved, but one can be
predominate. Abrasive wear requires hard, sharp cutting edges, and high friction. Fatigue wear occurs
with smooth or rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. Adhesive wear is much less
common, but can occur on smooth surfaces. Roll formation requires high friction and relatively poor
tear strength. Roll formation results in a characteristic abrasion pattern of ridges and grooves at right
angles to the direction of movement.
Abrasive wear or roll formation results in much more rapid wear than fatigue processes. The
mechanism and hence the rate of wear can change, perhaps quite suddenly, with the conditions, such
as contact pressure, speed, and temperature. In any practical circumstances, the mechanisms can be
complex and critically dependent on the conditions. Consequently, the critical factor as regards testing
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
is that the test conditions should essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good correlation is
to be obtained. Even a comparison between two rubbers can be invalid if the dominant mechanism is
different in testing and in service. The range of conditions encountered in applications such as tyres is
so complex, that they cannot be matched by a single test.
It follows that there cannot be a universal standard abrasion test method for rubber, and the test
method and test conditions have to be chosen to suit the end application. Also, great care has to be
taken if the test is intended to provide a significant degree of acceleration.
5 Types of abrasion test
Many abrasion testing machines have been devised and standardized at national level for use with
rubber. The majority of rubber tests involve a relatively sharp abradant and were devised for use with
tyre tread materials.
Abrasion tests can be divided into two main types: those using a loose abradant and those using a solid
abradant.
A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shot-blasting machine as a logical
way of simulating the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the rubber in service. A loose
abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces. Conveyor belts or tank linings are examples of
products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A car tyre is an example of the situation where there
is a combination of abrasion against a solid rough abradant, the road, and abrasion against a free-
flowing abradant in the form of grit particles. This situation can also occur in testing as a result of the
generation of wear debris from a solid abradant.
Solid abradants can consist of almost anything, but the most common are: abrasive wheels (vitreous
or resilient), abrasive papers or cloths, and metal “knives”. The majority of wear situations involve the
rubber moving in contact with another solid material.
Distinctions can be made on the basis of the geometry by which the test piece and abradant are rubbed
together. Many geometries are possible, and some common configurations are shown in Figure 1 to
Figure 9:
Figure 1: The test piece reciprocates linearly against a sheet of abradant (or alternatively a strip of
abradant can be moved past a stationary test piece).
Figure 2: The abradant is a rotating disc with the test piece held against it (or vice versa).
Figure 3: Both abradant and test piece are in the form of a wheel, either of which can be the driven
member.
Figure 4: The rotating disc test piece is driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s). The relative position
of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 5: Both the test piece and the abradant are rotating.
Figure 6: The test piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum. The test piece may can
also be rotated.
Figure 7: The test piece revolves in contact with metal knives.
Figure 8: Test pieces are tumbled together with abrasive particles inside a hollow rotating drum.
Figure 9: Single metal knife is held against a rotating tube test piece.
If the abrasion is unidirectional, abrasion patterns will develop which can markedly affect abrasion
loss.
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 1 — Test piece reciprocating linearly against a sheet of abradant
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 2 — Test piece held against a rotating disc of abradant
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 3 — Test piece and abradant in the form of wheels either of which can be driven
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
NOTE The relative position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 4 — Rotating disc test piece driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s)
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 5 — Rotating test piece held against a rotating abradant disc
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
NOTE The test piece can also be rotated.
Figure 6 — Test piece held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 7 — Knife-type abradant held against test piece in the form of a rotating disc
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
3 rotating drum (mill)
Figure 8 — Test pieces and abradants inside a rotating drum
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 9 — Knife-type abradant held against a rotating cylindrical tube test piece
6 Abradants
Abradants can be classified into the following types:
— abrasive wheels;
— abrasive papers and cloths attached to discs;
— metal knives;
— smooth surfaces;
— loose abradants.
The abrasive wheel is probably the most convenient abradant because of its low cost and mechanical
stability, and also, by simple refacing, a consistent surface can be maintained. Wheels are characterized
by the nature of the abrading particles, their size and sharpness, the structure of the wheel, and the
manner in which the abrasive is bonded (either resilient or vitreous). It follows that a very wide range
of abrasive properties is possible.
Abrasive papers and cloths are inexpensive and easy to use, but deteriorate in cutting power rather
quickly. They are characterized by the nature of the abrading particles and their size and sharpness.
Metal “knives” can have various geometries, including the form of a mesh and a raised pattern on a
wheel. The main characteristic is the sharpness (radius) of the edges in contact with the rubber, and
there can be some difficulty maintaining a reproducible sharpness.
Smooth surfaces are characterized by their degree of smoothness and the material, which defines the
level of friction.
Loose abradants are commonly particles of the same material as is used to form abrasive wheels or
papers, and are characterized by their size and sharpness.
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ISO 23794:2023(E)
The choice of abradant should be made primarily to give the best correlation with service conditions,
but it is also necessary for the abradant to be available in a convenient form and for its production to be
reproducible.
As a consequence of these considerations, abrasive wheels and papers or cloths predominate where
cutting by sharp asperities is to be simulated. It is still necessary to select an appropriate asperity size
and sharpness. Materials such as textiles and metal plates are more appropriate for other applications.
Smoother materials generally abrade relatively slowly and, if conditions are accelerated, give rise to an
excessive temperature rise at the sliding surfaces. Because of these difficulties, abrasive wheels and
papers are frequently used for convenience in situations where they are
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 23794
Quatrième édition
2023-01
Caoutchouc, vulcanisé ou
thermoplastique — Essais d’abrasion
— Lignes directrices
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance
Numéro de référence
ISO 23794:2023(F)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2023
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives .1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Mécanismes d'usure .2
5 Types d'essai d'abrasion . 3
6 Agents abrasifs . . 9
7 Conditions d'essai . 9
7.1 Température . 9
7.2 Degré et vitesse de glissement . 10
7.3 Pression de contact . . 10
7.4 Contact continu/intermittent . 10
7.5 Lubrifiants et contamination . 10
8 Appareillage d'essai d'abrasion .11
9 Matériaux de référence .13
10 Mode opératoire d’essai .13
11 Expression des résultats .14
Bibliographie .16
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 45, Élastomères et produits à base
d'élastomères, sous-comité SC 2, Essais et analyses.
Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition (ISO 23794:2015) qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision technique.
Les principales modifications sont les suivantes:
— quelques termes (agent abrasif et schéma d’abrasion) ont été ajoutés dans l’Article 3;
— les Figures 1 à 9 ont été transférées de l’Article 10 à l’Article 5;
— certaines légendes de figures ont été modifiées pour une description correcte;
— à l’Article 8, l’ordre de description a été modifié;
— en outre, le texte a fait l'objet d'une révision éditoriale pour en améliorer la compréhension.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 23794:2023(F)
Caoutchouc, vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais
d’abrasion — Lignes directrices
AVERTISSEMENT 1 — Il convient que l’utilisateur du présent document connaisse bien les
pratiques courantes de laboratoire. Le présent document n’a pas pour objet de traiter tous les
problèmes de sécurité qui sont, le cas échéant, liés à son utilisation. Il incombe à l’utilisateur
d’établir des pratiques appropriées en matière d’hygiène et de sécurité, et déterminer
l'applicabilité de toute autre restriction.
AVERTISSEMENT 2 — Certains modes opératoires spécifiés dans le présent document peuvent
impliquer l’utilisation ou la génération de substances ou de déchets qui pourraient constituer
un danger pour l’environnement local. Il convient de se référer à la documentation appropriée
pour leur manipulation et leur élimination après utilisation.
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices relatives à la détermination de la résistance à
l'abrasion des caoutchoucs vulcanisés et thermoplastiques. Il inclut des abrasifs à l'état solide ou en
poudre.
Les lignes directrices fournies sont destinées à faciliter le choix d’une méthode d'essai et des conditions
d’essai appropriées pour évaluer un matériau et établir son aptitude à l'emploi pour un produit soumis
à une abrasion. Les facteurs ayant une influence sur la corrélation entre des essais d'abrasion en
laboratoire et la performance du produit sont pris en compte, mais, par exemple le présent document
ne traite pas des essais d'usure mis au point pour des produits finis particuliers en caoutchouc, par
exemple essais sur remorque pour les pneumatiques.
2 Références normatives
Le présent document ne contient aucune référence normative.
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et les définitions suivants s'appliquent.
L'ISO et l'IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l'adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia : disponible à l'adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
perte de matière en surface, due à des forces de frottement
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.1]
3.2
résistance à l'abrasion
résistance à une usure résultant d’une action mécanique sur une surface
Note 1 à l'article: La résistance à l'abrasion est exprimée par un indice de résistance à l'abrasion.
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.2]
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
3.3
indice de résistance à l'abrasion
rapport, exprimé en pourcentage, de la diminution de volume d'un mélange témoin à la diminution de
volume du mélange soumis à essai, mesurées dans les mêmes conditions spécifiées
Note 1 à l'article: L’ISO 4649 contient une méthode pour la détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion (3.2) à l'aide
d'un dispositif à tambour rotatif.
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.3]
3.4
perte de volume relative
perte de volume d'un mélange soumis à l'abrasion d'un agent abrasif spécifié qui entraîne une perte de
masse donnée du caoutchouc de référence soumis à essai dans les mêmes conditions
3.5
agent abrasif
matériau ou moyen utilisé pour meuler, râper le caoutchouc afin de provoquer une abrasion
3.6
schéma d'abrasion
motifs sur une surface formée par friction
4 Mécanismes d'usure
Les mécanismes qui provoquent l'usure d'un caoutchouc en mouvement au contact d'un autre matériau
sont complexes mais les facteurs principaux sont l'arrachement de matière et l’abrasion. Plusieurs
modes de classement des mécanismes d'usure sont possibles et une distinction est communément
opérée entre
— l'usure par abrasion,
— l'usure par fatigue, et
— l'usure d'adhérence.
En outre, l'usure conduisant à la formation d'un rouleau de matière est parfois considérée comme un
mécanisme distinct.
L'usure par abrasion est causée par des aspérités aiguës qui déchirent le caoutchouc.
L'usure par fatigue est causée par des particules de caoutchouc qui se détachent sous l'effet de
contraintes dynamiques à une échelle localisée.
L'usure d'adhérence se produit par transfert de caoutchouc sur une autre surface, résultant de forces
d'adhérence entre les deux surfaces.
L'usure conduisant à la formation d'un rouleau résulte du déchirement progressif d'une couche de
caoutchouc qui forme un rouleau.
On peut aussi observer une usure par corrosion due à une attaque chimique directe de la surface.
Le terme d'usure par érosion est parfois utilisé pour désigner l'action des particules dans un courant de
liquide.
Toute situation particulière d'usure est causée, en général, par plusieurs mécanismes, mais l'un d'entre
eux peut prédominer. L'usure par abrasion fait intervenir des arêtes tranchantes et dures ainsi qu'un
frottement élevé. L'usure par fatigue intervient sur des surfaces lisses ou rugueuses mais sans aspérité
et ne nécessite pas un frottement élevé. L'usure d'adhérence est beaucoup moins courante, mais peut
se produire sur des surfaces lisses. La formation d'un rouleau implique un frottement élevé et une
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
résistance à la déchirure relativement faible. La formation d'un rouleau induit un schéma d'abrasion
caractérisé par la présence de crêtes et de sillons perpendiculaires au sens à la direction du mouvement.
L'usure par abrasion ou la formation d'un rouleau entraîne une usure beaucoup plus rapide que
les processus d'usure par fatigue. Le mécanisme et donc la vitesse de l'usure peuvent varier, parfois
de façon très soudaine, en fonction des conditions telles que la pression de contact, la vitesse et la
température. Dans la pratique, les mécanismes sont parfois complexes et dépendent de façon critique
des conditions. En conséquence, il convient que le facteur décisif pour les essais soit que les conditions
d'essai reproduisent rigoureusement les conditions de service, afin d'obtenir une bonne corrélation.
