ISO 28178:2009
(Main)Graphic technology - Exchange format for colour and process control data using XML or ASCII text
Graphic technology - Exchange format for colour and process control data using XML or ASCII text
ISO 28178:2009 defines an exchange format for colour and process control data (and the associated metadata necessary for its proper interpretation) in electronic form using either XML or ASCII formatted data files. It maintains human readability of the data as well as enabling machine readability. It includes a series of predefined tags and keywords, and provides extensibility through provision for the dynamic definition of additional tags and keywords as necessary. It is focused primarily on spectral measurement data, colorimetric data, and densitometric data. ISO 28178:2009 is intended to be used in conjunction with other standards that will define the required data, and tags or keywords for specific data exchange applications.
Technologie graphique — Format d'échange pour les données de couleur et de contrôle de procédé en utilisant du texte XML ou ASCII
Grafična tehnologija - Format za izmenjavo upodobitvenih in procesnih nadzornih podatkov z uporabo XML ali teksta ASCII
Ta mednarodni standard opredeljuje format za izmenjavo upodobitvenih in procesnih nadzornih podatkov (in povezanih metapodatkov, ki so potrebni za pravilno interpretacijo) v elektronski obliki, z uporabo podatkovnih datotek v formatu XML ali ASCII. Vzdržuje berljivost podatkov za človeka, omogoča pa tudi strojno berljivost. Vključuje vrsto vnaprej opredeljenih oznak in ključnih besed ter z dinamično opredelitvijo dodatnih oznak in ključnih besed po potrebi zagotavlja razširljivost. Osredotoča se predvsem na podatke spektralnih meritev, kolorimetrične in denzitometrične podatke. Ta mednarodni standard se uporablja v povezavi z drugimi standardi, ki opredeljujejo zahtevane podatke ter oznake in ključne besede za posamezne aplikacije izmenjave podatkov.
General Information
Relations
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 28178:2009 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Graphic technology - Exchange format for colour and process control data using XML or ASCII text". This standard covers: ISO 28178:2009 defines an exchange format for colour and process control data (and the associated metadata necessary for its proper interpretation) in electronic form using either XML or ASCII formatted data files. It maintains human readability of the data as well as enabling machine readability. It includes a series of predefined tags and keywords, and provides extensibility through provision for the dynamic definition of additional tags and keywords as necessary. It is focused primarily on spectral measurement data, colorimetric data, and densitometric data. ISO 28178:2009 is intended to be used in conjunction with other standards that will define the required data, and tags or keywords for specific data exchange applications.
ISO 28178:2009 defines an exchange format for colour and process control data (and the associated metadata necessary for its proper interpretation) in electronic form using either XML or ASCII formatted data files. It maintains human readability of the data as well as enabling machine readability. It includes a series of predefined tags and keywords, and provides extensibility through provision for the dynamic definition of additional tags and keywords as necessary. It is focused primarily on spectral measurement data, colorimetric data, and densitometric data. ISO 28178:2009 is intended to be used in conjunction with other standards that will define the required data, and tags or keywords for specific data exchange applications.
ISO 28178:2009 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 35.240.30 - IT applications in information, documentation and publishing; 37.100.99 - Other standards related to graphic technology. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 28178:2009 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 28178:2022. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase ISO 28178:2009 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2010
*UDILþQDWHKQRORJLMD)RUPDW]DL]PHQMDYRXSRGRELWYHQLKLQSURFHVQLKQDG]RUQLK
SRGDWNRY]XSRUDER;0/DOLWHNVWD$6&,,
Graphic technology - Exchange format for colour and process control data using XML or
ASCII text
Technologie graphique - Format d'échange pour les données de couleur et de contrôle
de procédé en utilisant du texte XML ou ASCII
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 28178:2009
ICS:
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
37.100.99 'UXJLVWDQGDUGLY]YH]L] Other standards related to
JUDILþQRWHKQRORJLMR graphic technology
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28178
First edition
2009-03-15
Graphic technology — Exchange format
for colour and process control data using
XML or ASCII text
Technologie graphique — Format d'échange pour les données de
couleur et de contrôle de procédé en utilisant du texte XML ou ASCII
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Requirements.2
4.1 General description of a conforming file .2
4.2 Tags and keywords .3
4.3 Data tables .11
Annex A (informative) Advantages of an XML data reporting format.16
Annex B (informative) Tag and keyword examples.18
Annex C (informative) Sample files.22
Annex D (informative) Example of use of user-defined keywords.26
Annex E (informative) Corresponding tags and keywords used in database AMPAC.28
Bibliography.36
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 28178 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology, and is based on
ANSI CGATS 17:2005.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Introduction
A number of International Standards used by the graphic technology community require the reporting of
measured and/or computed data. Several of these standards, e.g. the ISO 12642 series and ISO 13655,
contain suggested formats for the data to be exchanged. These have used the ASCII keyword-value pair
approach and have been widely used by some industry segments. However, there has never been a
consolidated definition of the various formats.
This International Standard is intended to support all existing and future graphic arts standards that require the
exchange of measured, computed, or process control data and the associated metadata necessary for its
proper interpretation. It is specifically not intended for graphic arts content data, which are covered by
ISO 15930 and ISO 12639.
In reviewing the needs of such a format the following requirements were identified:
⎯ applications based on the existing ASCII formats not be made obsolete;
⎯ data need to be in a form that is both human-readable (once the digital file has been displayed using
standard editors, or file readers) and machine-readable;
⎯ data need to be readable by automated programs to extract the necessary information;
⎯ data files need to be extensible by end users in such a way as to allow additional information to be
included without breaking automated readers of the file;
⎯ data files need to be capable of being created by automated programs;
⎯ the format needs to allow multiple language representation of data.
The file formats chosen to accomplish this task are a combination of XML and extensions of the existing ASCII
keyword-value file format, coupled with the necessary tools to allow appropriate conversions to and from XML
from ASCII keyword-value files. However, either the XML file format or the ASCII keyword-value file format
can be used independently. Annex E shows the AMPAC (see ISO/TR 16044) coding for each of the ASCII
keywords.
These formats make use of predefined XML tags and ASCII keywords. Values are associated with the tags
and keywords and remain in effect until another instance of the tag or keyword. Provision is made to allow the
use of data tables and to separately define the format within data tables. Multiple occurrences of such data
tables within a single file are also permitted. User-defined tags and keywords are also allowed.
See Annex A for a discussion of the advantages of an XML data reporting format and references to a
demonstration suite.
A demonstration suite based on this International Standard has been made available for use as part of a
testing and development program. It is available from NPES The Association for Suppliers of Printing,
Publishing and Converting Technologies, at http://www.npes.org/standards/tools.html. See A.5 for more
information.
Subsequent to the final approval of this International Standard, ISO/TC 130 decided that additional verification
of the XML implementation was desirable and an editing committee was formed to address this issue. The
editing committee reported that the vendor of a commercial XML data exchange application had success in
mapping both the ASCII and XML portions of this International Standard into their application. This was felt to
provide a verification of the XML implementation proposed in this International Standard.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28178:2009(E)
Graphic technology — Exchange format for colour and process
control data using XML or ASCII text
1 Scope
This International Standard defines an exchange format for colour and process control data (and the
associated metadata necessary for its proper interpretation) in electronic form using either XML or ASCII
formatted data files. It maintains human readability of the data as well as enabling machine readability. It
includes a series of predefined tags and keywords, and provides extensibility through provision for the
dynamic definition of additional tags and keywords as necessary. It is focused primarily on spectral
measurement data, colorimetric data, and densitometric data.
