ISO/TR 10809-1:2023
(Main)Cast irons — Part 1: Materials and properties for design
Cast irons — Part 1: Materials and properties for design
This document provides information about cast iron materials so that users and designers are in a better position to understand cast iron as a design material in its own right and to correctly specify cast iron for suitable applications. This document suggests what can be achieved, and what is not achievable when cast irons are specified as well as the reasons why. It is not designed to be a textbook of cast iron metallurgy. It is intended to help people to choose the correct material for the right reasons and to also help to obviate the specification or expectation of unrealistic additional requirements, which are unlikely to be met and which can be detrimental to the intended application.
Fontes — Partie 1: Matériaux et propriétés pour la conception
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 10809-1
Second edition
2023-02
Cast irons —
Part 1:
Materials and properties for design
Fontes —
Partie 1: Matériaux et propriétés pour la conception
Reference number
ISO/TR 10809-1:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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ISO/TR 10809-1:2023(E)
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ISO/TR 10809-1:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Why use cast irons as an engineering material? . 5
4.1 General . 5
4.2 Why use grey cast iron? . 5
4.3 Why use spheroidal graphite cast iron? . 5
4.4 Why use ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron (austempered ductile iron, ADI)?. 6
4.5 Why use malleable cast iron? . 6
4.6 Why use compacted (vermicular) graphite cast iron? . 6
4.7 Why use austenitic cast iron? . 6
4.8 Why use abrasion-resistant cast iron? . 7
5 Overview . 7
5.1 General . 7
5.2 Recent changes in standardization . 7
5.3 General microstructure of cast iron . 9
5.4 Section sensitivity and the effects of relevant wall thickness on material properties . 11
5.5 Understanding hardness . 11
5.6 Heat treatment.12
5.7 Welding . . 13
6 ISO 185, Grey cast irons .13
6.1 Overview . 13
6.2 Effect of structure on properties . 16
6.3 Metal composition and carbon equivalent . 16
6.4 Graphite form, distribution and size . 16
6.5 Section sensitivity . 19
6.6 Effect of alloying elements . 19
6.7 Heat treatment. 20
6.8 Choosing the grade . 20
7 ISO 1083, Spheroidal graphite cast irons .21
7.1 Overview . 21
7.2 Effect of structure on properties . 22
7.3 Metal composition and carbon equivalent . 22
7.4 Graphite form and size .22
7.5 Relevant wall thickness in spheroidal graphite iron . 24
7.6 Effect of alloying elements . 24
7.7 Matrix structure and resultant properties . 24
7.8 Influence from strain rate and temperature on properties for ferritic, ferritic-
pearlitic and pearlitic grades . .26
7.8.1 General . 26
7.8.2 Influence from pearlite content at constant silicon level .26
7.8.3 Influence from silicon content in fully ferritic matrix . 27
7.9 Special case of impact-resistant grades .29
7.10 Heat treatment.30
7.11 Choosing the grade . 31
8 ISO 17804, Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons (ADI).31
8.1 Overview . 31
8.2 Heat treatment process .34
8.3 Effects of alloying elements . 35
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ISO/TR 10809-1:2023(E)
8.4 Graphite form and size . 35
8.5 Matrix structure and the resultant properties .36
8.6 Influence from relevant wall thickness on mechanical properties .36
8.7 V-notch impact energy grade .36
8.8 Abrasion-resistant grades . 36
8.9 Machinability . 37
8.10 Choosing the grade . 37
9 ISO 5922, Malleable cast irons .38
9.1 Overview .38
9.2 Metal composition and carbon equivalent .40
9.3 Heat treatment. 41
9.3.1 General . 41
9.3.2 Blackheart malleable irons . 41
9.3.3 Whiteheart malleable irons . 42
9.4 Graphite form and size . 42
9.5 Mechanical property requirements and the influence of structure . 42
9.6 Impact properties . 43
9.7 Section sensitivity . 43
9.8 Choosing the grade . 43
10 ISO 16112, Compacted (vermicular) graphite cast irons . 44
10.1 Overview .44
10.2 Compacted graphite iron — intermediate properties . 45
10.3 Effect of structure on properties .46
10.4 Metal composition and carbon equivalent .46
10.5 Graphite form and size .46
10.6 Section sensitivity in compacted graphite iron . 47
10.7 Matrix structure and the resultant properties . 47
10.8 Heat treatment. 47
10.9 Choosing the grade .48
11 ISO 2892, Austenitic cast irons .48
11.1 Overview .48
11.2 Effect of structure on properties .49
11.3 Chemical composition and its effect.50
11.4 Effect of composition on carbon equivalent . 51
11.5 Graphite form and size . 51
11.6 Heat treatment. 51
11.7 Choosing the grade . 52
12 ISO 21988, Abrasion-resistant cast irons .53
12.1 Overview . 53
12.2 Effects of structure on properties . 55
12.3 Chemical composition .56
12.4 Unalloyed and low alloyed cast irons .56
12.5 Nickel-chromium cast iron .56
12.6 High chromium cast iron .56
12.7 Influence of chemical composition on properties and performance . 57
12.8 Section sensitivity .58
12.9 Heat treatment.58
12.10 Choosing the grade . 59
Bibliography .61
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ISO/TR 10809-1:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 10809-1:2009), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— Clauses 4 to 10 have been reordered in line with microstructural similarities between cast iron
types;
— the Bibliography has been updated.
A list of all parts in the ISO 10809 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/TR 10809-1:2023(E)
Introduction
[13]
Worldwide cast-iron production is in excess of 74 million metric tonnes per annum. It is manufactured
in a wide range of alloys and has applications in all sectors of world production and manufacture. Its
use spans many industries, including automotive, oil, mining, etc.
