ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008
(Main)Information technology — JPEG 2000 image coding system: Extensions for three-dimensional data — Part 10:
Information technology — JPEG 2000 image coding system: Extensions for three-dimensional data — Part 10:
ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008 defines a set of lossless (bit-preserving) and lossy compression methods for coding continuous-tone, bi-level, grey-scale, colour digital volumetric images, or multi-component volumetric images. This set of methods extends the elements in the core coding system defined in ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ISO/IEC 15444-2. Extensions which pertain to encoding and decoding are defined as procedures which may be used in combination with the encoding and decoding processes defined in ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ISO/IEC 15444-2. Each encoding or decoding extension is to be used only in combination with particular coding processes and only in accordance with the requirements set forth herein. ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008 also defines extensions to the compressed data format, i.e. interchange format and the abbreviated formats. In particular, for ISO/IEC 15444-2, the following extensions are supported by ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008: variable DC offset; arbitrary wavelet transform kernels; multi-component transformations; non-linear transformations; region-of-interest.
Technologies de l'information — Système de codage d'images JPEG 2000: Extensions pour données tridimensionnelles — Partie 10:
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 15444-10
First edition
2008-12-15
Information technology — JPEG 2000
image coding system: Extensions for
three-dimensional data
Technologies de l'information — Système de codage d'images
JPEG 2000: Extensions pour données tridimensionnelles
Reference number
ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2008
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008(E)
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ii © ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008(E)
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword . iv
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Abbreviations . 2
5 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) . 2
6 General description. 3
Annex A – Codestream syntax, extension . 4
A.1 Extended capabilities . 4
A.2 Extensions to ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-
2 marker segment parameters . 5
Annex B – Image and compressed image data ordering, extension. 16
B.1 Introduction . 16
B.2 Introduction to image data structure concepts . 16
B.3 Component mapping to the reference grid. 16
B.4 Image area division into tiles and tile-components . 16
B.5 Transformed tile-component division into resolution levels and sub-bands . 18
B.6 Division of resolution levels into precincts. 19
B.7 Division of sub-bands into code-blocks . 20
B.8 Packets. 20
B.9 Packet header information coding. 20
B.10 Progression order . 21
Annex C – Coefficient bit modelling. 23
C.1 Introduction . 23
C.2 Code-block scan pattern within code-blocks, extended . 23
C.3 Context model updates. 23
Annex D – Discrete wavelet transformation of tile-components . 24
D.1 Introduction . 24
D.2 Tile-component parameters. 24
D.3 Discrete wavelet transformations. 24
D.4 Inverse discrete wavelet transformation . 24
D.5 Forward transformation (informative) . 32
Annex E – Coding of images with regions of interest, extension. 39
E.1 Introduction . 39
E.2 Decoding of ROI. 39
E.3 Encoding with ROI (informative). 40
E.4 Region of interest mask generation . 42
E.5 Remarks on region of interest coding . 44
Annex F – Examples and guidelines, extensions. 45
F.1 Rate-distortion modelling . 45
Bibliography. 46
© ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 15444-10 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information, in collaboration with
ITU-T. The identical text is published as ITU-T Rec. T.809.
ISO/IEC 15444 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — JPEG 2000
image coding system:
⎯ Part 1: Core coding system
⎯ Part 2: Extensions
⎯ Part 3: Motion JPEG 2000
⎯ Part 4: Conformance testing
⎯ Part 5: Reference software
⎯ Part 6: Compound image file format
⎯ Part 8: Secure JPEG 2000
⎯ Part 9: Interactivity tools, APIs and protocols
⎯ Part 10: Extensions for three-dimensional data
⎯ Part 11: Wireless
⎯ Part 12: ISO base media file format
⎯ Part 13: An entry level JPEG 2000 encoder
iv © ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008 (E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ITU-T RECOMMENDATION
Information technology –
JPEG 2000 image coding system: Extensions for three-dimensional data
1 Scope
ITU-T Rec. T.809 | ISO/IEC 15444-10 is a work item subdivision of ISO/IEC 15444 that provides extensions of
ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2 for logically cuboidal data sets. In
particular, it respects all existing capabilities and syntax of ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and part of the
existing capabilities of ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2 for multi-component images, while providing alternatives
and extensions to some of those capabilities. Within these constraints, it provides an isotropic specification for three-
dimensional data sets; i.e., the project provides identical processing capabilities in all three dimensions even though
ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2 codestream syntax differentiates
between the two spatial axes and the cross-component axis. The context models currently used in this
Recommendation | International Standard are as in ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
ISO/IEC 15444-2. Improved context models will be introduced through an amendment.
2 Normative references
The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated
were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this
Recommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent
edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently
valid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently
valid ITU-T Recommendations.
– ITU-T Recommendation T.800 (2002) | ISO/IEC 15444-1:2004, Information technology – JPEG 2000
image coding system: Core coding system.