Une comparaison entre deux caoutchoucs peut perdre sa validité si le mécanisme dominant varie entre
l'essai et le service. L'éventail des conditions rencontrées dans des applications telles que les pneus est
si complexe qu'il est impossible de les reproduire lors d'un essai unique.
Par conséquent, il ne peut y avoir une méthode d'essai normalisée universelle d'abrasion du caoutchouc,
et la méthode d'essai et les conditions d'essai doivent être choisies en fonction de l'application finale. En
outre, de grandes précautions sont à prendre si l'essai comporte un niveau d'accélération significatif.
5 Types d'essai d'abrasion
Beaucoup de machines d'essai d'abrasion ont été créées et normalisées au niveau national pour être
utilisées avec des caoutchoucs. La majeure partie des essais sur les caoutchoucs fait intervenir un agent
abrasif relativement acéré et a été conçue pour les matériaux de bande de roulement des pneus.
Les essais d'abrasion peuvent être divisés en deux catégories principales selon que l'on utilise un agent
abrasif à l'état de poudre ou un agent abrasif à l'état solide.
Une poudre abrasive peut être utilisée à l'instar d'un appareil de grenaillage pour simuler l'effet du
sable ou d'agents abrasifs analogues sur le caoutchouc en cours de service. Un abrasif en poudre peut
également être utilisé entre deux surfaces glissant l'une par rapport à l'autre. Les bandes transporteuses
ou les garnitures de réservoir sont des exemples de produits soumis à l'abrasion de poudres. Un pneu
de voiture est un exemple de cas où une abrasion contre un agent abrasif rugueux et solide, à savoir
la route, est combiné à un agent abrasif non agglomérant, sous forme de particules de gravier. Cette
situation peut également se produire dans le cadre des essais, en raison de débris d'usure détachés d'un
agent abrasif solide.
Les agents abrasifs solides sont multiples, mais les plus courants sont: les roues abrasives (vitreux ou
élastiques), les toiles ou les papiers abrasifs, et les « lames » métalliques. En majorité, les situations
d'usure font intervenir un caoutchouc en mouvement, en contact avec un autre matériau solide.
Des distinctions peuvent être établies en fonction de la forme selon laquelle l'éprouvette et l'agent abrasif
frottent l'un contre l'autre. De très nombreuses formules sont possibles et certaines configurations
courantes sont représentées aux Figure 1 à Figure 9:
Figure 1: L'éprouvette est déplacée linéairement par mouvements de va-et-vient sur une plaque d'agent
abrasif (ou, en variante, une plaque d'agent abrasif peut être déplacée sur une éprouvette fixe).
Figure 2: L'agent abrasif est un disque tournant contre lequel est maintenue l'éprouvette (ou vice versa).
Figure 3: Les deux éléments d'essai ont la forme de roues qui peuvent l'une ou l'autre être l'élément
entraîné.
Figure 4: L'éprouvette à disque rotatif entraîne, ou est entraînée par, la ou les roues abrasives. La
position relative de l'éprouvette et de l'abrasif est comme indiquée sur la figure ou inverse.
Figure 5: L'éprouvette et l'agent abrasif sont tous deux tournants.
Figure 6: L'éprouvette est maintenue contre un rouleau tournant et traverse le rouleau. L'éprouvette
peut également être en rotation.
Figure 7: L'éprouvette tourne en contact avec des lames métalliques.
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Figure 8: Les éprouvettes sont mélangées avec des particules abrasives à l'intérieur d'un tambour
rotatif creux.
Figure 9: Une lame métallique unique est tenue contre une éprouvette en rotation en forme de tube.
Si l'abrasion est unidirectionnelle, les marques d'abrasion qui se forment risquent d'affecter notablement
la perte par abrasion.
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
Figure 1 — Éprouvette en va-et-vient linéaire sur une plaque d'agent abrasif
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
Figure 2 — Éprouvette maintenue contre un disque abrasif tournant
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
Figure 3 — Éprouvette et agent abrasif en forme de roues qui peuvent l'une ou l'autre être
l'élément entraîné
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
NOTE La position relative de l'éprouvette et de l'abrasif est comme indiquée sur la figure ou inverse.
Figure 4 — L'éprouvette à disque rotatif entraîne, ou est entraînée par la (les) roue(s)
abrasive(s)
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
Figure 5 — Éprouvette tournante maintenue contre une roue abrasive tournante
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Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
NOTE L'éprouvette peut également être en rotation.
Figure 6 — L’éprouvette est maintenue contre un rouleau abrasif tournant et traverse le
rouleau
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
Figure 7 — Abrasif en forme de couteau maintenu contre une éprouvette sous forme de disque
tournant
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
3 tambour rotatif (rouleau)
Figure 8 — Éprouvettes et abrasifs à l'intérieur d'un tambour rotatif
Légende
1 éprouvette
2 agent abrasif
F charge
Figure 9 — Abrasif en forme de couteau tenu contre une éprouvette en forme de tube
cylindrique en rotation
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
6 Agents abrasifs
Les agents abrasifs peuvent être classés en plusieurs catégories:
— roues abrasives;
— papiers et toiles abrasifs fixés sur des disques;
— lames métalliques;
— surfaces lisses;
— agents abrasifs en poudre.
La roue abrasive est probablement l'agent abrasif le plus pratique en raison de son faible coût, de sa
stabilité mécanique et du fait qu'une surface homogène peut être maintenue par simple rectification.
Les roues sont caractérisées par la nature des particules abrasives, leur dimension et leur géométrie, la
structure de la roue et le mode de fixation de l'abrasif (soit élastique soit vitreux). En conséquence, une
très vaste gamme de propriétés abrasives est possible.
Les toiles et les papiers abrasifs sont peu onéreux et faciles à utiliser, mais la qualité de la coupe s'altère
assez rapidement. Ils sont caractérisés par la nature, la taille et l’acuité des particules abrasives.
Les «lames» métalliques peuvent prendre différentes formes, y compris celle d'un maillage ou d'une
structure en relief sur une roue. La principale caractéristique est le tranchant (rayon) des arêtes en
contact avec le caoutchouc et il est parfois difficile de maintenir un tranchant reproductible.
Les surfaces lisses sont caractérisées par leur rugosité et par le matériau, qui définit le niveau de
frottement.