This International Standard is intended to be used in conjunction with other standards that will define the
required data, and tags or keywords for specific data exchange applications.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 646, Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (2nd ed.), World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), W3C
Recommendation 6 October 2000. Available at http://www.w3.org
XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), W3C Recommendation 16
November 1999. Available at http://www.w3.org
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
data format identifier
predefined set of characters, without intervening spaces, forming a unique word that is used to identify the
presence of a defined item of data in a subsequent data table
3.2
keyword
predefined set of characters, without intervening spaces, forming a unique word that is used to identify the
presence of a defined item of information
3.3
schema
XML document that, following the rules established by the World Wide Web Consortium, defines the structure
of a class of XML documents
3.4
value
information immediately following a keyword that represents the data content or “value” associated with that
keyword
4 Requirements
4.1 General description of a conforming file
4.1.1 XML format
This file format is an XML format that complies with Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0. The format
makes use of predefined tags that identify information commonly used to describe graphic arts samples. In
addition, users of this format are allowed to define tags to tailor the format to their specific needs according to
the rules of XML namespace.
The data file is divided into two sections. The preamble is the first section. This section provides general
information and describes the conditions under which data was collected. The preamble tag is
iso28178.preamble. Tags used in the preamble are listed in 4.2.
The data section is the second section, which is further divided into two parts. The first part of the data section
provides the information that describes the type and location of the table contents; the second section
contains the data values.
The schema associated with the XML format defined in this International Standard is contained in file
iso28178_data.xsd, which is an essential normative part of this International Standard. This International
Standard also provides structural XML tags that are needed for the proper specification of an XML document
instance.
NOTE See Annex A for a discussion on the need and application of the XML data reporting format.
4.1.2 ASCII format
This file format is an ASCII format keyword-value file. It makes use of predefined keywords and data tables.
Values are associated with the keyword that precedes them and remain in effect until another instance of the
keyword-value pair. Data values are delimited by the BEGIN_DATA and END_DATA keywords.
Keywords and values, as well as fields within data tables, are separated by white space. Valid white space
characters are space (position 2/0 of ISO/IEC 646), carriage return (position 0/13 of ISO/IEC 646), newline
(position 0/10 of ISO/IEC 646), and tab (position 0/9 of ISO/IEC 646). Keywords may be separated from
values using any valid white space character. Only the space and tab may precede a keyword on a line.
Comments are preceded by a single comment character (a single character keyword). The comment
character is the “#” (position 2/3 of ISO/IEC 646) symbol. Comments may begin any place on a line, and are
terminated by a newline or carriage return character.
4.1.3 Exchanged data file structure
A file containing measurement data would normally be structured as shown in Figure 1. This structure allows
multiple tables of data within a single exchange file.
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Preamble
File header containing the tags/keywords Originator, File Descriptor, Created
Data Section 1
Header
Table Descriptor/Table Name plus tags/keywords
Data
The data table and its formatting information
#
#
Data Section N
Header
Table Descriptor/Table Name plus tags/keywords
Data
The data table and its formatting information
Figure 1 — File structure
4.2 Tags and keywords
4.2.1 General
Most tags and keywords may appear in the file in any order, and may appear multiple times within the file.
Values associated with tags and keywords that appear more than once shall be replaced by successive
instances, except for KEYWORD, COMPUTATIONAL_PARAMETER, and WEIGHTING_FUNCTION. Each
identifier shall show whether it may be used only once or multiple times within a given table. Tags and
keywords that describe data tables, however, shall be defined before the data table. Table 1 lists these tags
and keywords. These tags are described in greater detail below.
Table 1 — XML tags and ASCII keywords that appear in a defined order
Function XML tag ASCII keyword
data table width NUMBER_OF_FIELDS
data format delimiters BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT
END_DATA_FORMAT
data table length NUMBER_OF_SETS
data table delimiters BEGIN_DATA
END_DATA
Data format delimiters shall be preceded by a data table width tag or keyword. Data table delimiters shall be
preceded by a data table length tag or keyword. In the ASCII format, BEGIN_/END_ keywords begin and end
the data format or table data. In the XML format, tags have parameters and/or values and a standard syntax is
used, e.g. data format identifiers . Values for tags and keywords that describe
data tables shall be specified for each data table in the file, i.e. inheritance of these values is not permitted.
ASCII keywords may be composed of any combination of the following:
⎯ ASCII upper-case letters;
⎯ ASCII digits 0 to 9;
⎯ ASCII characters:
⎯ - (position 2/13 of ISO/IEC 646),
⎯ _ (position 5/15 of ISO/IEC 646).
For this International Standard all XML tags shall match their equivalent ASCII keywords but shall use lower-
case letters.
In the ASCII format, unless used as part of a data format definition, keywords should not be preceded on a
line by anything other than white space. Unless otherwise noted, each keyword has a character string value
associated with it. All character string values shall be enclosed in quotes, regardless of whether there is white
space contained within the string. Enclosed in quotes means beginning and ending the character string with
the " symbol (position 2/2 of ISO/IEC 646). The " symbol itself is represented within a string as "", as in the C
language syntax.
For XML tag/keyword entries the form is value. If attribute names are provided in the XML
section of a definition, the information is represented in the XML-formatted data as XML attribute using the
form .
The value associated with keywords NUMBER_OF_FIELDS and NUMBER_OF_SETS shall be an integer.
These values should not be enclosed in quotes.
Format and table delimiters do not have explicit values associated with them but rather enclose either the data
format definition or table data.
See Annex B for examples of the use of each tag and keyword shown in 4.2.2 and 4.2.3.
4.2.2 Required preamble tags and keywords
4.2.2.1 General
Certain tags and keywords are required as part of each file, while others are optional depending upon the data
to be included. All keywords shall occur before the BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT keyword and the sequence order
for required tags and keywords shall follow the order shown in 4.2.2.2 to 4.2.2.9.
The STANDARD, ORIGINATOR, FILE_DESCRIPTOR and CREATED tags/keywords may occur only once
within a file.
The first line in the ASCII format shall be ISO28178. The use of this identifier indicates that the data contained
in the file adheres to this International Standard. This information is represented in the XML format with the
tag. See 4.2.2.2.
4.2.2.2 Standard
The use of this identifier indicates that the data contained in the file adheres to the indicated standard.
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
NOTE There is no ASCII keyword for this because in the ASCII format this information is carried in the first line of the
file.
4.2.2.3 Originator
Identifies the specific system, organization or individual that created the data file.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII ORIGINATOR String
4.2.2.4 File descriptor
Describes the purpose or contents of the data file.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII FILE_DESCRIPTOR String
4.2.2.5 Created
Indicates the creation date of the data file. The form for this date is CCYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss[Z | +/-hh:mm].
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
date String
ASCII CREATED String
NOTE The date attribute is a string that follows the ISO 8601 specification for numeric representations of date. The
preferred specification is as defined in §3.2.7 of the W3C XSLT Specification.
4.2.2.6 Number of fields
Indicates the number of fields (data format identifiers) that are included in the data format definition that
follows.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML Integer
ASCII NUMBER_OF_FIELDS Integer
4.2.2.7 Data format
Marks the beginning and end of a data format definition. END_DATA_FORMAT shall be preceded by
BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT. See 4.3.4 for information on the data that would be included between these
tags/keywords.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML NA
ASCII BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT
END_DATA_FORMAT
4.2.2.8 Number of sets of data
Indicates the number of repetitions or sets of data, i.e. the number of rows in the data table. The associated
value is an integer.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML Integer
ASCII NUMBER_OF_SETS Integer
4.2.2.9 Data table
Marks the beginning and end of a data table.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML
ASCII BEGIN_DATA
END_DATA
4.2.3 Optional tags and keywords
4.2.3.1 General
Certain additional general tags and keywords are optional and may be used as needed. The currently defined
optional tags and keywords are defined in 4.2.3.2 to 4.2.3.19. The optional tags and keywords shall occur
after the CREATED tag/keyword and before the NUMBER_OF_FIELDS tag/keyword.
