ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014
(Main)Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Magnetic field area network (MFAN) — Part 1: Air interface
Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Magnetic field area network (MFAN) — Part 1: Air interface
ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014 specifies the physical layer and media access control layer protocols of wireless network over a magnetic field in a low frequency band (~300 kHz) for wireless communication in harsh environment (around metal, underwater, underground, etc.). The physical layer protocol is designed for the following scope: low carrier frequency for large magnetic field area and reliable communication in harsh environment; simple and robust modulation for a low implementation cost and error performance; variable coding and bandwidth for a link adaptation. The media access control layer protocol is designed for the following scope: simple and efficient network topology for low power consumption; variable superframe structure for compact and efficient data transmission; dynamic address assignment for small packet size and efficient address management. ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014 supports several kbps data transmission in wireless network within a distance of several metres. It can be applied to various services such as the following areas: environmental industry to manage pollution levels in soil and water using wireless underground or underwater sensors; construction industry to monitor the integrity of buildings and bridges using wireless, inner-corrosion sensors; consumer-electronics industry to detect food spoilage in wet, airtight storage areas and transfer the sensing data from the inside to the outside; agricultural industry to manage the moisture level as well as mineral status in soil using wireless, buried sensors; transportation industry to manage road conditions and traffic information using wireless, underground sensors.
Technologies de l'information — Téléinformatique — Réseau de zone de champ magnétique (MFAN) — Partie 1: Interface radio
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 15149-1
First edition
2014-07-01
Information technology —
Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems —
Magnetic field area network (MFAN) —
Part 1:
Air interface
Technologies de l’information — Téléinformatique — Réseau de zone
de champ magnétique (MFAN) —
Partie 1: Interface radio
Reference number
ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2014
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ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014(E)
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ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
4 Overview . 3
5 Network elements . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Time element . 6
5.3 Physical element . 7
5.4 Address element . 8
6 Network status . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Network configuration . 9
6.3 Network association . 9
6.4 Network disassociation . 9
6.5 Data transmission. 9
6.6 Network release .10
6.7 MFAN device state .10
7 PHY layer.12
7.1 PHY layer frame format .12
7.2 Coding and modulation .14
8 MAC layer frame format .18
8.1 General .18
8.2 Frame format .18
8.3 Frame type .20
8.4 Payload format .22
9 MAC layer function .30
9.1 General .30
9.2 Network association and disassociation .30
9.3 Data transmission.32
9.4 Group ID set-up .33
10 Air interface .33
10.1 Frequency .33
10.2 Signal waveform . .33
Bibliography .36
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ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction
and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Subcommittee SC 6, Telecommunications
and information exchange between systems.
This first edition of ISO/IEC 15149-1 cancels and replaces ISO/IEC 15149:2011, of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
ISO/IEC 15149 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology —
Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Magnetic field area network (MFAN):
— Part 1: Air interface
— Part 2: In-band Control Protocol for Wireless Power Transfer
Relay Protocol for Extended Range and Security Protocol for Authorization will form the subjects of future
Parts 3 and 4, respectively.
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ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014(E)
Introduction
This International Standard provides protocols for magnetic field area network (MFAN). MFAN can
support the service based on wireless communication and wireless power transfer in harsh environment.
MFAN is composed of four protocols: air interface, in-band control protocol, relay protocol, and security
protocol.
This part of ISO/IEC 15149 specifies the physical layer and media access control layer protocols of
wireless network over a magnetic field.
ISO/IEC 15149-2 specifies the control protocol for wireless power transfer based on magnetic field area
network.
ISO/IEC 15149-3 specifies the relay protocol to extend effective network coverage of magnetic field area
network.
ISO/IEC 15149-4 specifies the secuity protocol to authorize nodes to communicate in magnetic field
area network.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014(E)
Information technology — Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems — Magnetic field
area network (MFAN) —
Part 1:
Air interface
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 15149 specifies the physical layer and media access control layer protocols of
wireless network over a magnetic field in a low frequency band (~300 KHz) for wireless communication
in harsh environment (i.e., around metal, underwater, underground, etc.).
The physical layer protocol is designed for the following scope:
— low carrier frequency for large magnetic field area and reliable communication in harsh environment;
— simple and robust modulation for a low implementation cost and error performance;
— variable coding and bandwidth for a link adaptation.
The media access control layer protocol is designed for the following scope:
— simple and efficient network topology for low power consumption;
— variable superframe structure for compact and efficient data transmission;
— dynamic address assignment for small packet size and efficient address management.