Les agents abrasifs en poudre sont couramment des particules des mêmes matériaux que ceux utilisés
pour la fabrication des roues ou des papiers abrasifs et se caractérisent par la dimension et l’acuité de
leurs grains.
Il convient que la sélection de l'agent abrasif soit opérée, avant tout pour assurer la meilleure corrélation
avec les conditions de service, mais il est également indispensable que l'abrasif soit disponible sous une
forme pratique et que sa production soit reproductible.
Partant de ces considérations, les roues, toiles et papiers abrasifs prévalent lorsqu'il faut simuler un
déchirement par des aspérités aiguës, mais il faut encore choisir une taille et une acuité appropriées
des aspérités. Des matériaux tels que les textiles et les plaques métalliques sont plus appropriés pour
d'autres applications. Avec des matériaux relativement lisses, l'abrasion est généralement plus lente et
le fait d'accélérer les conditions engendre une augmentation trop importante de la température sur les
surfaces de glissement. En raison de ces difficultés, on utilise fréquemment, par commodité, des roues
et papiers abrasifs dans des situations où ils sont inappropriés pour l'évaluation des performances
pendant le service.
7 Conditions d'essai
7.1 Température
Même si la température a un effet important sur la vitesse d'usure et qu'il s'agit de l'un des facteurs
essentiels pour obtenir une corrélation entre les conditions de laboratoire et les conditions de
service, il est extrêmement difficile de maîtriser la température durant l'essai. Les essais d'abrasion
sont normalement effectués à une température de laboratoire normalisée. Cependant, plutôt que
la température ambiante, c'est la température des surfaces en contact qui est importante et cette
température dépend de plusieurs facteurs expérimentaux examinés de 7.2 à 7.5.
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7.2 Degré et vitesse de glissement
Quelle que soit la forme impliquant un agent abrasif fixe, il y a un mouvement relatif ou un glissement entre
l'abrasif et l'éprouvette d'essai. Le degré de glissement est un facteur essentiel pour la détermination de
la vitesse d'usure. À la Figure 1 et à la Figure 6, le glissement est de 100 % et la vitesse de glissement est
la même que celle du mouvement entre l'agent abrasif et l'éprouvette, tandis qu'à la Figure 3 le degré de
glissement peut varier si l'on change l'angle entre les roues. Aux Figure 2, Figure 4, Figure 5, et Figure 7,
la vitesse de glissement dépendra de la distance entre l'éprouvette et le centre de la roue. A la Figure 9,
le degré de glissement est de 100 % mais le taux de glissement varie sur l'éprouvette. Dans tous les cas,
la vitesse de glissement dépend de la vitesse du composant entraîné. Une augmentation de la vitesse de
glissement augmentera également la chaleur générée et donc la température.
7.3 Pression de contact
La pression de contact entre l'éprouvette et l'agent abrasif est un autre facteur essentiel pour déterminer
la vitesse d'usure. Dans certaines conditions, la vitesse d'usure est pratiquement proportionnelle à la
pression mais des changements brusques interviendront si le mécanisme d'abrasion change, suite à un
changement de pression. Un changement de ce type peut provenir d'une augmentation importante de la
température.
Plutôt que de considérer indépendamment la pression de contact et le degré de glissement, il a été
suggéré d'utiliser la puissance consommée pour déplacer le caoutchouc sur l'agent abrasif comme
mesure de la sévérité d'un essai d'abrasion. La puissance déployée dépend alors du frottement entre les
surfaces et détermine la vitesse de l'augmentation de température.
7.4 Contact continu/intermittent
Une différence importante entre les appareils représentés, par exemple aux Figure 1 et Figure 4, est
que, dans le premier cas, l'éprouvette est constamment et totalement en contact avec l'agent abrasif et
donc que la chaleur générée sur la surface de contact ne peut en aucun cas se dissiper.
7.5 Lubrifiants et contamination
Toute modification de la nature des surfaces en contact aura une incidence sur la vitesse d'usure, qu'il
s'agisse de modifications de l'agent abrasif ou de l'éprouvette au cours de l'usure. En outre, un autre
matériau peut être délibérément introduit entre les surfaces de contact, une contamination accidentelle
peut se produire ou des débris provenant de l'agent abrasif ou de l'éprouvette peuvent apparaître.
Pour simuler les conditions de service, un matériau sous forme de particules peut être introduit entre
les surfaces de contact, comme un pneu de voiture roulant sur une route poussiéreuse. De même,
on peut introduire entre les surfaces un lubrifiant tel que de l'eau. Les appareils d'essai capables de
fonctionner dans de telles conditions sont relativement rares.
Il est courant d'éliminer constamment les débris d'usure sur l'éprouvette à l'aide d'une brosse ou en
utilisant de l'air sous pression. Pour l'air sous pression, il est important de veiller à ce que l'alimentation
en air ne soit pas contaminée par de l'huile ou de l'eau venant du compresseur. Avec les roues et les
papiers abrasifs, un phénomène de colmatage ou de poissage de l'agent abrasif est courant et invalide
l'essai. Ce problème est normalement provoqué par une température élevée sur les surfaces de contact
et, même si l'on parvient parfois à l'atténuer en introduisant une poudre entre les surfaces, il convient
de considérer que ce phénomène indique des conditions d'essai inappropriées. Si des températures
élevées sont prévues en conditions de service, il convient de choisir une méthode d'essai dans laquelle
l'agent abrasif est continuellement renouvelé.
Si une corrélation entre les essais en laboratoire et les conditions de service est nécessaire, il convient
que les conditions d'essai soient choisies avec le plus grand soin pour correspondre à celles de
l'application concernée.
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ISO 23794:2023(F)
8 Appareillage d'essai d'abrasion
Un grand nombre d'appareils d'essai d'abrasion ont été mis au point et la liste suivante, qui n'est pas
exhaustive, indique les principaux appareils utilisés dans l'industrie des polymères et du caoutchouc
(les caractéristiques principales pour chaque appareil sont présentées dans le Tableau 1).
— Akron: Forme roue sur roue, possibilité de faire varier le degré de glissement en fonction de l'angle
relatif des roues.