4.2.3.2 Comment
Comments are ignored by automated readers. In the XML syntax, all characters within the
tags are ignored. In the ASCII syntax, all characters between the comment keyword and the end
of line indicator are ignored. End of line is indicated by either carriage return or newline. Comments indicate to
users that the information that follows is of informative interest. Comments need not be enclosed in quotes.
Comments may occur anywhere except within a table.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII # String
4.2.3.3 Instrumentation
This tag/keyword is used to report the specific instrumentation used (e.g. manufacturer, model number and
serial number, etc.) to generate the data reported. This data will often provide more information about the
particular data collected than an extensive list of specific details. This is particularly important for spectral data
or data derived from spectrophotometry.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
6 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
XML String
manufacturer String
model String
serial_number String
ASCII INSTRUMENTATION String
4.2.3.4 Measurement geometry
The type of measurement, either reflection or transmission, should be indicated along with details of the
geometry and the aperture size and shape. For example, for transmission measurements it is important to
identify 0/diffuse, diffuse/0, opal or integrating sphere, etc. For reflection measurements it is important to
identify 0/45, 45/0, sphere (specular included or excluded), etc.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII MEASUREMENT_GEOMETRY String
4.2.3.5 Measurement source
This tag/keyword describes the illumination (e.g. incandescent, daylight, colour temperature, etc.) used during
spectral measurement. This data helps provide a guide to the potential for issues of paper fluorescence, etc.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII MEASUREMENT_SOURCE String
4.2.3.6 Filter
This tag/keyword identifies the use of physical filter(s) during measurement. This is typically used to denote
the use of filters such as none, D65, red, green or blue.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII FILTER String
4.2.3.7 Polarization
This tag/keyword identifies the use of a physical polarization filter during measurement. Allowed values are
“yes”, “none” or “na”.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII POLARIZATION String
4.2.3.8 Weighting function
This tag/keyword indicates such functions as: the CIE standard observer functions used in the calculation of
various data parameters (2 degree and 10 degree); CIE standard illuminant functions used in the calculation
of various data parameters (e.g. D50, D65, etc.); density status response; etc. If used, there shall be at least
one name-value pair following the WEIGHTING_ FUNCTION tag/keyword. The first attribute in the set shall
be “name” and shall identify the particular parameter used. The second shall be “value” and shall provide the
value associated with that name. For ASCII data a string containing the name and value attribute pairs shall
follow the weighting function keyword. A semi-colon shall be used to separate attribute pairs from each other,
and within the attribute the name and value shall be separated by a comma.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
name String
value String
ASCII WEIGHTING_FUNCTION String
4.2.3.9 Computational parameter
This tag/keyword is the parameter that is used in computing a value from measured data. Name is the name
of the calculation, parameter is the name of the parameter used in the calculation, and value is the value of
the parameter.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML NA
name String
parameter String
value String
ASCII COMPUTATIONAL_PARAMETER String
4.2.3.10 Sample backing
This tag/keyword identifies the backing material used behind the sample during measurement. Allowed values
are “black”, “white”, “self” or “na”.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII SAMPLE_BACKING String
4.2.3.11 Manufacturer
This tag/keyword indicates the manufacturer of the sample from which the data was measured.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII MANUFACTURER String
8 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
4.2.3.12 Material
This tag/keyword identifies the material or substrate on which the target was produced, using a code
identifying the material.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII MATERIAL String
4.2.3.13 Target type
This tag/keyword identifies the type of target being measured, e.g. IT8.7/1, IT8.7/3, user-defined, etc.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII TARGET_TYPE String
4.2.3.14 Colorant(s)
This tag/keyword identifies the colorant(s) used in creating the target.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII COLORANT String
4.2.3.15 Production date
This tag/keyword identifies the year and month of production of the target in the form yyyy:mm.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
year String
month String
ASCII PROD_DATE String
4.2.3.16 Print conditions
This tag/keyword is used to define the characteristics of the printed sheet being reported. Where standard
conditions have been defined (e.g. SWOP at nominal) named conditions may suffice. Otherwise, detailed
information shall be provided.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII PRINT_CONDITIONS String
4.2.3.17 Serial number
This tag/keyword uniquely identifies physical samples.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII SERIAL String
4.2.3.18 Process colour identification
This tag/keyword uniquely identifies colour and sequence associated with the numerical values assigned to
each process colour set.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML
colors_in_set Integer
color_number Integer
color String
ASCII PROCESSCOLOR_ID String
NOTE Where the data format identifier PCm_n is used, a process colour tag/keyword (,
PROCESSCOLOR_ID) needs to be included for each process colour used. The value m represents the number of colours
in the process colour set. The value n is used to identify the individual colour within the process colour set and is assigned
according to the order of laydown (sequence of printing).
4.2.3.19 Spot colour identification
This tag/keyword uniquely identifies colour associated with the numerical value assigned to each spot colour
(or line colour).
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML
number Integer
color String
ASCII SPOT_ID String
NOTE Where the data format identifiers SPOT_1 through SPOT_n are used, a spot colour tag/keyword (,
SPOTID) needs to be included for each spot colour used.
4.2.3.20 Copyright
This tag/keyword identifies any specific copyright information associated with the file.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII COPYRIGHT String
NOTE Where no copyright is associated with a file and it can be freely used without restriction, creators of the file are
urged to note that fact.
10 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
4.2.4 User-defined tags and keywords
This tag/keyword declares a user-defined tag or keyword. This is primarily intended for vendor-specific
information, but can also be used as a mechanism to add new keywords in the future without breaking
automated readers in existence prior to tag/keyword revision. See Annex D for an example of use of
user-defined keywords.
User-defined tags and keywords do not take effect until they are defined and remain in effect for the rest of the
file. Automated readers may ignore user- or vendor-defined keywords, and associated values, that they do not
recognize.
In the XML syntax, the value associated with the user-defined tag may be set using the value attribute or by
enclosing the value within tags. The data type is set using the data_type attribute,
which may have the following values: R for decimal values, I for integer values and CS for character string
values.
In the ASCII syntax, the value associated with KEYWORD is the name of the keyword being defined. The
name value shall be an alphanumeric value without white space. The user-defined keyword value shall be set
using normal keyword-value pair syntax, i.e. KEYWORD “name of user-defined keyword”.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
name String
value String
data_type String
comment String
ASCII KEYWORD String
NOTE In the XML format, if the user-defined keyword is to be used as a data format identifier, the value attribute is
not included in the initial definition. In the ASCII format, if the user-defined keyword is not used as a data format identifier
but is used in the header, the user-defined keyword is required to be repeated, followed by its value.
4.2.5 Data format identifier
This tag/keyword declares a new data format identifier to be defined from this point forward.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML NA
name String
ASCII DATA_FORMAT_IDENTIFIER String
4.3 Data tables
4.3.1 General
The file structure of this International Standard provides support for both single and multiple data sets (data
formats and data table delimiters) to be contained within a single file. When multiple data sets are contained
within a file, these data sets may be one of the following: multiple data sets using the same data format,
multiple data sets using the same header information, or multiple data sets that are unrelated to each other
but are contained in the same file. In any case, data table formatting tags or keywords shall be specified for
each data table.
NOTE As specified in 4.2.2.1, the STANDARD, ORIGINATOR, FILE_DESCRIPTOR and CREATED tags/keywords
can occur only once within a file.
4.3.2 Table descriptor
This tag/keyword describes the purpose or contents of a data table.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII TABLE_DESCRIPTOR String
4.3.3 Table name
This tag/keyword provides a short name for a data table.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII TABLE_NAME String
4.3.4 Data format identifiers
4.3.4.1 General
Data format identifiers describe the meaning of each field of data within a set (see examples in Annex C).