– ITU-T Recommendation T.801 (2002) | ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004, Information technology – JPEG 2000
image coding system: Extensions.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following definitions apply:
3.1 3D bit-block: A three-dimensional array of bits. In this Recommendation | International Standard, a
3D bit-block refers to all the bits of the same magnitude in all coefficients or samples. This could refer to a 3D bit-block
in a component, tile-component, 3D code-block, region of interest, or other.
3.2 3D code-block: A rectangular three-dimensional grouping of coefficients from the same sub-band of a
tile-component.
3.3 3D code-block scan: The order in which the coefficients within a 3D code-block are visited during a coding
pass. The 3D code-block is processed in stripes, each consisting of four rows (or all remaining rows if less than four)
and spanning the width of the 3D code-block. Each stripe is processed column by column from top to bottom and from
left to right. The complete 3D code-block is consequently scanned slice by slice. Within a slice, ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1 is followed.
3.4 component (update of ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2): Compressed data from the codestream
representing a single set of two- or three-dimensional data.
3.5 conforming reader (update of ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1): An application that reads and
interprets a JP3D file correctly.
3.6 decomposition level (update of ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2): A collection of sub-bands where
each coefficient has the same spatial impact or span with respect to the original samples. These include the
[H|L|X][H|L|X][H|L|X] sub-band (e.g., LLL, LXL, XXH, …, exclusive XXX) split out of the three-dimensional
decomposition sublevels.
ITU-T Rec. T.809 (08/2007) 1
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008 (E)
3.7 [H|L|X][H|L|X][H|L|X] sub-band: H refers to high-pass filtering and L to low-pass filtering, while X refers
to no filtering. The filter specified first refers to the horizontal filtering, the second to the vertical filtering and the third
to the axial filtering (i.e., respectively along X-, Y- and Z-axes). The filter ordering for this sub-band should always be
respected. The reconstruction will follow the inverse filtering order.
NOTE – The XXX sub-band does not exist (as defined in 3.6).
3.8 image (update of ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1): The set of all components, which can have either
two- or three-spatial dimensions.
3.9 image area offset (update of ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1): The number of reference grid points
down, to the right (and to an increased axial position) of the reference grid origin.
3.10 intermediate component (update of ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2): A single two- or
three-dimensional array of data involved in a stage of a multiple component transformation.
3.11 raster order (update of ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1): A particular sequential order of data of any
type within an array. The raster order starts with the top left data point of the first slice and moves to the data point
immediately to the right, and so on to the end of the row. After the end of the row is reached, the next data point in the
sequence is the left-most data point immediately below the current row. This order is continued to the end of the slice.
Thereafter the next slice is processed in case of a three-dimensional array. This order is continued to the end of the
array.
3.12 resolution (update of ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2): The spatial relation of samples to a physical
space. In this Recommendation | International Standard, the decomposition levels of the wavelet transform create
resolutions that differ by powers of two in the horizontal, the vertical, or – in the three-dimensional case – the axial
direction, or any possible combination of directions. The last (highest) decomposition level includes an [L|X][L|X][L|X]
sub-band (note that XXX is non-existing), which is considered to be a lower resolution. Therefore, there is one more
resolution level than decomposition levels.
3.13 resolution level (update of ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1): Equivalent to decomposition level with
the exception that the [L|X][L|X][L|X] sub-band is also a separate resolution level.
3.14 sample (update of ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1): One element in the two-dimensional or
three-dimensional array that comprises a component.
3.15 slice: A slice is a two-dimensional pixel subset of a volumetric entity, a volumetric code-block or a volumetric
image. A slice is positioned perpendicular to the axial or z-axis.
3.16 spatial coordinates: Spatial coordinates are indicated by x, y and z. Generally, the term axial will be used to
address the Z dimension.
3.17 sub-band (update of ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1): A group of transform coefficients resulting
from the same sequence of low-pass and high-pass filtering operations.
3.18 sub-band order: Within one resolution level, sub-bands are processed and signalled as defined in ITU-T
Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2 for two-dimensional filtering, following a
Morton scanning order [1]. The specification is extended to the three-dimensional case by deploying consequently a
three-dimensional Morton scanning order.
3.19 tile (update of ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1): A cuboidal array of points on the reference grid,
registered with an offset from the reference grid origin and defined by a width (x dimension), a height (y dimension) and
a depth (z dimension). The tiles that overlap are used to define tile-components.
4 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the abbreviations defined in ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1, clause 4, and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2, clause 4, also apply to this Recommendation |
International Standard.
5 Symbols (and abbreviated terms)
For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the symbols defined in ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1, clause 4, and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2, clause 5, also apply to this Recommendation |
International Standard.
