Meteorology -- Ground-based remote sensing of wind -- Radar wind profiler

Météorologie -- Télédétection du vent basée au sol -- Profileur de vent

Meteorologija - Daljinsko zaznavanje vetra na tleh - Radar za profiliranje vetra

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
01-februar-2021
Meteorologija - Daljinsko zaznavanje vetra na tleh - Radar za profiliranje vetra
Meteorology - Ground-based remote sensing of wind - Radar wind profiler
Météorologie - Télédétection du vent basée au sol - Profileur de vent
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 23032
ICS:
07.060 Geologija. Meteorologija. Geology. Meteorology.
Hidrologija Hydrology
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021 en,fr

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 23032
ISO/TC 146/SC 5 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2020-09-01 2020-11-24
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind —
Radar wind profiler
ICS: 07.060
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2020
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Abbreviated terms .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

4.1 Definition of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................... 1

4.2 Definition of symbols ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2

5 Measurement principle ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo .............................................................................................................................................. 3

5.2 Sources of received signals ........................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2.1 Turbulent scattering and partial reflection .............................................................................................. 7

5.2.2 Echo in precipitation .................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.2.3 Clutter ...................................................................... .................................................................................................................. 8

5.2.4 Interference from radio sources ......................................................................................................................... 9

5.3 Methods of wind velocity measurement .......................................................................................................................10

5.3.1 General aspects ..............................................................................................................................................................10

5.3.2 Doppler beam swinging ..........................................................................................................................................10

5.3.3 Spaced antenna ..............................................................................................................................................................16

6 WPR system ............................................................................................................................................................................................................19

6.1 Frequency .................................................................................................................................................................................................19

6.2 Hardware and software ................................................................................................................................................................20

6.2.1 Principal components .................. ......................................................................................................................... ....20

6.2.2 Signal processing ..........................................................................................................................................................21

6.2.3 Antenna .................................................................................................................................................................................23

6.2.4 Transmitter ........................................................................................................................................................................28

6.2.5 Receiver ................................................................................................................................................................................33

6.2.6 Signal processing unit ..............................................................................................................................................42

6.2.7 Observation control unit ........................................................................................................................................45

6.2.8 Consideration on environmental conditions ........................................................................................46

6.3 Resolution enhancement and clutter mitigation using adaptive signal processing .................46

6.3.1 Range imaging (frequency domain interferometry) ......................................................................46

6.3.2 Coherent radar imaging (spatial domain interferometry) .......................................................51

6.3.3 Adaptive clutter suppression .............................................................................................................................54

7 System performance ......................................................................................................................................................................................57

7.1 Resolution ................................................................................................................................................................................................57

7.1.1 Range resolution ...........................................................................................................................................................57

7.1.2 Volume resolution ........................................................................................................................................................58

7.1.3 Time resolution ..............................................................................................................................................................58

7.1.4 Nyquist frequency and frequency resolution of Doppler spectrum .................................58

7.2 Range sampling ...................................................................................................................................................................................59

7.3 Radar sensitivity and measurement range ..................................................................................................................60

7.4 Measurement accuracy .................................................................................................................................................................63

7.4.1 Requirements ..................................................................................................................................................................63

7.4.2 Validation using other means ............................................................................................................................64

8 Quality Control ....................................................................................................................................................................................................65

9 Products and data format ........................................................................................................................................................................66

9.1 Products and data processing levels .................................................................................................................................66

9.2 Data format .............................................................................................................................................................................................67

9.2.1 Operational data format (WMO BUFR) .....................................................................................................67

9.2.2 Scientific data format (NetCDF) .......................................................................................................................67

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9.2.3 Data format defined by user and/or supplier .....................................................................................67

9.2.4 Other recommendations ........................................................................................................................................68

10 Installation ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................68

10.1 General aspects ....................................................................................................................................................................................68

10.2 Land ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................69

10.3 Licensing of radio wave transmission ..............................................................................................................................69

10.4 Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................................................................................69

10.5 Clutter ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................70

10.6 Interference from radio sources ...........................................................................................................................................70

11 System monitoring and maintenance ..........................................................................................................................................71

11.1 General aspects ....................................................................................................................................................................................71