Data formats shall be composed of the identifiers listed below, or data format identifiers defined by the user
using the tag or DATA_FORMAT_IDENTIFIER keyword. Unknown entries in the
data format definition will be read, but may be ignored by automated readers. Data format identifiers shall be
uppercase. The data type associated with each data format is assumed to be decimal (R) unless separately
defined as integer (I) or character string (CS). In ASCII files, character string data shall be enclosed in quotes
except in the case of SAMPLE_ID or SAMPLE_NO, where the quotes are not required if the sample identifier
does not contain white space.
In ASCII files, where multiple data format identifiers appear, they may be entered either on individual lines or
on single lines separated with white space characters as specified in 4.1.2.
A data format remains in effect until the next data format is encountered.
4.3.4.2 Defined data format identifiers
The following are the currently defined data format identifiers:
SAMPLE_ID (CS) - Sample identifier as defined in ISO 12642-1 or ISO 12642-2
SAMPLE_NO (CS) - Sample sequential number assigned based on read order or other
user-defined criteria
STRING (CS) - Identifies label, or other non-machine readable value; value shall begin
and end with a " symbol
CMYK_C - Cyan component of CMYK data expressed as a percentage
CMYK_M - Magenta component of CMYK data expressed as a percentage
CMYK_Y - Yellow component of CMYK data expressed as a percentage
CMYK_K - Black component of CMYK data expressed as a percentage
PCm_n - Data associated with the process colour identified in tag/keyword Process
colour identification (4.2.3.18), expressed as a percentage. The value m
represents the number of colours in the process colour set. The value n is
used to identify the individual colour within the process colour set and is
assigned according to the order of laydown (sequence of printing).
12 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
SPOT_n - Data associated with the spot colour n identified in tag/keyword Spot
colour identification (4.2.3.19), expressed as a percentage, where n is a
numerical value
D_RED - Red filter density
D_GREEN - Green filter density
D_BLUE - Blue filter density
D_VIS - Visual filter density
D_MAJOR_FILTER - Major filter density
RGB_R - Red component of RGB data expressed as a code value in the range
0-255
RGB_G - Green component of RGB data expressed as a code value in the range
0-255
RGB_B - Blue component of RGB data expressed as a code value in the range
0-255
SPECTRAL_NM - Wavelength of measurement expressed in nanometers
SPECTRAL_PCT - Reflectance/transmittance percentage
SPECTRAL_DEC - Reflectance/transmittance
XYZ_X - X component of tristimulus data
XYZ_Y - Y component of tristimulus data
XYZ_Z - Z component of tristimulus data
XYY_X - x component of chromaticity data
XYY_Y - y component of chromaticity data
XYY_CAPY - Y component of tristimulus data
LAB_L - L* component of CIELAB data
LAB_A - a* component of CIELAB data
LAB_B - b* component of CIELAB data
LAB_C - C* component of CIELAB data
ab
LAB_H - h component of CIELAB data
ab
LAB_DE - CIE ∆E*
ab
[6]
LAB_DE_94 - CIE ∆E using CIE DE 94
LAB_DE_CMC - ∆E using CMC
[7]
LAB_DE_2000 - CIE ∆E using CIE DE 2000
MEAN_DE - Mean ∆E* (LAB_DE) of samples compared to batch average (used for
ab
data files for ANSI IT8.7/1 and ANSI IT8.7/2 targets)
STDEV_X - Standard deviation of X (tristimulus data)
STDEV_Y - Standard deviation of Y (tristimulus data)
STDEV_Z - Standard deviation of Z (tristimulus data)
STDEV_L - Standard deviation of L*
STDEV_A - Standard deviation of a*
STDEV_B - Standard deviation of b*
CHI_SQD_PAR - Average of the standard deviations of L*, a* or b*
4.3.4.3 Usage
4.3.4.3.1 XML format
The data format shall be contained within tags and shall be preceded by the
tag. Each data field shall be described individually using the parameterized
tag. The number of tags shall equal the value of the tag.
Parameters of the tag are:
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML
pos String
name String
col_name String
The following example illustrates the syntax.
EXAMPLE
integer value
…
4.3.4.3.2 ASCII format
The data format shall be contained within BEGIN_/END_DATA_FORMAT keywords and shall be preceded by
the NUMBER_OF_FIELDS keyword. Each data field shall be described individually by using data format
identifiers. The number of data format identifiers shall equal the value of the NUMBER_OF_FIELDS keyword.
ASCII formatted data tables shall be represented using the syntax
NUMBER_OF_FIELDS
BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT
Data format identifier
...
Data format identifier
END_DATA_FORMAT
4.3.5 Table data
4.3.5.1 General
4.3.5.2 and 4.3.5.3 describe how a table is constructed in the XML format and the ASCII format respectively.
The number of data points for each row of the table shall be equal to the NUMBER_OF_FIELDS as defined in
4.2.2.6. The number of rows in the table shall be equal to the NUMBER_OF_SETS as defined in 4.2.2.8.
Each “set of data” within a given table should be directly related to a specific sample area.
14 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
4.3.5.2 XML format
XML formatted data tables shall be represented as illustrated in the following:
integer value
…
…
…
| field value | field value |
| field value | field value |
4.3.5.3 ASCII format
ASCII formatted data tables shall be represented using the syntax
NUMBER_OF_SETS
BEGIN_DATA
...
END_DATA
Annex A
(informative)
Advantages of an XML data reporting format
A.1 General
XML has become the lingua franca for data that is being exchanged. Therefore, there is an assumption that
the implementers of this International Standard have a working knowledge of XML or access to appropriate
resources. In addition to multiple books on XML and its related standard, current information can be obtained
at http://www.w3.org, the website of the group that maintains the XML standard. There are also numerous
other websites with information about XML and its various parts.
The general XML environment consists of three sections:
⎯ document descriptions,
⎯ tools, and
⎯ documents.
A.2 Document descriptions
The XML environment for this International Standard requires both well-formed and valid documents. To this
end, a schema is provided. The schema provides the definition of a properly created document. This definition
or rule set indicates what information is to be within the document and in what order the information should
appear. There is also information about the mandatory or optional use of information and how many times any
particular piece of information may appear. The schema provides the information needed to allow a
processing application to confirm that all documents meet the rules of XML and this International Standard.
A.3 Tools
Because of the significant interest in using XML for information exchange, a number of tools have been
developed. There are two tools of particular interest to implementers of this International Standard:
⎯ an XSLT processor, and
⎯ an XML DOM.
XSLT is the formatting and conversion language developed for XML. The XSLT processor uses a set of
transformation rules along with a source document and a document definition to create a new document. The
new document can either be an XML file or an alternate file format. An XSLT transformation document is
provided. It will support the transformation of a valid, well-formed XML document which is in compliance with
this International Standard into an ASCII document in compliance with this International Standard.
XML DOM is software that provides a programmatic interface between an XML document and an application
program. Versions of XML DOM software are available for most programming and operating system
environments.
16 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
A.4 Documents
The documents are the most important part of XML. An XML document can be represented as a file, a stream
between applications, or a presentation on a screen. The XML document is required to conform to the rules of
XML, to be well formed. An XML document that is in conformance with this International Standard is also
required to conform to the schema (iso28178_data.xsd) in order to be valid. A number of sample XML
documents are provided in Annex C along with the equivalent documents in ASCII format.
A.5 Demonstration data suite
A demonstration data suite is available at http://www.npes.org/standards/tools.html. The files provided with the
demonstration suite illustrate the general use of XML to encode ISO 28178 information. Not all of the features
in this International Standard or its applications are included in the demonstration suite. The use of these files
should not replace an understanding of both this International Standard and XML.
Annex B
(informative)
Tag and keyword examples
B.1 General
Each line of information shown in Table B.1 is independent of any other line and will not collapse into a
meaningful single file based on this International Standard.
Where there is more than one row in columns 3 and 4 corresponding to a single row in columns 1 and 2,
these are independent examples.