The purpose of this document is to assist the designer and engineer in understanding the family of cast
iron materials and to be able to utilize them with a more complete knowledge of their potential, among
the wide range of other engineering materials and fabrication methods now available. A considerable
amount of the data provided are metallurgical, but it is usually the metallurgical aspects of the cast
irons that create misunderstandings when these materials are specified. Metallurgy is not one of the
scientific disciplines commonly taught to engineering students, so the material properties of cast
irons are not often well understood. Thus, such students often have a lack of knowledge regarding the
fundamentals underpinning the material properties of cast irons.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10809-1:2023(E)
Cast irons —
Part 1:
Materials and properties for design
1 Scope
This document provides information about cast iron materials so that users and designers are in a
better position to understand cast iron as a design material in its own right and to correctly specify
cast iron for suitable applications.
This document suggests what can be achieved, and what is not achievable when cast irons are specified
as well as the reasons why. It is not designed to be a textbook of cast iron metallurgy. It is intended
to help people to choose the correct material for the right reasons and to also help to obviate the
specification or expectation of unrealistic additional requirements, which are unlikely to be met and
which can be detrimental to the intended application.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
alloying
addition of elements such as copper, nickel and molybdenum to enhance hardenability
3.2
annealing
heat treatment (3.17) that breaks down iron carbide (3.21) and pearlite (3.26) to produce ferrite (3.12)
3.3
ausferrite
cast iron matrix microstructure, produced by a controlled thermal process, which consists of
predominantly acicular ferrite (3.12) and high carbon austenite (3.5)
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ISO/TR 10809-1:2023(E)
3.4
austempering
heat treatment (3.17), consisting of heating the castings to a
temperature at which austenite (3.5) starts to form during heating and holding a sufficient time for
carbon diffusion into the austenite, followed by cooling at a rate sufficient to avoid the formation of
pearlite (3.26), and transforming the matrix structure for a time and temperature (above the martensite
(3.23) start temperature) sufficient to produce the desired properties
Note 1 to entry: This process produces a microstructure that consists predominantly of acicular ferrite (3.12)
and high carbon austenite. This microstructure is called ausferrite (3.3). Examples of ausferritic microstructures
are given in ISO/TR 945-3.
[SOURCE: ISO 17804:2020, 3.3]
3.5
austenite
cast iron matrix microstructure, formed in cast irons immediately upon solidification that at lower
temperatures transforms into ferrite (3.12), pearlite (3.26), ausferrite (3.3) and/or martensite (3.23),
unless the austenite is stabilized at lower temperatures by either sufficient alloying (3.1) with nickel in
austenitic cast irons, or by carbon enrichment in the austenite phase during the austempering (3.4) of
ausferritic cast irons containing sufficient silicon to prevent formation of bainite (3.6)
3.6
bainite
cast iron matrix microstructure that can form if a white iron with low silicon content is austempered
(3.4)
Note 1 to entry: Ausferritic cast irons contain sufficient silicon to prevent the formation of bainite.
3.7
carbon equivalent
formula based on the carbon and silicon contents of molten cast iron by thermal analysis
3.8
compacted
stubby form of graphite flakes providing material properties in between those of the grey and
spheroidal graphite irons
3.9
ductility
elongation measured on the tensile test piece following testing
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed as a percentage.
3.10
eutectic
point at which elements are present at a level where the lowest solidification temperature is reached
3.11
eutectic cell
solidification mechanism in grey cast iron where cells form, each with its individual internal graphite
structure
Note 1 to entry: These ultimately coalesce to form a uniform material.
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ISO/TR 10809-1:2023(E)
3.12
ferrite
cast iron matrix microstructure formed during slow cooling of austenite (3.5), provided that pearlite
(3.26) is not rapidly forming to consume the austenite
Note 1 to entry: The formation of ferrite is promoted by both slower cooling and higher silicon content. The
latter results in considerable substitutional solution strengthening of the ferrite. A new kind of ferrite, also
interstitially solution strengthened by medium carbon contents, is formed during austempering (3.4) into
ausferritic microstructures.
3.13
graphite flake
two-dimensional appearance of the graphite form (3.14) in grey cast iron, when looking at the material
structure through a microscope
3.14
graphite form
descriptor of graphite shape, which can define material properties
Note 1 to entry: It is shown in ISO 945-1.
3.15
graphite size
size of the free graphite, whether in the form of flakes, nodules, temper nodules or vermicular graphite
Note 1 to entry: It can be quantified using the relevant cast iron type standard, and will have an effect on the
mechanical properties of the final product.
Note 2 to entry: It is classified in accordance with ISO 945-1.
Note 3 to entry: Fine graphite normally provides better properties than coarse graphite.
3.16
hardening
heat treatment (3.17) that generally produces martensite (3.23) in the matrix (3.24)
3.17
heat treatment
thermal process that removes internal stress or enhances properties
3.18
hypoeutectic
composition below the eutectic (3.10)
3.19
hypereutectic
composition above the eutectic (3.10)
3.20
inoculation
technique of adding inoculant to molten iron to enhance the graphite growth
3.21
iron carbide
iron and carbon in a combined form
EXAMPLE Fe3C.
3.22
iron-chromium carbide
complex carbide principally found in abrasion-resisting irons
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3.23
martensite
cast iron matrix microstructure formed from cooling any austenite (3.5) not previously transformed at
higher temperatures into ferrite (3.12), pearlite (3.26), bainite (3.6) and/or ausferrite (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: In contrast to these transformations relying on the diffusion of carbon and thus depending on
both temperature and time, the formation of martensite is diffusionless and is dependent only on temperature.
3.24
matrix
structural phases surrounding the graphite in graphitic cast irons and carbide in abrasion-resisting
irons
EXAMPLE Ferrite (3
...
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