ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019
(Main)Systems and software engineering — Guidelines for the utilization of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 in the context of system of systems (SoS)
Systems and software engineering — Guidelines for the utilization of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 in the context of system of systems (SoS)
This document provides guidance on the application of processes in ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 to systems of systems (SoS). The scope of this document is the same as ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, which addresses more than systems engineering activities. NOTE 1 Throughout the document, there is mixed use of "system of systems" and "systems of systems". "SoS" could refer to a system of systems or systems of systems. Similarly, "CS" could refer to a constituent system or constituent systems. This document provides general guidance for each ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 process and process outcome in the context of SoS, but it does not address specific activities, tasks, methods, or procedures. Additional processes and process outcomes unique to SoS can still be needed and are not covered by this document. This document explores the similarities and differences between systems and SoS and, by extension, the similarities and differences between engineering of systems and SoS. The guidance contained in this document is expected to evolve as the discipline matures. NOTE 2 In many cases, this document notes that ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 processes or process outcomes "? applies as stated to SoS." Some interpretation within the context of SoS can still be needed.
Ingénierie des systèmes et du logiciel — Lignes directrices pour l'utilisation de l'ISO/IEC/IECC 15288 dans le contexte d'un système de systèmes (SdS)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC/
STANDARD IEEE
21840
First edition
2019-12
Systems and software engineering —
Guidelines for the utilization of ISO/
IEC/IEEE 15288 in the context of
system of systems (SoS)
Ingénierie des systèmes et du logiciel — Lignes directrices pour
l'utilisation de l'ISO/IEC/IECC 15288 dans le contexte d'un système de
systèmes (SdS)
Reference number
ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2019
©
IEEE 2019
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative References . 1
3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
4 Relationship to other standards . 3
5 Key concepts and application . 4
5.1 Differences between systems and SoS . 4
5.2 Managerial and operational independence. 7
6 Application of system life cycle processes to SoS .10
6.1 Agreement processes .10
6.1.1 General.10
6.1.2 Acquisition process .12
6.1.3 Supply process .13
6.2 Organizational project-enabling processes .15
6.2.1 General.15
6.2.2 Life cycle model management process .16
6.2.3 Infrastructure management process .17
6.2.4 Portfolio management process .18
6.2.5 Human resource management process .20
6.2.6 Quality management process.21
6.2.7 Knowledge management process .22
6.3 Technical management processes .23
6.3.1 General.23
6.3.2 Project planning process .24
6.3.3 Project assessment and control process .25
6.3.4 Decision management process .27
6.3.5 Risk management process .28
6.3.6 Configuration management process .29
6.3.7 Information management process .30
6.3.8 Measurement process .31
6.3.9 Quality assurance process .32
6.4 Technical processes .33
6.4.1 General.33
6.4.2 Business or mission analysis process .36
6.4.3 Stakeholder needs and requirements definition process .37
6.4.4 System requirements definition process .39
6.4.5 Architecture definition process .41
6.4.6 Design definition process .44
6.4.7 System analysis process.46
6.4.8 Implementation process .47
6.4.9 Integration process .48
6.4.10 Verification process .49
6.4.11 Transition process .51
6.4.12 Validation process . . .52
6.4.13 Operation process .54
6.4.14 Maintenance process .55
6.4.15 Disposal process .56
Bibliography .58
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
IEEE notices and abstract .59
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that
are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through
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take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating
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While the IEEE administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus
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Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
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iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 7, Systems and software engineering, in cooperation with the Systems and Software
Engineering Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society, under the Partner Standards
Development Organization cooperation agreement between ISO and IEEE.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
Introduction
Application of systems engineering to systems of systems has become increasingly important for the
realization and sustainability of large and persistent sociotechnical systems in domains as varied
as healthcare, transportation, energy, and defense, and contexts such as corporations, cities, and
government. This has been intensified in the last fifteen years by the pervasiveness of information
technology (IT), illustrated by new technologies and paradigms such as Sensor Networks, Cloud
Computing, the Internet of Things, Big Data, Smart Devices and Ambient Intelligence. It is, for instance,
the application of these technologies to cities that transform them into smarter cities.
This document provides guidance for the utilization of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 in the context of
SoS. While ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 applies to systems in general (including constituent systems),
this document provides guidance on the application of these processes to the special case of SoS.
However, ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840 is not a self-contained SoS replacement for ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288. This
document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, ISO/IEC/IEEE 21839 and
ISO/IEC/IEEE 21841 and is not intended to be used without them.
For example, ISO/IEC/IEEE 21841 provides a taxonomy for SoS, providing specific viewpoints that
align with stakeholder concerns. Using a taxonomy in conjunction with this document facilitates
better communications among the various stakeholders that are involved in activities like governance,
engineering, operation, and management of these SoS. However, this document does not require the use
of any specific taxa in ISO/IEC/IEEE 21841.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
Systems and software engineering — Guidelines for the
utilization of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 in the context of system
of systems (SoS)
1 Scope
This document provides guidance on the application of processes in ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 to systems of
systems (SoS). The scope of this document is the same as ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, which addresses more
than systems engineering activities.