Table B.1 — Examples of using keywords and tags
Subclause Reported data ASCII XML
4.2.2.2 Standard
ISO28178 ISO28178
4.2.2.3 Originator
ORIGINATOR "XYZ XYZ Printing Company
Printing Company"
4.2.2.
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28178
First edition
2009-03-15
Graphic technology — Exchange format
for colour and process control data using
XML or ASCII text
Technologie graphique — Format d'échange pour les données de
couleur et de contrôle de procédé en utilisant du texte XML ou ASCII
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Requirements.2
4.1 General description of a conforming file .2
4.2 Tags and keywords .3
4.3 Data tables .11
Annex A (informative) Advantages of an XML data reporting format.16
Annex B (informative) Tag and keyword examples.18
Annex C (informative) Sample files.22
Annex D (informative) Example of use of user-defined keywords.26
Annex E (informative) Corresponding tags and keywords used in database AMPAC.28
Bibliography.36
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 28178 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology, and is based on
ANSI CGATS 17:2005.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Introduction
A number of International Standards used by the graphic technology community require the reporting of
measured and/or computed data. Several of these standards, e.g. the ISO 12642 series and ISO 13655,
contain suggested formats for the data to be exchanged. These have used the ASCII keyword-value pair
approach and have been widely used by some industry segments. However, there has never been a
consolidated definition of the various formats.
This International Standard is intended to support all existing and future graphic arts standards that require the
exchange of measured, computed, or process control data and the associated metadata necessary for its
proper interpretation. It is specifically not intended for graphic arts content data, which are covered by
ISO 15930 and ISO 12639.
In reviewing the needs of such a format the following requirements were identified:
⎯ applications based on the existing ASCII formats not be made obsolete;
⎯ data need to be in a form that is both human-readable (once the digital file has been displayed using
standard editors, or file readers) and machine-readable;
⎯ data need to be readable by automated programs to extract the necessary information;
⎯ data files need to be extensible by end users in such a way as to allow additional information to be
included without breaking automated readers of the file;
⎯ data files need to be capable of being created by automated programs;
⎯ the format needs to allow multiple language representation of data.
The file formats chosen to accomplish this task are a combination of XML and extensions of the existing ASCII
keyword-value file format, coupled with the necessary tools to allow appropriate conversions to and from XML
from ASCII keyword-value files. However, either the XML file format or the ASCII keyword-value file format
can be used independently. Annex E shows the AMPAC (see ISO/TR 16044) coding for each of the ASCII
keywords.
These formats make use of predefined XML tags and ASCII keywords. Values are associated with the tags
and keywords and remain in effect until another instance of the tag or keyword. Provision is made to allow the
use of data tables and to separately define the format within data tables. Multiple occurrences of such data
tables within a single file are also permitted. User-defined tags and keywords are also allowed.
See Annex A for a discussion of the advantages of an XML data reporting format and references to a
demonstration suite.
A demonstration suite based on this International Standard has been made available for use as part of a
testing and development program. It is available from NPES The Association for Suppliers of Printing,
Publishing and Converting Technologies, at http://www.npes.org/standards/tools.html. See A.5 for more
information.
Subsequent to the final approval of this International Standard, ISO/TC 130 decided that additional verification
of the XML implementation was desirable and an editing committee was formed to address this issue. The
editing committee reported that the vendor of a commercial XML data exchange application had success in
mapping both the ASCII and XML portions of this International Standard into their application. This was felt to
provide a verification of the XML implementation proposed in this International Standard.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28178:2009(E)
Graphic technology — Exchange format for colour and process
control data using XML or ASCII text
1 Scope
This International Standard defines an exchange format for colour and process control data (and the
associated metadata necessary for its proper interpretation) in electronic form using either XML or ASCII
formatted data files. It maintains human readability of the data as well as enabling machine readability. It
includes a series of predefined tags and keywords, and provides extensibility through provision for the
dynamic definition of additional tags and keywords as necessary. It is focused primarily on spectral
measurement data, colorimetric data, and densitometric data.
This International Standard is intended to be used in conjunction with other standards that will define the
required data, and tags or keywords for specific data exchange applications.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 646, Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (2nd ed.), World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), W3C
Recommendation 6 October 2000. Available at http://www.w3.org
XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), W3C Recommendation 16
November 1999. Available at http://www.w3.org
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
data format identifier
predefined set of characters, without intervening spaces, forming a unique word that is used to identify the
presence of a defined item of data in a subsequent data table
3.2
keyword
predefined set of characters, without intervening spaces, forming a unique word that is used to identify the
presence of a defined item of information
3.3
schema
XML document that, following the rules established by the World Wide Web Consortium, defines the structure
of a class of XML documents
3.4
value
information immediately following a keyword that represents the data content or “value” associated with that
keyword
4 Requirements
4.1 General description of a conforming file
4.1.1 XML format
This file format is an XML format that complies with Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0. The format
makes use of predefined tags that identify information commonly used to describe graphic arts samples. In
addition, users of this format are allowed to define tags to tailor the format to their specific needs according to
the rules of XML namespace.
The data file is divided into two sections. The preamble is the first section. This section provides general
information and describes the conditions under which data was collected. The preamble tag is
iso28178.preamble. Tags used in the preamble are listed in 4.2.
The data section is the second section, which is further divided into two parts. The first part of the data section
provides the information that describes the type and location of the table contents; the second section
contains the data values.
The schema associated with the XML format defined in this International Standard is contained in file
iso28178_data.xsd, which is an essential normative part of this International Standard. This International
Standard also provides structural XML tags that are needed for the proper specification of an XML document
instance.
NOTE See Annex A for a discussion on the need and application of the XML data reporting format.
4.1.2 ASCII format
This file format is an ASCII format keyword-value file. It makes use of predefined keywords and data tables.
Values are associated with the keyword that precedes them and remain in effect until another instance of the
keyword-value pair. Data values are delimited by the BEGIN_DATA and END_DATA keywords.
Keywords and values, as well as fields within data tables, are separated by white space. Valid white space
characters are space (position 2/0 of ISO/IEC 646), carriage return (position 0/13 of ISO/IEC 646), newline
(position 0/10 of ISO/IEC 646), and tab (position 0/9 of ISO/IEC 646). Keywords may be separated from
values using any valid white space character. Only the space and tab may precede a keyword on a line.
Comments are preceded by a single comment character (a single character keyword). The comment
character is the “#” (position 2/3 of ISO/IEC 646) symbol. Comments may begin any place on a line, and are
terminated by a newline or carriage return character.
4.1.3 Exchanged data file structure
A file containing measurement data would normally be structured as shown in Figure 1. This structure allows
multiple tables of data within a single exchange file.
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Preamble
File header containing the tags/keywords Originator, File Descriptor, Created
Data Section 1
Header
Table Descriptor/Table Name plus tags/keywords
Data
The data table and its formatting information
#
#
Data Section N
Header
Table Descriptor/Table Name plus tags/keywords
Data
The data table and its formatting information
Figure 1 — File structure
4.2 Tags and keywords
4.2.1 General
Most tags and keywords may appear in the file in any order, and may appear multiple times within the file.
Values associated with tags and keywords that appear more than once shall be replaced by successive
instances, except for KEYWORD, COMPUTATIONAL_PARAMETER, and WEIGHTING_FUNCTION. Each
identifier shall show whether it may be used only once or multiple times within a given table. Tags and
keywords that describe data tables, however, shall be defined before the data table. Table 1 lists these tags
and keywords. These tags are described in greater detail below.
Table 1 — XML tags and ASCII keywords that appear in a defined order
Function XML tag ASCII keyword
data table width NUMBER_OF_FIELDS
data format delimiters BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT
END_DATA_FORMAT
data table length NUMBER_OF_SETS
data table delimiters BEGIN_DATA
END_DATA
Data format delimiters shall be preceded by a data table width tag or keyword. Data table delimiters shall be
preceded by a data table length tag or keyword. In the ASCII format, BEGIN_/END_ keywords begin and end
the data format or table data. In the XML format, tags have parameters and/or values and a standard syntax is
used, e.g. data format identifiers . Values for tags and keywords that describe
data tables shall be specified for each data table in the file, i.e. inheritance of these values is not permitted.