11.2 Operational status monitoring ...............................................................................................................................................71

11.3 Preventive maintenance ..............................................................................................................................................................72

11.4 Corrective maintenance ...............................................................................................................................................................74

11.5 Measuring instruments ................................................................................................................................................................74

11.6 Policy for spare parts ......................................................................................................................................................................74

11.7 Software .....................................................................................................................................................................................................74

Annex A (informative) Example of parameters can be configured by an operator ...........................................75

Annex B (informative) General representation of the radar equation for monostatic radar ................78

Annex C (informative) Reflectivity of precipitation echo .............................................................................................................80

Annex D (informative) Impacts of assimilating wind products obtained by WPRs in

atmospheric models ......................................................................................................................................................................................81

Annex E (informative) Quality management of the WINDAS (Wind profiler Network and

Data Acquisition System) of the Japan Meteorological Agency .........................................................................82

Annex F (informative) Example of data processing levels of data other than those typically

used by the end users ...................................................................................................................................................................................83

Annex G (informative) Data format for Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)’s wind profiler

using BUFR4 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................84

Annex H (informative) Data format for Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)’s wind profiler

using netCDF4 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................89

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................94

iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

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For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

is o/ f or ewor d . ht m l .

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 5,

Meteorology.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
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Introduction

Radar wind profiler, also referred to as wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or

clear-air Doppler radar (hereafter abbreviated to WPR) is an instrument that measures height profiles

of wind velocity in clear air. WPR detects echoes produced by perturbations of the radio refractive

index with a scale half of the radar wavelength (i.e., Bragg scale). The mechanism of radio wave

scattering in clear air was theoretically and experimentally understood in the 1960s. Since the 1970s,

large-sized Doppler radars for observing wind and turbulence in the mesosphere, stratosphere, and

the troposphere (MST radars) have been developed. Owing to their capability of measuring wind and

turbulence with excellent time and height resolution, they have made great contributions to describing

and clarifying the dynamical processes in the atmosphere.

Based on the MST radars, WPRs have been developed mainly since the 1980s. WPRs are designed for

measuring wind velocity predominantly in the troposphere, including the atmospheric boundary layer.

The measurement principle of WPRs are the same used in MST radars but a WPR is frequently smaller

in size than a typical MST radar. WPR can measure wind profiles in both a clear and cloudy atmosphere.

In order to monitor and forecast meteorological phenomena, nationwide operational WPR networks

have been constructed by meteorological agencies. Operational WPRs contribute to improving weather

forecast accuracy through assimilation of their wind products into numerical weather prediction

models used by meteorological agencies. Wind products obtained by operational WPRs are distributed

globally. Further applications of WPRs include the measurement of wind profiles in the vicinity of

airports to enable or improve wind shear warnings. The use of WPRs can improve an airport’s ability

to safely depart and land aircraft. WPRs are also used to analyse or predict the diffusion of pollutants.

In addition, WPRs are widely used by government agencies and various industries, including chemical

plants, mines, and power plants, to control emission levels or for computation of nowcast trajectories

during emergency situations. The high-quality wind products of WPRs are also widely used in

atmospheric research. Therefore, WPRs are an indispensable means for observing wind profiles

continuously in time and height. By additionally using radio acoustic sounding system, WPRs can

measure height profiles of virtual temperature.

In order to attain and retain high quality wind products, WPRs shall be designed, manufactured,

and maintained with state-of-the-art knowledge and ensured measurement capability. Aiming at

ensuring measurement capability of WPRs, this International Standard provides guidelines in design,

manufacture, installation, and maintenance of WPRs.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind —
Radar wind profiler
1 Scope

This International Standard provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and

maintenance of a WPR. It describes the followings.

— Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity

measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing

the information necessary for describing the guidelines in sections 6–11.

— Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency control and stability, hardware, software, and

signal processing are described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the

hardware and software of WPR.

— Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar

sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating

the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation.
— Guidelines for quality control (QC; Clause 8).

— Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained

by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described.

— Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11).

This international standard does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement

principle, WPR systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, readers should refer

[1][2][3]
to technical books (e.g., ).

WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g., radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling

radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.