This part of ISO/IEC 15149 supports several Kbps data transmission in wireless network within a
distance of several meters. It can be applied to various services such as the following areas:
— environmental industry to manage pollution levels in soil and water using wireless underground or
underwater sensors;
— construction industry to monitor the integrity of buildings and bridges using wireless, inner-
corrosion sensors;
— consumer-electronics industry to detect food spoilage in wet, airtight storage areas and transfer
the sensing data from the inside to the outside;
— agricultural industry to manage the moisture level as well as mineral status in soil using wireless,
buried sensors;
— transportation industry to manage road conditions and traffic information using wireless,
underground sensors.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
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ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014(E)
2.1
magnetic field area network
MFAN
wireless network that provides reliable communication in harsh environments using magnetic field
2.2
magnetic field area network coordinator
MFAN-C
device that manages the connection and release of nodes within the communication area and the sending
and receiving time of data in an MFAN
2.3
magnetic field area network node
MFAN-N
device, except the coordinator, that forms a network in an MFAN
3 Symbols and abbreviated terms
The following acronyms are used in this part of ISO/IEC 15149:
ARq association request
ARs association response
ARA association response acknowledgement
ASC association status check
ASK amplitude shift keying
ASRq association status request
ASRs association status response
ASRA association status response acknowledgement
BPSK binary phase shift keying
CRC cyclic redundancy check
DA data acknowledgement
DaRq disassociation request
DaRs disassociation response
DaRA disassociation response acknowledgement
DRq data request
DRs data response
DRA data response acknowledgement
FCS frame check sequence
GSRq group ID set-up request
GSRs group ID set-up response
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GSRA group ID set-up response acknowledgement
HCS header check sequence
LSB least significant bit
MAC media access control
MFAN magnetic field area network
MFAN-C magnetic field area network coordinator
MFAN-N magnetic field area network node
NRZ-L non-return-to-zero level
PHY physical layer protocol
RA response acknowledgement
RR response request
SIFS short interframe space
TDMA time division multiple access
UID unique identifier
4 Overview
MFAN is a wireless communication network that can transmit and receive data over a magnetic field in
a low frequency band. Wireless communication over a magnetic field enables reliable communication
and extends the communication system coverage around metal, soil, and water. It is designed using
those characteristics of the magnetic field communication. It uses a low carrier frequency for reliable
communication and large magnetic field area in harsh environments, a simple and robust modulation
like BPSK for a low implementation cost and error probability, and a dynamic coding technique like
Manchester or NRZ-L coding for noise robustness. In essence, it provides several kbps data transmission
within a distance of several meters.
Also, it uses a simple and efficient network topology like a star topology for low power consumption.
The dynamic address assignment is used for the small packet size and efficient address management,
and the adaptive link quality control is considered with variable data transmission speed and coding.
The devices in MFAN are specified into two elements according to the role: MFAN-C for a coordinator,
and MFAN-N for a node. In a network, there can be one coordinator. When a node joins the network,
the coordinator assigns the time-slots for each device upon the node’s request and the coordinator’s
decision. So, TDMA is considered for the data transmission.
As shown in Figure 1, MFAN-Ns are buried under the ground, and MFAN-C is placed above the ground.
If MFAN-N receives the sensing data from the sensors, MFAN-N sends its received data to MFAN-C over
a magnetic field. MFAN-C sends the received data from MFAN-N to the monitoring center by either
wireless or wired communication for long distance.
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Figure 1 — Underground monitoring system
Wireless communication in harsh environment has been significantly required in various industries. It
is difficult for a sensor node to transmit its data by a radio frequency around metal, soil, and water with
the existing standards of wireless communication. MFAN is an alternative standard that enables several
sensor nodes inside metal, soil, and water to transfer their data to a coordinator outside using the
characteristics of magnetic field. Therefore it can be applied to various services in harsh environment.
For example, in ground status monitoring as shown in Figure 2, the sensor nodes can be buried under
the ground to sense ground cave-in, ground sinking, land sliding, and so on. Another example of MFAN is
the underground infrastructure management in Figure 3. In this example, the sensor nodes are attached
to the pipes, and can detect gas or water leaks and notify its location. For the building and bridge
management in Figure 4, the sensor nodes can be placed on beams and columns to detect the integrity
of the structure. In pollution monitoring as shown in Figure 5, the sensor nodes can detect the quality
of the soil and water. It can detect poisonous chemical, pH(Hydrogen ion exponent), and temperature by
sensor nodes that are placed below ground and water.