ASCII keywords may be composed of any combination of the following:
⎯ ASCII upper-case letters;
⎯ ASCII digits 0 to 9;
⎯ ASCII characters:
⎯ - (position 2/13 of ISO/IEC 646),
⎯ _ (position 5/15 of ISO/IEC 646).
For this International Standard all XML tags shall match their equivalent ASCII keywords but shall use lower-
case letters.
In the ASCII format, unless used as part of a data format definition, keywords should not be preceded on a
line by anything other than white space. Unless otherwise noted, each keyword has a character string value
associated with it. All character string values shall be enclosed in quotes, regardless of whether there is white
space contained within the string. Enclosed in quotes means beginning and ending the character string with
the " symbol (position 2/2 of ISO/IEC 646). The " symbol itself is represented within a string as "", as in the C
language syntax.
For XML tag/keyword entries the form is value. If attribute names are provided in the XML
section of a definition, the information is represented in the XML-formatted data as XML attribute using the
form .
The value associated with keywords NUMBER_OF_FIELDS and NUMBER_OF_SETS shall be an integer.
These values should not be enclosed in quotes.
Format and table delimiters do not have explicit values associated with them but rather enclose either the data
format definition or table data.
See Annex B for examples of the use of each tag and keyword shown in 4.2.2 and 4.2.3.
4.2.2 Required preamble tags and keywords
4.2.2.1 General
Certain tags and keywords are required as part of each file, while others are optional depending upon the data
to be included. All keywords shall occur before the BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT keyword and the sequence order
for required tags and keywords shall follow the order shown in 4.2.2.2 to 4.2.2.9.
The STANDARD, ORIGINATOR, FILE_DESCRIPTOR and CREATED tags/keywords may occur only once
within a file.
The first line in the ASCII format shall be ISO28178. The use of this identifier indicates that the data contained
in the file adheres to this International Standard. This information is represented in the XML format with the
tag. See 4.2.2.2.
4.2.2.2 Standard
The use of this identifier indicates that the data contained in the file adheres to the indicated standard.
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
NOTE There is no ASCII keyword for this because in the ASCII format this information is carried in the first line of the
file.
4.2.2.3 Originator
Identifies the specific system, organization or individual that created the data file.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII ORIGINATOR String
4.2.2.4 File descriptor
Describes the purpose or contents of the data file.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII FILE_DESCRIPTOR String
4.2.2.5 Created
Indicates the creation date of the data file. The form for this date is CCYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss[Z | +/-hh:mm].
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
date String
ASCII CREATED String
NOTE The date attribute is a string that follows the ISO 8601 specification for numeric representations of date. The
preferred specification is as defined in §3.2.7 of the W3C XSLT Specification.
4.2.2.6 Number of fields
Indicates the number of fields (data format identifiers) that are included in the data format definition that
follows.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML Integer
ASCII NUMBER_OF_FIELDS Integer
4.2.2.7 Data format
Marks the beginning and end of a data format definition. END_DATA_FORMAT shall be preceded by
BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT. See 4.3.4 for information on the data that would be included between these
tags/keywords.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML NA
ASCII BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT
END_DATA_FORMAT
4.2.2.8 Number of sets of data
Indicates the number of repetitions or sets of data, i.e. the number of rows in the data table. The associated
value is an integer.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML Integer
ASCII NUMBER_OF_SETS Integer
4.2.2.9 Data table
Marks the beginning and end of a data table.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML
ASCII BEGIN_DATA
END_DATA
4.2.3 Optional tags and keywords
4.2.3.1 General
Certain additional general tags and keywords are optional and may be used as needed. The currently defined
optional tags and keywords are defined in 4.2.3.2 to 4.2.3.19. The optional tags and keywords shall occur
after the CREATED tag/keyword and before the NUMBER_OF_FIELDS tag/keyword.
4.2.3.2 Comment
Comments are ignored by automated readers. In the XML syntax, all characters within the
tags are ignored. In the ASCII syntax, all characters between the comment keyword and the end
of line indicator are ignored. End of line is indicated by either carriage return or newline. Comments indicate to
users that the information that follows is of informative interest. Comments need not be enclosed in quotes.
Comments may occur anywhere except within a table.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII # String
4.2.3.3 Instrumentation
This tag/keyword is used to report the specific instrumentation used (e.g. manufacturer, model number and
serial number, etc.) to generate the data reported. This data will often provide more information about the
particular data collected than an extensive list of specific details. This is particularly important for spectral data
or data derived from spectrophotometry.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
6 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
XML String
manufacturer String
model String
serial_number String
ASCII INSTRUMENTATION String
4.2.3.4 Measurement geometry
The type of measurement, either reflection or transmission, should be indicated along with details of the
geometry and the aperture size and shape. For example, for transmission measurements it is important to
identify 0/diffuse, diffuse/0, opal or integrating sphere, etc. For reflection measurements it is important to
identify 0/45, 45/0, sphere (specular included or excluded), etc.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII MEASUREMENT_GEOMETRY String
4.2.3.5 Measurement source
This tag/keyword describes the illumination (e.g. incandescent, daylight, colour temperature, etc.) used during
spectral measurement. This data helps provide a guide to the potential for issues of paper fluorescence, etc.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII MEASUREMENT_SOURCE String
4.2.3.6 Filter
This tag/keyword identifies the use of physical filter(s) during measurement. This is typically used to denote
the use of filters such as none, D65, red, green or blue.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII FILTER String
4.2.3.7 Polarization
This tag/keyword identifies the use of a physical polarization filter during measurement. Allowed values are
“yes”, “none” or “na”.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII POLARIZATION String
4.2.3.8 Weighting function
This tag/keyword indicates such functions as: the CIE standard observer functions used in the calculation of
various data parameters (2 degree and 10 degree); CIE standard illuminant functions used in the calculation
of various data parameters (e.g. D50, D65, etc.); density status response; etc. If used, there shall be at least
one name-value pair following the WEIGHTING_ FUNCTION tag/keyword. The first attribute in the set shall
be “name” and shall identify the particular parameter used. The second shall be “value” and shall provide the
value associated with that name. For ASCII data a string containing the name and value attribute pairs shall
follow the weighting function keyword. A semi-colon shall be used to separate attribute pairs from each other,
and within the attribute the name and value shall be separated by a comma.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
name String
value String
ASCII WEIGHTING_FUNCTION String
4.2.3.9 Computational parameter
This tag/keyword is the parameter that is used in computing a value from measured data. Name is the name
of the calculation, parameter is the name of the parameter used in the calculation, and value is the value of
the parameter.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML NA
name String
parameter String
value String
ASCII COMPUTATIONAL_PARAMETER String
4.2.3.10 Sample backing
This tag/keyword identifies the backing material used behind the sample during measurement. Allowed values
are “black”, “white”, “self” or “na”.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII SAMPLE_BACKING String
4.2.3.11 Manufacturer
This tag/keyword indicates the manufacturer of the sample from which the data was measured.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII MANUFACTURER String
8 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
4.2.3.12 Material
This tag/keyword identifies the material or substrate on which the target was produced, using a code
identifying the material.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII MATERIAL String
4.2.3.13 Target type
This tag/keyword identifies the type of target being measured, e.g. IT8.7/1, IT8.7/3, user-defined, etc.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII TARGET_TYPE String
4.2.3.14 Colorant(s)
This tag/keyword identifies the colorant(s) used in creating the target.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII COLORANT String
4.2.3.15 Production date
This tag/keyword identifies the year and month of production of the target in the form yyyy:mm.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
year String
month String
ASCII PROD_DATE String
4.2.3.16 Print conditions
This tag/keyword is used to define the characteristics of the printed sheet being reported. Where standard
conditions have been defined (e.g. SWOP at nominal) named conditions may suffice. Otherwise, detailed
information shall be provided.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII PRINT_CONDITIONS String
4.2.3.17 Serial number
This tag/keyword uniquely identifies physical samples.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII SERIAL String
4.2.3.18 Process colour identification
This tag/keyword uniquely identifies colour and sequence associated with the numerical values assigned to
each process colour set.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML
colors_in_set Integer
color_number Integer
color String
ASCII PROCESSCOLOR_ID String
NOTE Where the data format identifier PCm_n is used, a process colour tag/keyword (,
PROCESSCOLOR_ID) needs to be included for each process colour used. The value m represents the number of colours
in the process colour set. The value n is used to identify the individual colour within the process colour set and is assigned
according to the order of laydown (sequence of printing).