2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
4 Abbreviated terms
4.1 Definition of abbreviations
ACS adaptive clutter suppression
A/D analog-to-digital
ADC A/D converter
BUFR binary universal form for the representation of meteorological data
COHO coherent oscillator
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oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
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CRI coherent radar imaging
D/A digital-to-analog
DBS Doppler beam swinging
DCMP directionally constrained minimization of power
DSP digital signal processor
FCA Full correlation analysis
FDI frequency domain interferometry
FMCW frequency modulated continuous wave
I/O input / output
IF intermediate frequency
FPGA field programmable gate array
IPP inter pulse period
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JMA Japan Meteorological Agency
LNA low noise amplifier
NC-DCMP norm-constrained DCMP
NF noise figure
QC quality control
RF radio frequency
RIM range imaging
RL antenna return loss
SA spaced antenna
SNR signal to noise ratio
STALO stable (stabilized) local oscillator
UHF ultra high frequency
UPS uninterruptible power supply
VHF very high frequency
VAD velocity azimuth display
VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
WMO World Meteorological Organization

WPR radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar,

or clear-air Doppler radar
4.2 Definition of symbols
81−
speed of light (30, ×10 m s )
refractive index structure constant
Nyquist frequency
Nyq
mean Doppler frequency shift of the echo
antenna gain in decibels
ant
loss factor caused by the pulse shaping
radio refractive index
number of antenna beam directions
beam
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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N number of coherent integrations. In this document, N is defined as the number
coh coh
excluding N
pseq
number of elements in I/Q time series
data
N number of transmitted frequencies
freq
number of incoherent integrations
incoh
N number of pulse sequences
pseq
number of sub-pulses used in phase-modulated pulse compression
subp
T inter pulse period
IPP
echo power
echo
P noise power of the receiver
noise power of the Doppler spectrum
p noise power of the Doppler spectrum per Doppler velocity bin
peak output power of the transmitter
P peak output power at the antenna
zonal wind velocity
meridional wind velocity
peak-to-peak voltage
radial Doppler velocity
sample volume
wind vector
wind
vertical wind velocity
Δr range resolution
volume reflectivity
λ radar wavelength
time width between the two 3-dB drop-off points from the peak point
3dB
duration during which the transmission signal is generated
transmitted pulse width
Hermitian operator (complex transposition)
Tsuperscript which indicates matrix transposition.
complex conjugation
5 Measurement principle
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo

The properties of all WPR echoes are generally estimated from the properties of the Doppler spectrum .

Spectral analysis is typically applied to estimate a finite set of parameters such as signal to noise ratio

1) For real-time signal processing to obtain the Doppler spectrum, see sections 6.2.2 and 6.2.6.

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(SNR), Doppler shift and spectral (spectrum) width . Of particular importance for a WPR is the echo

generated by clear air scattering (clear-air echo). For details of the clear-air echo, see 5.2.1.

The frequency distribution of the echo contains information on the radial Doppler velocity (V ,) and on

the wind variance caused by turbulence. Figure 1 shows an example of the Doppler spectrum. In

general, it is assumed that the Doppler spectrum of the echo ( S ) follows a Gaussian distribution .

echo

This assumption is generally applied for the clear-air echo. In this assumption, only the zeroth, first,

and second order moments of the echo are taken into account when determining the spectral

parameters. In the event of deviations from this assumption, higher order moments may be considered.

The noise produced in the receiver (receiver noise) can generally be regarded as white noise. For details

of the receiver noise, see 6.2.5.4.
Key
X doppler velocity
Y intensity
NOTE
— For the definition of the symbols which are not listed in the keys, see text.

— The thin solid curve is an example of a Doppler spectrum which contains the Doppler spectrum of the echo (

S ) and the white noise. The thick solid curve is the sum of the noise power of the Doppler spectrum ( P

echo n

) and the idealized S which follows a Gaussian distribution and does not have perturbation. The idealized

echo

S and P are darkly and lightly shaded, respectively. The power of the idealized S is denoted by

echo n echo

P . B is the frequency bandwidth of the Doppler spectrum. Mean Doppler frequency shift ( f ), spectral

echo s r

width defined as the standard deviation (σ ), spectral width defined as the half-power full width (σ ),

std 3dB
and the peak intensity of t
...

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