NOTE 1 Throughout the document, there is mixed use of "system of systems" and "systems of systems". "SoS"
could refer to a system of systems or systems of systems. Similarly, "CS" could refer to a constituent system or
constituent systems.
This document provides general guidance for each ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 process and process outcome in
the context of SoS, but it does not address specific activities, tasks, methods, or procedures. Additional
processes and process outcomes unique to SoS can still be needed and are not covered by this document.
This document explores the similarities and differences between systems and SoS and, by extension,
the similarities and differences between engineering of systems and SoS. The guidance contained in
this document is expected to evolve as the discipline matures.
NOTE 2 In many cases, this document notes that ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 processes or process outcomes “…
applies as stated to SoS.” Some interpretation within the context of SoS can still be needed.
2 Normative References
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE For additional terms and definitions in the field of systems and software engineering, see
ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765, which is published periodically as a “snapshot” of the SEVOCAB (Systems and software
Engineering Vocabulary) database and which is publicly accessible at www .computer .org/ sevocab.
ISO, IEC, and IEEE maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— IEEE Standards Dictionary Online: available at: http:// dictionary .ieee .org
3.1.1
capability
measure of capacity and the ability of an entity (system (3.1.8), person or organization) to achieve its
objectives
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 19770-1:2017, 3.10, modified — Note 1 to entry has been removed.]
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3.1.2
constituent system
independent system (3.1.8) that forms part of a system of systems (SoS) (3.1.10)
Note 1 to entry: Constituent systems can be part of one or more SoS. Each constituent system is a useful system
by itself, having its own development, management (3.1.5), utilization, goals, and resources, but interacts within
the SoS to provide the unique capability (3.1.1) of the SoS.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 21839:2019, 3.1.1]
3.1.3
emergence
principle that entities exhibit properties which are meaningful only when attributed to the whole, not
to its parts
Note 1 to entry: These properties cannot be reduced or decomposed back down to the those of any individual
constituent system (3.1.2).
Note 2 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [9].
3.1.4
governance
process of establishing and enforcing strategic goals and objectives, organizational policies, and
performance parameters
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 24765:2017, 3.1757, modified — The article "the" at the beginning of the definition
has been removed.]
3.1.5
management
system (3.1.8) of controls and processes required to achieve the strategic objectives set by the
organization's governing body
Note 1 to entry: Management is subject to the policy guidance and monitoring set through corporate governance
(3.1.4).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017, 3.2338]
3.1.6
satisficing
decision technique that discards any alternative with an attribute value outside an acceptable range
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017, 3.3601]
3.1.7
stage
period within the life cycle of an entity that relates to the state of its description or realization
Note 1 to entry: As used in this document, stages relate to major progress and achievement milestones of the
entity through its life cycle.
Note 2 to entry: Stages often overlap.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, 4.1.43, modified — The expression "this International Standard"
has been replaced with "this document".]
3.1.8
system
combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, 4.1.46, modified — Note 1, 2, and 3 to entry have been removed.]
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3.1.9
system-of-interest
system (3.1.8) whose life cycle is under consideration
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the system-of-interest is a system of systems (3.1.10).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, 4.1.48, modified — The words "in the context of this International
Standard" have been removed; Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.1.10
system of systems
set of systems (3.1.8) and system elements that interact to provide a unique capability (3.1.1) that none
of the constituent systems (3.1.2) can accomplish on its own
Note 1 to entry: System elements can be necessary to facilitate interaction of the constituent systems in the
system of systems.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 21839:2019, 3.1.4, modified — The abbreviated term "SoS" has been removed.]
3.1.11
system life cycle
period that begins when a system (3.1.8) is conceived and ends when the system is no longer
available for use
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017, 3.4108]
3.1.12
taxonomy
scheme that partitions a body of knowledge and defines the relationships among the pieces
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017, 3.4167, modified — Note 1 to entry has been removed.]
3.2 Abbreviated terms
CS constituent system, constituent systems
SE systems engineering
SOI system of interest
SoS system of systems, systems of systems
SoSE system of systems engineering
4 Relationship to other standards
This document is part of a set of documents that are intended to be used together:
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 provides the fundamental basis for this document by establishing a model set of
system life cycle processes.
ISO/IEC/IEEE 21839 addresses SoS considerations in life cycle stages of a system.
This document provides guidance on the use of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 in the context of SoS, including
considerations for how CS relate to each other within the SoS. However, the use of any specific taxa in
ISO/IEC/IEEE 21841 is not required.
ISO/IEC/IEEE 21841 provides a taxonomy for SoS, providing specific viewpoints that align with
management and governance concerns. Using a taxonomy in conjunction with this document facilitates
better communications among the various stakeholders that are involved in activities like governance,
engineering, operation, and management of these SoS.