Figure 2 — Ground status monitoring
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Figure 3 — Underground infrastructure management
Figure 4 — Building & bridge management
Figure 5 — Pollution monitoring
5 Network elements
5.1 General
The main elements of MFAN are divided into time and physical element. The time element refers to
the superframe consisting of a request period, a response period, and a spontaneous period, and the
physical element refers to the network consisting of MFAN-C and MFAN-Ns. The most basic one in the
physical element is the node. Node is classified into two types: MFAN-C to manage the network and
MFAN-N to communicate with MFAN-C.
Figure 6-7 show the structures of superframe and network which are the time and physical elements,
respectively. The node that needs to be decided first in MFAN is MFAN-C, and the superframe begins
with MFAN-C transmitting a request packet in the request period. MFAN-C is charged of managing the
association, disassociation, release, and scheduling of MFAN-Ns. One MFAN can use one channel where
only one node is utilized as MFAN-C and the rest of them become MFAN-N. The rest of the nodes in
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MFAN excluding MFAN-C become MFAN-N. Note that any nodes can become either MFAN-C or MFAN-N
depending upon its role. Basically, a peer-to-peer connection between MFAN-C and MFAN-N is considered.
5.2 Time element
The time element used in MFAN is the time slot of the TDMA method. MFAN-C manages the MFAN-N
group that transmits data in the response period, and the time slots are self-arranged by the selected
MFAN-Ns. The superframe of MFAN, as shown in Figure 6, consists of a request period, a response
period, and a spontaneous period, and the lengths of the request and response period are variable. The
superframe begins with MFAN-C transmitting a RR packet to MFAN-Ns in the request period.
The RR packet has information which MFAN-Ns can send response packets during response periods,
and the selected MFAN-Ns can transmit the response packet in the response period according to the RR
packet information.
Figure 6 — MFAN superframe structure
5.2.1 Request period
In the request period, MFAN-C transmits the RR packet with the information about the usage of MFAN-
Ns in order for MFAN-N to send the response packet during response periods.
5.2.2 Response period
In the response period, MFAN-N can transmit response packet according to the received RR packet of
MFAN-C, and the response period can be divided into several time slots according to the number of the
selected MFAN-Ns in MFAN. Each time slot length is variable according to the length of the response
frame and the acknowledgement. If the MFAN-C schedules a response period, the slot number is decided
by the order of the divided time slot. Otherwise the slot number is zero. MFAN-C assigns time slots to
either MFAN-N or a particular group for the use of the response period, and the nodes in the assigned
group independently transmit the data frame in the response period.
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5.2.3 Spontaneous period
The spontaneous period begins when there is no node transmitting the response packet for a certain
period of time. In this period, nodes can transmit data even without MFAN-C’s request. This period is
maintained until MFAN-C transmits a request packet.
5.2.4 Network activation
The superframe of MFAN is divided into the request period, the response period, and the spontaneous
period. MFAN-C and MFAN-Ns in MFAN operate in each period as follows:
5.2.4.1 Request packet transmission within the request period
In the request period, MFAN-C sends the RR packet to MFAN-Ns. Based on this, the MFAN-N that have
received the RR packet decide whether to transmit response packets in the response period. MFAN-C
can determine the MFAN-N group to transmit in the response period.
5.2.4.2 Response packet transmission within the response period
The MFAN-Ns selected by MFAN-C can transmit the response packet in the response period. When
MFAN-N transmits the response packet in the response period, MFAN-C that has received the response
packet transmits the RA packet. MFAN-N that has not received the RA packet transmits response packets
every time-slot until it receives a RA packet from MFAN-C.
5.2.4.3 Data packet transmission in the spontaneous period
A spontaneous period begins if MFAN-N does not transmit any response packets for a certain period
of time, and this period is maintained until MFAN-C transmits a RR packet. In the spontaneous period,
MFAN-N can transmit data without the request of MFAN-C.
5.3 Physical element
The physical element configuring MFAN is divided into MFAN-C and MFAN-N in which all MFAN-Ns are
connected into MFAN-C (i.e. a central connectivity device). The basic element, node, is distinguished
into MFAN-C and MFAN-N according to its role. MFAN-C manages the whole MFAN and there must exist
only one MFAN-C per one network. MFAN-C manages MFAN-N by sending the RR packet. MFAN-N must
transmit response packets according to MFAN-C’s management. MFAN can be configured as shown in
Figure 7.