2 ITU-T Rec. T.809 (08/2007)
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008 (E)
6 General description
This Recommendation | International Standard defines a set of lossless (bit-preserving) and lossy compression methods
for coding continuous-tone, bi-level, grey-scale, colour digital volumetric images, or multi-component volumetric
images. This set of methods (see An nex A) extends the elements in the core coding system described in ITU-T
Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2. Extensions which pertain to encoding and
decoding are defined as procedures which may be used in combination with the encoding and decoding processes
described in ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2. Each encoding or
decoding extension shall be used only in combination with particular coding processes and only in accordance with the
requirements set forth herein. This Recommendation | International Standard also defines extensions to the compressed
data format, i.e., interchange format and the abbreviated formats.
In particular, for ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2, the following extensions are supported by this
Recommendation | International Standard:
1) variable DC offset;
2) arbitrary wavelet transform kernels;
3) multi-component transformations;
4) non-linear transformations;
5) region-of-interest.
ITU-T Rec. T.809 (08/2007) 3
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008 (E)
Annex A
Codestream syntax, extension
(This annex forms an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard)
A.1 Extended capabilities
The syntax in this annex supports the extensions in this Recommendation | International Standard. These marker
segments conform to the same rules as the syntax in ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 Annex A. The addition of
parameter values to some marker segments in ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
ISO/IEC 15444-2, and the addition of new marker segments signals the information specific to the extensions in this
Recommendation | International Standard.
In every marker segment, the first two bytes after the marker shall be an unsigned value that denotes the length in bytes
of the marker segment parameters (including the two bytes of this length parameter but not the two bytes of the marker
itself).
When a marker segment that is not specified in this Recommendation | International Standard or in ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2 is encountered in a codestream, the decoder shall use the
length parameter to discard the marker segment. Table A.1 shows the marker segments adopted/extended for this
Recommendation | International Standard.
Table A.1 – List of JP3D markers and marker segments
ITU-T Rec. T.80x |
Tile-part
Symbol Code Main header ISO/IEC 15444-x Heritage/
header
Extended
Delimiting markers and
marker segments
Start of codestream SOC 0xFF4F required not allowed ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1
Start of tile-part SOT 0xFF90 not allowed required ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
ISO/IEC 15444-2
Start of data SOD 0xFF93 not allowed last marker ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1
End of codestream EOC 0xFFD9 not allowed not allowed ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1
Fixed information marker
segments
Image and tile size SIZ 0xFF51 required not allowed ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1
Additional dimension image NSI 0xFF54 required not allowed
and tile size
Functional marker
segments
Coding style default COD 0xFF52 required optional ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1, Extended
Coding style component COC 0xFF53 optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1, Extended
Region-of-interest RGN 0xFF5E optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
ISO/IEC 15444-2, Extended
Quantization default QCD 0xFF5C required optional ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1, Extended
Quantization component QCC 0xFF5D optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1, Extended
Arbitrary transformation ATK 0xFF79 optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
kernels ISO/IEC 15444-2
Component bit depth CBD 0xFF78 optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
definition ISO/IEC 15444-2
Multiple component MCT 0xFF74 optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
transformation definition ISO/IEC 15444-2
4 ITU-T Rec. T.809 (08/2007)
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008 (E)
Table A.1 – List of JP3D markers and marker segments
ITU-T Rec. T.80x |
Tile-part
Symbol Code Main header ISO/IEC 15444-x Heritage/
header
Extended
Multiple component MCC 0xFF75 optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
transform collection ISO/IEC 15444-2
Multiple component MCO 0XFF77 optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
transform ordering ISO/IEC 15444-2
Non-linearity point NLT 0xFF76 optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
transformation ISO/IEC 15444-2
Variable DC offset DCO 0XFF70 optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.801 |
ISO/IEC 15444-2
Pointer marker segments
Tile-part lengths TLM 0xFF55 optional not allowed ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1
Packet length, main header PLM 0xFF57 optional not allowed ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1
Packet length, tile-part header PLT 0xFF58 not allowed optional ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1
Packed packet headers, main PPM 0xFF60 optional not allowed ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
header ISO/IEC 15444-1
Packed packet headers, tile- PPT 0xFF61 not allowed optional ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
part header ISO/IEC 15444-1
In bit stream markers and
marker segments
Start of packet SOP 0xFF91 not allowed not allowed in ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
tile-part header, ISO/IEC 15444-1
optional in bit
stream
End of packet header EPH 0xFF92 optional inside optional inside ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
PPM marker PPT marker ISO/IEC 15444-1
segment segment or in
bit stream
Informational marker
segments
Component registration CRG 0xFF63 optional not allowed ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1, Extended
Comment COM 0xFF64 optional optional ITU-T Rec. T.800 |
ISO/IEC 15444-1
a)
Required means the marker or marker segment shall be in this header, optional means it may be used.