[2]
NOTE 1 Un exemple de l'utilisation de cette méthode figure dans la BS 903-A9 .
— Lame abrasive: Une lame de couteau unique soumise à une charge normale constante est en contact
avec la surface plate d’une éprouvette en rotation en forme de tube cylindrique.
1)
— DuPont (Grasselli) : Deux petites éprouvettes plates moulées sur un disque tournant de papier
abrasif.
1) [24]
— Laboratory Abrasion Tester 100 (LAT 100) (Système du Dr. Grosch ): Appareil sophistiqué à
commande électronique permettant de faire varier plusieurs paramètres. Forme à roue sur disque.
1)
— Lambourn (Dunlop) : L'éprouvette et la roue abrasive sont toutes deux entraînées mais à des
vitesses différentes.
— Lambourn perfectionné: Modèle très perfectionné avec entraînement distinct pour l'éprouvette et
la roue abrasive.
1)
— Martindale : Éprouvette disque sur disque de toile abrasive. Le schéma du mouvement relatif forme
une courbe de Lissajous induisant une abrasion multidirectionnelle. Méthode normalisée pour les
tissus enduits.
NOTE 2 Un exemple de l'utilisation de cette méthode pour les textiles enduits se trouve dans
[4]
l'ISO 5470-2 .
— NBS (appareil pour article chaussant): Éprouvette carrée de petite taille en contact avec un tambour
tournant recouvert de papier abrasif. Utilisé essentiellement pour les composants d'articles
chaussants.
NOTE 3 Un exemple de l'utilisation de cette méthode, essentiellement pour les semelles et les talons de
[5]
chaussures, figure dans l'ASTM D1630 .
— Pico: Éprouvette disque tournant contre deux lames en tungstène avec flux uniforme de poudre
destiné à éliminer les produits d’abrasion.
[6]
NOTE 4 Un exemple de l'utilisation de cette méthode figure dans l'ASTM D2228 .
— Tambour cylindrique tournant (DIN, Conti): Petite éprouvette disque déplacée sur un cylindre
tournant recouvert de papier abrasif présentant une large surface abrasive pour l'épr
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23794
Fourth edition
Rubber, vulcanized or
thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d'abrasion —
Lignes directrices
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 23794:2022(E)
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Wear mechanisms .2
5 Types of abrasion test .3
6 Abradants . 8
7 Test conditions .9
7.1 Temperature . 9
7.2 Degree and rate of slip . 9
7.3 Contact pressure . 9
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact . 9
7.5 Lubricants and contamination . 9
8 Abrasion test apparatus .10
9 Reference materials .12
10 Test procedure .12
11 Expression of results .13
Bibliography .15
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,
Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 23794:2015), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— some terms (abradant and abrasion pattern) have been added in Clause 3;
— Figures 1 to 9 have been transferred from Clause 10 to Clause 5;
— some captions for the figures have been changed to proper description;
— in Clause 8, the order of the description has been changed;
— in addition, the text has been editorially revised to improve clarity.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23794:2022(E)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
determine the applicability of any other restrictions.
WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document can involve the use or generation
of substances, or the generation of waste, that can constitute a local environmental hazard.
Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after
use.
1 Scope
This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and
thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives.
The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and appropriate
test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject to abrasion.
Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product performance are
considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests developed for specific
finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface due to frictional forces
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.1]
3.2
abrasion resistance
resistance to wear resulting from mechanical action upon a surface
Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is expressed by the abrasion resistance index.
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.2]
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3.3
abrasion resistance index
ratio of the loss in volume of a standard rubber to the loss in volume of a test rubber, measured under
the same specified conditions and expressed as a percentage
Note 1 to entry: ISO 4649 contains a method for the determination of abrasion resistance (3.2) using a rotating
drum device.
[1]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020 , 3.3]
3.4
relative volume loss
loss in volume of a test rubber due to abrasion by a specified abradant which causes a reference rubber
to lose a defined mass under the same conditions
3.5
abradant
material or means used for grinding, rasping rubber to cause abrasion
3.6
abrasion pattern
patterns on a surface formed by friction
4 Wear mechanisms
The mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material
are complex, but the principal factors involved are cutting and abrasion. It is possible to categorize
wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made between
— abrasive wear,
— fatigue wear, and
— adhesive wear.
Additionally, wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism.
Abrasive wear is caused by sharp asperities cutting the rubber.
Fatigue wear is caused by particles of rubber being detached as a result of dynamic stressing on a
localized scale.
Adhesive wear is the transfer of rubber to another surface as a result of adhesive forces between the
two surfaces.
Wear by roll formation is where there is progressive tearing of a layer of rubber which forms a roll.
There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on the surface.
The term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream.
In any particular wear situation, more than one mechanism is usually involved, but one can be
predominate. Abrasive wear requires hard, sharp cutting edges, and high friction. Fatigue wear occurs
with smooth or rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. Adhesive wear is much less
common, but can occur on smooth surfaces. Roll formation requires high friction and relatively poor
tear strength. Roll formation results in a characteristic abrasion pattern of ridges and grooves at right
angles to the direction of movement.
Abrasive wear or roll formation results in much more rapid wear than fatigue processes. The
mechanism and hence the rate of wear can change, perhaps quite suddenly, with the conditions, such
as contact pressure, speed, and temperature. In any practical circumstances, the mechanisms can be
complex and critically dependent on the conditions. Consequently, the critical factor as regards testing
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
is that the test conditions should essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good correlation is
to be obtained. Even a comparison between two rubbers can be invalid if the dominant mechanism is
different in testing and in service. The range of conditions encountered in applications such as tyres is
so complex, that they cannot be matched by a single test.
It follows that there cannot be a universal standard abrasion test method for rubber, and the test
method and test conditions have to be chosen to suit the end application. Also, great care has to be
taken if the test is intended to provide a significant degree of acceleration.
5 Types of abrasion test
Many abrasion testing machines have been devised and standardized at national level for use with
rubber. The majority of rubber tests involve a relatively sharp abradant and were devised for use with
tyre tread materials.
Abrasion tests can be divided into two main types: those using a loose abradant and those using a solid
abradant.