4.2.3.19 Spot colour identification
This tag/keyword uniquely identifies colour associated with the numerical value assigned to each spot colour
(or line colour).
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML
number Integer
color String
ASCII SPOT_ID String
NOTE Where the data format identifiers SPOT_1 through SPOT_n are used, a spot colour tag/keyword (,
SPOTID) needs to be included for each spot colour used.
4.2.3.20 Copyright
This tag/keyword identifies any specific copyright information associated with the file.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII COPYRIGHT String
NOTE Where no copyright is associated with a file and it can be freely used without restriction, creators of the file are
urged to note that fact.
10 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
4.2.4 User-defined tags and keywords
This tag/keyword declares a user-defined tag or keyword. This is primarily intended for vendor-specific
information, but can also be used as a mechanism to add new keywords in the future without breaking
automated readers in existence prior to tag/keyword revision. See Annex D for an example of use of
user-defined keywords.
User-defined tags and keywords do not take effect until they are defined and remain in effect for the rest of the
file. Automated readers may ignore user- or vendor-defined keywords, and associated values, that they do not
recognize.
In the XML syntax, the value associated with the user-defined tag may be set using the value attribute or by
enclosing the value within tags. The data type is set using the data_type attribute,
which may have the following values: R for decimal values, I for integer values and CS for character string
values.
In the ASCII syntax, the value associated with KEYWORD is the name of the keyword being defined. The
name value shall be an alphanumeric value without white space. The user-defined keyword value shall be set
using normal keyword-value pair syntax, i.e. KEYWORD “name of user-defined keyword”.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
name String
value String
data_type String
comment String
ASCII KEYWORD String
NOTE In the XML format, if the user-defined keyword is to be used as a data format identifier, the value attribute is
not included in the initial definition. In the ASCII format, if the user-defined keyword is not used as a data format identifier
but is used in the header, the user-defined keyword is required to be repeated, followed by its value.
4.2.5 Data format identifier
This tag/keyword declares a new data format identifier to be defined from this point forward.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML NA
name String
ASCII DATA_FORMAT_IDENTIFIER String
4.3 Data tables
4.3.1 General
The file structure of this International Standard provides support for both single and multiple data sets (data
formats and data table delimiters) to be contained within a single file. When multiple data sets are contained
within a file, these data sets may be one of the following: multiple data sets using the same data format,
multiple data sets using the same header information, or multiple data sets that are unrelated to each other
but are contained in the same file. In any case, data table formatting tags or keywords shall be specified for
each data table.
NOTE As specified in 4.2.2.1, the STANDARD, ORIGINATOR, FILE_DESCRIPTOR and CREATED tags/keywords
can occur only once within a file.
4.3.2 Table descriptor
This tag/keyword describes the purpose or contents of a data table.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII TABLE_DESCRIPTOR String
4.3.3 Table name
This tag/keyword provides a short name for a data table.
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML String
ASCII TABLE_NAME String
4.3.4 Data format identifiers
4.3.4.1 General
Data format identifiers describe the meaning of each field of data within a set (see examples in Annex C).
Data formats shall be composed of the identifiers listed below, or data format identifiers defined by the user
using the tag or DATA_FORMAT_IDENTIFIER keyword. Unknown entries in the
data format definition will be read, but may be ignored by automated readers. Data format identifiers shall be
uppercase. The data type associated with each data format is assumed to be decimal (R) unless separately
defined as integer (I) or character string (CS). In ASCII files, character string data shall be enclosed in quotes
except in the case of SAMPLE_ID or SAMPLE_NO, where the quotes are not required if the sample identifier
does not contain white space.
In ASCII files, where multiple data format identifiers appear, they may be entered either on individual lines or
on single lines separated with white space characters as specified in 4.1.2.
A data format remains in effect until the next data format is encountered.
4.3.4.2 Defined data format identifiers
The following are the currently defined data format identifiers:
SAMPLE_ID (CS) - Sample identifier as defined in ISO 12642-1 or ISO 12642-2
SAMPLE_NO (CS) - Sample sequential number assigned based on read order or other
user-defined criteria
STRING (CS) - Identifies label, or other non-machine readable value; value shall begin
and end with a " symbol
CMYK_C - Cyan component of CMYK data expressed as a percentage
CMYK_M - Magenta component of CMYK data expressed as a percentage
CMYK_Y - Yellow component of CMYK data expressed as a percentage
CMYK_K - Black component of CMYK data expressed as a percentage
PCm_n - Data associated with the process colour identified in tag/keyword Process
colour identification (4.2.3.18), expressed as a percentage. The value m
represents the number of colours in the process colour set. The value n is
used to identify the individual colour within the process colour set and is
assigned according to the order of laydown (sequence of printing).
12 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
SPOT_n - Data associated with the spot colour n identified in tag/keyword Spot
colour identification (4.2.3.19), expressed as a percentage, where n is a
numerical value
D_RED - Red filter density
D_GREEN - Green filter density
D_BLUE - Blue filter density
D_VIS - Visual filter density
D_MAJOR_FILTER - Major filter density
RGB_R - Red component of RGB data expressed as a code value in the range
0-255
RGB_G - Green component of RGB data expressed as a code value in the range
0-255
RGB_B - Blue component of RGB data expressed as a code value in the range
0-255
SPECTRAL_NM - Wavelength of measurement expressed in nanometers
SPECTRAL_PCT - Reflectance/transmittance percentage
SPECTRAL_DEC - Reflectance/transmittance
XYZ_X - X component of tristimulus data
XYZ_Y - Y component of tristimulus data
XYZ_Z - Z component of tristimulus data
XYY_X - x component of chromaticity data
XYY_Y - y component of chromaticity data
XYY_CAPY - Y component of tristimulus data
LAB_L - L* component of CIELAB data
LAB_A - a* component of CIELAB data
LAB_B - b* component of CIELAB data
LAB_C - C* component of CIELAB data
ab
LAB_H - h component of CIELAB data
ab
LAB_DE - CIE ∆E*
ab
[6]
LAB_DE_94 - CIE ∆E using CIE DE 94
LAB_DE_CMC - ∆E using CMC
[7]
LAB_DE_2000 - CIE ∆E using CIE DE 2000
MEAN_DE - Mean ∆E* (LAB_DE) of samples compared to batch average (used for
ab
data files for ANSI IT8.7/1 and ANSI IT8.7/2 targets)
STDEV_X - Standard deviation of X (tristimulus data)
STDEV_Y - Standard deviation of Y (tristimulus data)
STDEV_Z - Standard deviation of Z (tristimulus data)
STDEV_L - Standard deviation of L*
STDEV_A - Standard deviation of a*
STDEV_B - Standard deviation of b*
CHI_SQD_PAR - Average of the standard deviations of L*, a* or b*
4.3.4.3 Usage
4.3.4.3.1 XML format
The data format shall be contained within tags and shall be preceded by the
tag. Each data field shall be described individually using the parameterized
tag. The number of tags shall equal the value of the tag.