5.3.1 MFAN-C
MFAN-C is a node that manages MFAN; only one MFAN-C exists per one network, and it manages and
controls MFAN-N by the RR packet.
5.3.2 MFAN-N
MFAN-N is a node that resides within an MFAN (excluding MFAN-C), and a maximum of 65,519 MFAN-Ns
can exist per network. It transmits response packets according to the RR packet transmitted by MFAN-C.
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Figure 7 — MFAN
5.4 Address element
In order to identify MFAN-Ns, MFAN uses address systems such as MFAN ID, UID, group ID and node ID.
5.4.1 MFAN ID
MFAN has its own ID that identifies each network from the others; the value should not be duplicated
in other MFANs, and the value is maintained as long as MFAN exists. Its value is defined by user to
distinguish networks.
5.4.2 UID
UID is a unique identifier consisting of 64 bits; it consists of group ID, IC manufacturer’s code, and IC
manufacturer’s serial number. MFAN-N is identified by UID.
Unit: Byte
Figure 8 — UID structure
5.4.3 Group ID
MFAN-N can be grouped by applications. Group ID is the identifier for the grouped MFAN-Ns within the
network. MFAN-C can request a response to a specific MFAN-N group in order to mitigate the packet
collision. Some group IDs are reserved in Table 1. Its value is defined by user to distinguish groups.
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Table 1 — Reserved group ID
Group ID Content Remarks
0xFF All groups When selecting all groups
0xF0 – 0xFE Reserved —
5.4.4 Node ID
Node ID is an identifier used instead of UID to identify nodes, and it has a 16 bit address assigned by
MFAN-C. Some node IDs are reserved in Table 2.
Table 2 — Reserved node ID
Node ID Content Remarks
0xFFFF All nodes When broadcasting or transmitting all nodes
0xFFFE Unjoined node Default ID for MFAN-N
0xFFF0 – 0xFFFD Reserved —
6 Network status
6.1 General
In an MFAN, MFAN-N may enter the active states of network configuration, network association,
response transmission, data transmission, network disassociation, and network release.
6.2 Network configuration
MFAN-C configures a network by transmitting a request packet to MFAN-N in the request period. MFAN
ID is included in the request packet so that MFAN-N can identify the connecting network. The minimum
period of network means when only MFAN-C exists, and it consists of only the request period and the
spontaneous period.
6.3 Network association
When MFAN-C sends the ARq packet in the request period, MFAN-N probes the received packet and
then if it is the ARq packet for the desired MFAN, MFAN-N sends the ARs packet to the MFAN-C in the
response period. MFAN-C, having received the ARs packet, transmits the ARA packet to MFAN-N. The
network association of MFAN-N is completed upon receiving the ARA packet from MFAN-C.
6.4 Network disassociation
MFAN-N, associated with MFAN, can be disassociated either by MFAN-C’s request or by itself. MFAN-C
can send the DaRq packet to MFAN-N according to the current network status for a forced disassociation.
In the case of spontaneous disassociation due to shutting down and going out of the network coverage,
MFAN-C can know the association status of MFAN-N by the response of ASRq from MFAN-C.
6.5 Data transmission
When MFAN-C sends the DRq packet in the request period to MFAN-N, MFAN-N sends DRs packet to
MFAN-C according to the requested data type. Upon receiving the DRs packet, MFAN-C sends the DRA
packet to MFAN-N, and MFAN-N, having received the DRA packet, completes the data transmission.
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6.6 Network release
MFAN release can be divided into normal release through the request of MFAN-Ns and abnormal release
due to a sudden situation. Normal release refers to MFAN-C releasing the network by its own decision
and by sending the DaRq packet to all MFAN-Ns. Abnormal network release refers to MFAN-C shutting
down or going out of the network coverage.
6.7 MFAN device state
MFAN device state includes the MFAN-C state and the MFAN-N state. In detail, MFAN-C states are divided
into the standby state, the packet analysis state, and the packet generation state whereas MFAN-N states
are composed of the hibernation state, the activation state, the standby state, the packet analysis state,
and the packet generation state.
6.7.1 MFAN-C state
The state of MFAN-C goes to the standby state when the power turns on. In the standby state, when the
application system commands sending the RR packet or the superframe begins, the state of MFAN-C
goes to the packet generation state and MFAN-C sends the RR packet to MFAN-Ns. And then the state of
MFAN-C goes back to the standby state. If MFAN-C receives the packet (either response or data packet)
from MFAN-Ns while doing the carrier detection in the stand
...
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