A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shot-blasting machine as a logical
way of simulating the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the rubber in service. A loose
abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces. Conveyor belts or tank linings are examples of
products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A car tyre is an example of the situation where there
is a combination of abrasion against a solid rough abradant, the road, and abrasion against a free-
flowing abradant in the form of grit particles. This situation can also occur in testing as a result of the
generation of wear debris from a solid abradant.
Solid abradants can consist of almost anything, but the most common are: abrasive wheels (vitreous
or resilient), abrasive papers or cloths, and metal “knives”. The majority of wear situations involve the
rubber moving in contact with another solid material.
Distinctions can be made on the basis of the geometry by which the test piece and abradant are rubbed
together. Many geometries are possible, and some common configurations are shown in Figure 1 to
Figure 9:
Figure 1: The test piece reciprocates linearly against a sheet of abradant (or alternatively a strip of
abradant can be moved past a stationary test piece).
Figure 2: The abradant is a rotating disc with the test piece held against it (or vice versa).
Figure 3: Both abradant and test piece are in the form of a wheel, either of which can be the driven
member.
Figure 4: The rotating disc test piece is driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s). The relative position
of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 5: Both the test piece and the abradant are rotating.
Figure 6: The test piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum. The test piece may can
also be rotated.
Figure 7: The test piece revolves in contact with metal knives.
Figure 8: Test pieces are tumbled together with abrasive particles inside a hollow rotating drum.
Figure 9: Single metal knife is held against a rotating tube test piece.
If the abrasion is unidirectional, abrasion patterns will develop which can markedly affect abrasion
loss.
3
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 1 — Test piece reciprocating linearly against a sheet of abradant
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 2 — Test piece held against a rotating disc of abradant
4
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 3 — Test piece and abradant in the form of wheels either of which can be driven
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
NOTE The relative position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 4 — Rotating disc test piece driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s)
5
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 5 — Rotating test piece held against a rotating abradant disc
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
NOTE The test piece can also be rotated.
Figure 6 — Test piece held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum
6
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 7 — Knife-type abradant held against test piece in the form of a rotating disc
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
3 rotating drum (mill)
Figure 8 — Test pieces and abradants inside a rotating drum
7
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Figure 9 — Knife-type abradant held against a rotating cylindrical tube test piece
6 Abradants
Abradants can be classified into the following types:
— abrasive wheels;
— abrasive papers and cloths attached to discs;
— metal knives;
— smooth surfaces;
— loose abradants.
The abrasive wheel is probably the most convenient abradant because of its low cost and mechanical
stability, and also, by simple refacing, a consistent surface can be maintained. Wheels are characterized
by the nature of the abrading particles, their size and sharpness, the structure of the wheel, and the
manner in which the abrasive is bonded (either resilient or vitreous). It follows that a very wide range
of abrasive properties is possible.
Abrasive papers and cloths are inexpensive and easy to use, but deteriorate in cutting power rather
quickly. They are characterized by the nature of the abrading particles and their size and sharpness.
Metal “knives” can have various geometries, including the form of a mesh and a raised pattern on a
wheel. The main characteristic is the sharpness (radius) of the edges in contact with the rubber, and
there can be some difficulty maintaining a reproducible sharpness.
Smooth surfaces are characterized by their degree of smoothness and the material, which defines the
level of friction.
Loose abradants are commonly particles of the same material as is used to form abrasive wheels or
papers, and are characterized by their size and sharpness.
8
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
The choice of abradant should be made primarily to give the best correlation with service conditions,
but it is also necessary for the abradant to be available in a convenient form and for its production to be
reproducible.
As a consequence of these considerations, abrasive wheels and papers or cloths predominate where
cutting by sharp asperities is to be simulated. It is still necessary to select an appropriate asperity size
and sharpness. Materials such as textiles and metal plates are more appropriate for other applications.
Smoother materials generally abrade relatively slowly and, if conditions are accelerated, give rise to an
excessive temperature rise at the sliding surfaces. Because of these difficulties, abrasive wheels and
papers are frequently used for convenience in situations
...
ISO 23794:2022(E)
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line: 0 pt, Tab stops: Not at 21.6 pt
ISO/TC 45/SC 2
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at 18 pt
Secretariat: JISC
Style Definition: Heading 3: Font: Bold
Date: 2022-11-17xx
Style Definition: Heading 4: Font: Bold
Style Definition: Heading 5: Font: Bold
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing — Guidance
Style Definition: Heading 6: Font: Bold
Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Essais d'abrasion — Lignes directrices
Style Definition: ANNEX
Style Definition: AMEND Terms Heading: Font: Bold
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Font: Bold
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission
can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
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Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Contents
Foreword . iii
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1 Scope. iii
2 Normative references . iii
3 Terms and definitions . iii
4 Wear mechanisms . iii
5 Types of abrasion test . iii
6 Abradants . iii
7 Test conditions . iii
7.1 Temperature . iii
7.2 Degree and rate of slip . iii
7.3 Contact pressure . iii
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact . iii
7.5 Lubricants and contamination . iii
8 Abrasion test apparatus . iii
9 Reference materials . iii
10 Test procedure . iii
11 Expression of results . iii
Bibliography . iii
Foreword iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Wear mechanisms . 2
5 Types of abrasion test . 3
6 Abradants . 9
7 Test conditions . 10
7.1 Temperature . 10
7.2 Degree and rate of slip . 10
7.3 Contact pressure . 10
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact . 11
8.5 Lubricants and contamination . 11
8 Abrasion test apparatus . 11
9 Reference materials . 14
10 Test procedure . 14
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
10 Expression of results . 15
Bibliography . 17
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Asian text, Adjust space between Asian text and
numbers, Tab stops: Not at 22 pt + 467.5 pt
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part
in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with
the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see
www.iso.org/directiveswww.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details
of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction
and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see
www.iso.org/patentswww.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,
Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 23794:2015), which has been
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technically revised.
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The main changes are as follows:
— some terms (abradant and abrasion paternpattern) have been added in Clause 3;
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— Figures 1 to 9 have been transferred from Clause 10 to Clause 5;
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— some captions for the figures have been changed to proper description;
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— in Clause 8, the order of the description has been changed;
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— in addition, the text has been editorially revised to improve clarity.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23794:2022(E)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Abrasion testing —
Guidance
WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This
document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is
the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine
the applicability of any other restrictions.
WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document can involve the use or generation of
substances, or the generation of waste, that can constitute a local environmental hazard. Reference
should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after use.
1 Scope
This document provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and
thermoplastic rubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives.
The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and
appropriate test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject
to abrasion. Factors influencing the correlation between laboratory abrasion testing and product
performance are considered, but, for example this document is not concerned with wear tests
developed for specific finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface due to frictional forces
[[1]]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020, , 3.1]
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3.2
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abrasion resistance
resistance to wear resulting from mechanical action upon a surface
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Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is expressed by the abrasion resistance index.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
[[1]]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020, , 3.2]
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3.3
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abrasion resistance index
ratio of the loss in volume of a standard rubber to the loss in volume of a test rubber, measured under
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the same specified conditions and expressed as a percentage
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Note 1 to entry: ISO 4649 contains a method for the determination of abrasion resistance (3.2) using a rotating
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drum device.
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[[1]]
[SOURCE: ISO 1382:2020, , 3.3] Formatted: Pattern: Clear
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3.4
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relative volume loss
loss in volume of a test rubber due to abrasion by a specified abradant which causes a reference
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rubber to lose a defined mass under the same conditions
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3.5
abradant
material or means used for grinding, rasping rubber to cause abrasion
3.6
abrasion pattern
patterns on a surface formed by friction
4 Wear mechanisms
The mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material
are complex, but the principal factors involved are cutting and abrasion. It is possible to categorize
wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made between:
— abrasive wear,
— fatigue wear, and
— adhesive wear.
Additionally, wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism.
Abrasive wear is caused by sharp asperities cutting the rubber.
Fatigue wear is caused by particles of rubber being detached as a result of dynamic stressing on a
localized scale.
Adhesive wear is the transfer of rubber to another surface as a result of adhesive forces between the
two surfaces.
Wear by roll formation is where there is progressive tearing of a layer of rubber which forms a roll.
There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on the surface.
The term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream.
In any particular wear situation, more than one mechanism is usually involved, but one can be
predominate. Abrasive wear requires hard, sharp cutting edges, and high friction. Fatigue wear
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
occurs with smooth or rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. Adhesive wear is
much less common, but can occur on smooth surfaces. Roll formation requires high friction and
relatively poor tear strength. Roll formation results in a characteristic abrasion pattern of ridges and
grooves at right angles to the direction of movement.
Abrasive wear or roll formation results in much more rapid wear than fatigue processes. The
mechanism and hence the rate of wear can change, perhaps quite suddenly, with the conditions, such
as contact pressure, speed, and temperature. In any practical circumstances, the mechanisms can be
complex and critically dependent on the conditions. Consequently, the critical factor as regards
testing is that the test conditions should essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good
correlation is to be obtained. Even a comparison between two rubbers can be invalid if the dominant
mechanism is different in testing and in service. The range of conditions encountered in applications
such as tyres is so complex, that they cannot be matched by a single test.
It follows that there cannot be a universal standard abrasion test method for rubber, and the test
method and test conditions have to be chosen to suit the end application. Also, great care has to be
taken if the test is intended to provide a significant degree of acceleration.
5 Types of abrasion test
Many abrasion testing machines have been devised and standardized at national level for use with
rubber. The majority of rubber tests involve a relatively sharp abradant and were devised for use
with tyre tread materials.
Abrasion tests can be divided into two main types: those using a loose abradant and those using a
solid abradant.
A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shot-blasting machine as a logical way
of simulating the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the rubber in service. A loose
abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces. Conveyor belts or tank linings are examples
of products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A car tyre is an example of the situation where
there is a combination of abrasion against a solid rough abradant, the road, and abrasion against a
free-flowing abradant in the form of grit particles. This situation can also occur in testing as a result
of the generation of wear debris from a solid abradant.
Solid abradants can consist of almost anything, but the most common are: abrasive wheels (vitreous
or resilient), abrasive papers or cloths, and metal “knives”. The majority of wear situations involve
the rubber moving in contact with another solid material.
Distinctions can be made on the basis of the geometry by which the test piece and abradant are
rubbed together. Many geometries are possible, and some common configurations are shown in
Figure 1 to Figure 9:
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Figure 1: The test piece reciprocates linearly against a sheet of abradant (or alternatively a strip of Formatted: Pattern: Clear
abradant can be moved past a stationary test piece).
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Figure 2: The abradant is a rotating disc with the test piece held against it (or vice versa).
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Figure 3: Both abradant and test piece are in the form of a wheel, either of which can be the driven
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member.
Figure 4: The rotating disc test piece is driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s). The relative
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position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 5: Both the test piece and the abradant are rotating.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Figure 6: The test piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum. The test piece may
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can also be rotated.
Figure 7: The test piece revolves in contact with metal knives.
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Figure 8: Test pieces are tumbled together with abrasive particles inside a hollow rotating drum.
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Figure 9: Single metal knife is held against a rotating tube test piece.
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If the abrasion is unidirectional, abrasion patterns will develop which can markedly affect abrasion
loss.
23794_ed4fig1.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
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Figure 1 — Test piece reciprocating linearly against a sheet of abradant
23794_ed4fig2.EPS
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
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Figure 2 — Test piece held against a rotating disc of abradant
23794_ed4fig3.EPS
Key
1 test piece
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
Figure 3 — Test piece and abradant in the form of wheels either of which could can be driven
23794_ed4fig4.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
NOTE The relative position of test piece and abradant is as the figure and vice versa.
Figure 4 — Rotating disc test piece driving, or driven by, the abradant wheel(s).)
23794_ed4fig5.EPS
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
Figure 5 — Rotating test piece held against a rotating abradant disc
23794_ed4fig6.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
Formatted: Font: Italic
NOTE The test piece may can also be rotated.
Figure 6 — The testTest piece is held against a rotating drum and traverses the drum.