Parameters of the tag are:
Format Tag/Keyword Attribute Data type
XML
pos String
name String
col_name String
The following example illustrates the syntax.
EXAMPLE
integer value
…
4.3.4.3.2 ASCII format
The data format shall be contained within BEGIN_/END_DATA_FORMAT keywords and shall be preceded by
the NUMBER_OF_FIELDS keyword. Each data field shall be described individually by using data format
identifiers. The number of data format identifiers shall equal the value of the NUMBER_OF_FIELDS keyword.
ASCII formatted data tables shall be represented using the syntax
NUMBER_OF_FIELDS
BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT
Data format identifier
...
Data format identifier
END_DATA_FORMAT
4.3.5 Table data
4.3.5.1 General
4.3.5.2 and 4.3.5.3 describe how a table is constructed in the XML format and the ASCII format respectively.
The number of data points for each row of the table shall be equal to the NUMBER_OF_FIELDS as defined in
4.2.2.6. The number of rows in the table shall be equal to the NUMBER_OF_SETS as defined in 4.2.2.8.
Each “set of data” within a given table should be directly related to a specific sample area.
14 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
4.3.5.2 XML format
XML formatted data tables shall be represented as illustrated in the following:
integer value
…
…
…
| field value | field value |
| field value | field value |
4.3.5.3 ASCII format
ASCII formatted data tables shall be represented using the syntax
NUMBER_OF_SETS
BEGIN_DATA
...
END_DATA
Annex A
(informative)
Advantages of an XML data reporting format
A.1 General
XML has become the lingua franca for data that is being exchanged. Therefore, there is an assumption that
the implementers of this International Standard have a working knowledge of XML or access to appropriate
resources. In addition to multiple books on XML and its related standard, current information can be obtained
at http://www.w3.org, the website of the group that maintains the XML standard. There are also numerous
other websites with information about XML and its various parts.
The general XML environment consists of three sections:
⎯ document descriptions,
⎯ tools, and
⎯ documents.
A.2 Document descriptions
The XML environment for this International Standard requires both well-formed and valid documents. To this
end, a schema is provided. The schema provides the definition of a properly created document. This definition
or rule set indicates what information is to be within the document and in what order the information should
appear. There is also information about the mandatory or optional use of information and how many times any
particular piece of information may appear. The schema provides the information needed to allow a
processing application to confirm that all documents meet the rules of XML and this International Standard.
A.3 Tools
Because of the significant interest in using XML for information exchange, a number of tools have been
developed. There are two tools of particular interest to implementers of this International Standard:
⎯ an XSLT processor, and
⎯ an XML DOM.
XSLT is the formatting and conversion language developed for XML. The XSLT processor uses a set of
transformation rules along with a source document and a document definition to create a new document. The
new document can either be an XML file or an alternate file format. An XSLT transformation document is
provided. It will support the transformation of a valid, well-formed XML document which is in compliance with
this International Standard into an ASCII document in compliance with this International Standard.
XML DOM is software that provides a programmatic interface between an XML document and an application
program. Versions of XML DOM software are available for most programming and operating system
environments.
16 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
A.4 Documents
The documents are the most important part of XML. An XML document can be represented as a file, a stream
between applications, or a presentation on a screen. The XML document is required to conform to the rules of
XML, to be well formed. An XML document that is in conformance with this International Standard is also
required to conform to the schema (iso28178_data.xsd) in order to be valid. A number of sample XML
documents are provided in Annex C along with the equivalent documents in ASCII format.
A.5 Demonstration data suite
A demonstration data suite is available at http://www.npes.org/standards/tools.html. The files provided with the
demonstration suite illustrate the general use of XML to encode ISO 28178 information. Not all of the features
in this International Standard or its applications are included in the demonstration suite. The use of these files
should not replace an understanding of both this International Standard and XML.
Annex B
(informative)
Tag and keyword examples
B.1 General
Each line of information shown in Table B.1 is independent of any other line and will not collapse into a
meaningful single file based on this International Standard.
Where there is more than one row in columns 3 and 4 corresponding to a single row in columns 1 and 2,
these are independent examples.
Table B.1 — Examples of using keywords and tags
Subclause Reported data ASCII XML
4.2.2.2 Standard
ISO28178 ISO28178
4.2.2.3 Originator
ORIGINATOR "XYZ XYZ Printing Company
Printing Company"
4.2.2.4 Descriptor
FILE_DESCRIPTOR IT8.7/1 Data Files, 4x5 inch "IT8.7/1 Data Files, file_descriptor>
4x5 inch"
FILE_DESCRIPTOR Average Colorimetric Data "Average file_descriptor>
Colorimetric Data"
FILE_DESCRIPTOR standard_identifier="IT8.7/3">
"IT8.7/3 Average Average Colorimetric Data
Colorimetric Data"
4.2.2.5 Created
CREATED "JUNE 28, 2001-06-28
2001"
CREATED "March 28, 2003-03-28
2003"
4.2.2.6 Number of fields
NUMBER_OF_FIELDS 12 12
NUMBER_OF_FIELDS 8 8
4.2.2.7 Data format
BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT
SAMPLE_ID … STDEV_L col_name="ID"/>
END_DATA_FORMAT
…
col_name="S_L"/>
18 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Table B.1 (continued)
Subclause Reported data ASCII XML
BEGIN_DATA_FORMAT
SAMPLE_ID CMYK_C CMYK_M CMYK_Y CMYK_K col_name="ID"/>
LAB_L LAB_A LAB_B
END_DATA_FORMAT
col_name="Magenta"/>
col_name="Yellow"/>
col_name="Black"/>
...
ISO 28178:2009 is a standard that defines a format for exchanging colour and process control data in electronic form. This format can be in either XML or ASCII format. The standard ensures that the data is readable by humans and machines. It includes predefined tags and keywords, and allows for the addition of new ones as needed. The standard is mainly focused on spectral measurement data, colorimetric data, and densitometric data. It is meant to be used alongside other standards that define the required data and tags for specific applications.
記事タイトル: ISO 28178:2009 - グラフィック技術におけるXMLまたはASCIIテキストを使用した色とプロセス制御データの交換形式 記事の内容: ISO 28178:2009は、XMLまたはASCII形式のデータファイルを使用して色とプロセス制御データ（適切な解釈に必要な関連メタデータを含む）を電子形式で交換するための形式を定義しています。この形式は、データを人間に読みやすく保つだけでなく、機械にも読みやすくすることができます。事前定義された一連のタグとキーワードを含み、必要に応じて追加のタグとキーワードの動的な定義を可能にします。主にスペクトル測定データ、色度測定データ、および濃度測定データに焦点を当てています。 ISO 28178:2009は、特定のデータ交換アプリケーションの必要なデータとタグを定義する他の規格とともに使用することを意図しています。
기사 제목: ISO 28178:2009 - 그래픽 기술 - XML 또는 ASCII 텍스트를 사용한 색상 및 프로세스 제어 데이터 교환 형식 기사 내용: ISO 28178:2009는 색상 및 프로세스 제어 데이터 (적절한 해석을 위해 필요한 연관된 메타데이터 포함)를 전자 형식으로 XML 또는 ASCII로 포맷된 데이터 파일을 사용하여 교환하기 위한 형식을 정의합니다. 이 형식은 데이터의 인간의 가독성을 유지하면서 기계의 가독성도 가능하게 합니다. 미리 정의된 일련의 태그와 키워드를 포함하며, 필요한 경우 추가 태그와 키워드의 동적 정의를 위한 확장성도 제공합니다. 이 표준은 주로 스펙트럴 측정 데이터, 색차 데이터 및 밀도 측정 데이터에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. ISO 28178:2009는 필요한 데이터와 특정 데이터 교환 응용 프로그램을 위한 태그를 정의하는 다른 표준과 함께 사용되어야 합니다.
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