A.2 Extensions to ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and ITU-T Rec. T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2
marker segment parameters
A.2.1 Additional dimension image and tile size (NSI)
Function: Provides information about the uncompressed image such as the depth of the reference grid, the depth of
the tiles, and the separation of component samples with respect to the reference grid.
Usage: Main header. There shall be one and only one in the main header after the CAP marker segment and
before the first JP3D-extended marker segment. There shall be only one NSI per codestream.
ITU-T Rec. T.809 (08/2007) 5
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008 (E)
Length: Variable depending on the number of components.
n
ZRsiz
NSI Lnsi Ndim Zsiz ZOsiz ZTsiz ZTOsiz
i
ZRsiz
Figure A.1 – Additional dimension image and tile size syntax (extended)
NSI: Marker code. Table A.2 shows the size and parameter values of the symbol and parameters for
additional dimension image and tile size marker segment.
Lnsi: Length of marker segment in bytes (not including the marker). The value of this parameter is
determined by the following equation:
Lnsi = 19 + Csiz (A-1)
Ndim: Defines the dimensionality of the dataset (disregarding the component dimension). This value is set to
3 by default.
Zsiz: Depth of the reference grid.
ZOsiz: Depth offset from the origin of the reference grid to the front left upper corner of the image volume.
ZTsiz: Depth of one reference tile with respect to the reference grid.
ZTOsiz: Vertical offset from the origin of the reference grid to the front left upper corner of the first tile.
i
ZRsiz : Depth separation of a sample of the ith component with respect to the reference grid. There is one
occurrence of this parameter for each component, in order.
Table A.2 – Additional dimension image and tile size parameter
values (extended)
Parameter Size (bits) Values
NSI 16 0xFF54
Lnsi 16 20-16403
Ndim 8 3
32
Zsiz 32 1-(2 – 1)
32
ZOsiz 32 0-(2 – 1)
32
ZTsiz 32 1-(2 – 1)
32
ZTOsiz 32 1-(2 – 2)
i
ZRsiz 8 1-255
A.2.2 Coding style default (COD), ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 extended
Function: Describes the coding style, number of decomposition levels and layering that is the default used for
compressing all components of an image (if in the main header) or a tile (if in the tile-part header). The
parameter values can be overridden for an individual component by a COC marker segment in either the
main or tile-part header.
Usage: Main and first tile-part header of a given tile. There shall be one and only one in the main header.
Additionally, there may be at most one for each tile. If there are multiple tile-parts in a tile, and this marker
segment is present, it shall be found only in the first tile-part (TPsot = 0).
When used in the main header, the COD marker segment parameter values are used for all tile-components
that do not have a corresponding COC marker segment in either the main or tile-part header. When used in
the tile-part header, it overrides the main header COD and COCs and is used for all components in that tile
without a corresponding COC marker segment in the tile-part. Thus, the order of precedence is the
following:
Tile-part COC > Tile-part COD > Main COC > Main COD
where the "greater than" sign, >, means that the greater overrides the lesser marker segment.
Length: Variable depending on the value of Scod (see Lcod parameter).
6 ITU-T Rec. T.809 (08/2007)
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ISO/IEC 15444-10:2008 (E)
SGcod
COD Lcod
Scod SPcod
Figure A.2 – Coding style default syntax
COD: Marker code. Table A.3 shows the size and values of the symbol and parameters for coding
style default marker segment.
Lcod: Length of marker segment in bytes (not including the marker). The value of this parameter is
determined by the following equation:
⎧17 maximum_precincts
Lcoc = (A-2)
⎨
17 + 2 ⋅ number_of_resolution_levels user_defined_precincts
⎩
where maximum_precincts and user_defined_precincts are indicated in the Scod parameter
and number_of_resolution_levels is calculated by use of the number of decomposition level
parameters for each of the three dimensions, X, Y and Z, as indicated in the SPcod
parameter. The actual equation for calculating the number of resolution levels is given in
subclause B.5.
Scod: Coding style for all components. Table A.4 shows the value for the Scod parameter.
SGcod: Parameters for coding style designated in Scod. The parameters are independent of
components and are designated, in order from top to bottom, in Table A.5. The coding style
parameters within the SGcod field appear in the sequence shown in Figure A.3.
SPcod: Parameters for coding style designated in Scod. The parameters relate to all components and
are designated, in order from top to bottom, in Table A.6. The coding style parameters within
the SPcod field appear in the sequence shown in Figure A.3.
Table A.3 – Coding style default parameters values, extended
Parameter Size (bits) Values
COD 16 0xFF52
Lcod 16 17-83
Scod 8 Table A.4
SGcod 32 Table A.5
SPcod variable Table A.6
Figure A.3 – Coding style parameter diagram of the SGcod and SPcod parameters
ITU-T Rec. T.809 (08/
...
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