23794_ed4fig7.EPS
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
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Figure 7 — Knife-type abradant held against test piece in the form of a rotating disc
23794_ed4fig8.EPS
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
3 rotating drum (mill)
Figure 8 — Test pieces and abradants inside a rotating drum
23794_ed4fig9.EPS
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Key
1 test piece
2 abradant
F load
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Figure 9 — Knife-type abradant held against a rotating cylindrical tube test piece
6 Abradants
Abradants can be classified into the following types:
— abrasive wheels;
— abrasive papers and cloths attached to discs;
— metal knives;
— smooth surfaces;
— loose abradants.
The abrasive wheel is probably the most convenient abradant because of its low cost and mechanical
stability, and also, by simple refacing, a consistent surface can be maintained. Wheels are
characterized by the nature of the abrading particles, their size and sharpness, the structure of the
wheel, and the manner in which the abrasive is bonded (either resilient or vitreous). It follows that a
very wide range of abrasive properties is possible.
Abrasive papers and cloths are inexpensive and easy to use, but deteriorate in cutting power rather
quickly. They are characterized by the nature of the abrading particles and their size and sharpness.
Metal “knives” can have various geometries, including the form of a mesh and a raised pattern on a
wheel. The main characteristic is the sharpness (radius) of the edges in contact with the rubber, and
there can be some difficulty maintaining a reproducible sharpness.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
Smooth surfaces are characterized by their degree of smoothness and the material, which defines the
level of friction.
Loose abradants are commonly particles of the same material as is used to form abrasive wheels or
papers, and are characterized by their size and sharpness.
The choice of abradant should be made primarily to give the best correlation with service conditions,
but it is also necessary for the abradant to be available in a convenient form and for its production to
be reproducible.
As a consequence of these considerations, abrasive wheels and papers or cloths predominate where
cutting by sharp asperities is to be simulated. It is still necessary to select an appropriate asperity
size and sharpness. Materials such as textiles and metal plates are more appropriate for other
applications. Smoother materials generally abrade relatively slowly and, if conditions are
accelerated, give rise to an excessive temperature rise at the sliding surfaces. Because of these
difficulties, abrasive wheels and papers are frequently used for convenience in situations where they
are inappropriate for assessment of in-service performance.
7 Test conditions
7.1 Temperature
Although temperature has a large effect on wear rate and is one of the important factors in obtaining
correlation between laboratory and service conditions, it is extremely difficult to control the
temperature during testing. Abrasion tests are normally carried out at standard laboratory
temperature. However, it is the temperature of the contact surfaces which is of importance rather
than the ambient temperature, and the surface temperature reached is dependent on several
experimental factors as outlined in 7.2 to 7.5.
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7.2 Degree and rate of slip
With any geometry involving a fixed abradant, there is relative movement or slip between the
abradant and the test piece, and the degree of slip is a critical factor in determining the wear rate. In
Figure 1 and Figure 6, there is 100 % slip, and the rate of slip is the same as the rate of movement
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between abradant and test piece, whereas in Figure 3, the degree of slip can be varied by changing
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the angle between the wheels. In Figure 2, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 7, the rate of slip will depend
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on the distance of the test piece from the centreline. In Figure 9, the degree of slip is 100 % but the
rate of slip varies across the test piece. In all cases, the rate will depend on the speed of the driven
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member. An increase in the rate of slip will also increase the amount of heat generated and hence the
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temperature.
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7.3 Contact pressure
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The contact pressure between the test piece and abradant is another critical factor in determining
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the wear rate. Under some conditions, the wear rate is approximately proportional to the pressure,
but abrupt changes will occur if, with changing pressure, the abrasion mechanism changes. Such a
change can be because of a large rise in temperature.
Rather than consider contact pressure and degree of slip separately, it has been proposed that the
power consumed in moving the rubber over the abradant should be used as a measure of the severity
of an abrasion test. The power used will depend on the friction between the surfaces and will
determine the rate of temperature rise.
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ISO 23794:2022(E)
7.4 Continuous/intermittent contact
An important difference between the types of apparatus shown in, for example, Figure 1 and Figure 4
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is that, in the first case, the test piece is continuously and totally in contact with the abradant and
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there is no chance of the heat generated at the contact surfaces being dissipated.
7.5 Lubricants and contamination
Any change in the nature of the contact surfaces will affect the rate of wear, and this includes changes
in the abradant and the test piece as the wear process proceeds. Additionally, there can be deliberate
addition of another material between the contact surfaces, accidental contamination, debris from the
abradant, and debris from the test piece.
Introduction of a particulate material between the contact surfaces can be made to simulate service
conditions, such as a car tyre running on a dusty road. Similarly, a lubricant such as water can be
introduced. Relatively few types of apparatus are capable of operating under these conditions.
It is common practice to remove wear debris by continuously brushing the test piece or by the use of
air jets. In the latter case, care has to be taken to ensure that the air supply is not contaminated with
oil or water from the compressor. Clogging or smearing of the abradant is a common problem with
abrasive wheels and papers, and its occurrence will invalidate the test. It is normally caused by a high
temperature at the contact surfaces and, although the problem can sometimes be reduced by
introducing a powder between the surfaces, it should be treated as an indication that the test
conditions are not suitable. If high temperatures are experienced in service, a test method in which
new abradant is continually used should be chosen.
If correlation between laboratory tests and service conditions is required, the test conditions should
be chosen extremely carefully to match those found in the application concerned.
8 Abrasion test apparatus
A large number of abrasion testers have been developed, and the following list is not exhaustive, but
covers those of greatest significance in the rubber and plastics industries (the main features of each
are presented in Table 1).
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— Akron: Wheel-on-wheel geometry, notable for the ability to vary the degree of slip by changing
the relative angle of the wheels.
[2]
NOTE 1 An example of the use of this method can be found in BS 903-A9 .
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— Blade abrader: Single knife blade under a constant normal load is in contact with the flat surface
of a rotating cylindrical tube test piece. Formatted: Pattern: Clear
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1) 1
— DuPont (Grasselli) : : Pair of small, flat-faced moulded test pieces on a rotating abrasive paper
disc.
1) [24]
— Laboratory Abrasion Tester 100 (LAT 100) (System Dr Grosch ): Sophisticated computer-
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c
...
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