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
Figure 1 highlights these relationships.
Figure 1 — Relationship between the standards
5 Key concepts and application
5.1 Differences between systems and SoS
To apply the guidance in the document, it is necessary to understand the differences between systems
[11]
and SoS in which the CS are managerially and operationally independent . Figure 2 shows that an SOI
consists of system elements, some of which could be systems themselves. These systems also consist of
system elements, some of which could be systems and so on. ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 can be applied to any
of these systems. If SoS were the same as systems, but just on a bigger scale, there would be little need
for additional guidance.
It is important to note that a collection of systems may not be an SoS. For example, Figure 2 shows a
collection of systems and system elements, but is this an SoS?
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
NOTE This figure is reproduced from ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, Figure 2.
Figure 2 — Overview of a system
It is not possible to determine from a hierarchy diagram if a collection of systems is an SoS. Rather
than being described in terms of hierarchies, SoS are often described as general networks as shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Overview of an SoS
Within an SoS, each CS is an independent system that forms part of an SoS. CS can be part of one or
more SoS. Each CS is a useful system by itself, having its own development, management, utilization,
goals, and resources, but interacts within the SoS to provide the unique capability of the SoS. These
additional attributes are what distinguish SoS from a collection of systems.
The differences between a system and an SoS are not in the physical or hierarchical structure of the
component parts, but rather in the behavioral and managerial characteristics of those parts. The
differences between systems and SoS (and between SE and SoSE) are complex. Table 1 describes
examples of drivers of SE compared with SoSE, while Table 2 and Table 3 describe some of the
differences between systems and SoS. These differences reflect the attributes or characteristics around
which the guidance on the application of ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 to SoS are framed.
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ISO/IEC/IEEE 21840:2019(E)
However, it is important to understand that characteristics differ between system and SoS, and are not
mutually exclusive.
Table 1 — Example drivers of SE and SoSE
SE SoSE
Focus Single complex system Multiple integrated complex systems
Objective Optimization Satisficing, sustainment
Boundaries Static Dynamic
Problem Defined Emergent
Structure Hierarchical Network
Goals Unitary Pluralistic
Timeframe System life cycle Continuous
Centricity Platform Network
Tools Many Few
Management framework Established Various
NOTE This table is adapted from Reference [10].
Table 2 — Examples of differences between systems and SoS
Systems tend to have SoS tend to have
Multiple levels of stakeholders with mixed and possibly
A clear set of stakeholders
competing interests
Clear objectives and purpose Multiple and possibly contradictory objectives and purpose
Clear management structure and clear Disparate management structures with no clear
accountabilities accountability
Clear operational priorities, with escalation to Multiple, and sometimes different, operational priorities
resolve priorities with no clear escalation routes
Multiple lifecycles with elements being implemented
A single life cycle
asynchronously
Clear ownership with the ability to move re-
Multiple owners making individual resourcing decisions
sources between elements
NOTE This table is adapted from Reference [11].
Table 3 — Examples of differences between systems and SoS
Attribute System SoS
Autonomy is ceded by parts to grant Autonomy is retained and exercised by CS while
Autonomy
autonomy to the system. contributing to fulfilling the purpose of the SoS.
While some CS are directed or coerced to belong
to SoS, some CS could be unaware of the SoS.
Parts are akin to family members; they did
Some CS choose to belong on a cost/benefits
Belonging not choose themselves but came from
basis; also, to cause greater fulfillment of their
parents. Belonging of parts is in their nature.
own purposes, and because of belief in the
overarching SoS purpose.
Prescient design, along with parts, with high Dynamically supplied by CS with every
connectivity hidden in elements, and possibility of myriad connections between CS,
Connectivity
minimum connectivity among major possibly via a net-centric architecture, to en-
subsystems. hance SoS capability.
NOTE This table is adapted from Reference [8].
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Table 3 (continued)
Attribute System SoS
Managed i.e. reduced or minimized by Increased diversity in SoS capability achieved by
modular hierarchy; parts’ diversity released autonomy, committed belonging, and
Diversity encapsulated to create a known discrete open connectivity.
module whose nature is to project simplicity
into the next level of the hierarchy.
Foreseen, both good and bad behavior, and Enhanced by deliberately not being foreseen,
designed in or tested out as appropriate. though its crucial importance is, and by
Emergence creating an emergence capability climate, that
will support early detection and elimination of
bad behaviors.
NOTE This table is adapted from Reference [8].
5.2 Managerial and operational independence
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, Annex G contains general information on SoS. Details of SoS characteristics
and types in ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, G.2 are shown in the box.
SoS are characterized by managerial and operational independence of the constituent systems, which
in many cases were developed and continue to support originally identified users concurrently with
users of the SoS. In other contexts, each constituent system itself is a SOI; its existence often predates
the SoS, while its characteristics were originally engineered to meet
...
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