Information technology — Biometric profiles for interoperability and data interchange — Part 1: Overview of biometric systems and biometric profiles

ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008 provides common definitions used within the profile standards and references other standards applicable to the successful implementation of a generic biometric system. A harmonized (with the other part 1 standards in WG 3 and WG5) generic biometric system is described and a diagram is present. The description includes detail of the individual components present in a generic biometric system. ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008 furthermore describes the generic functions of the biometric system and the relationship between a biometric system and the application that uses that system. Lastly, ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008 details the possible interfaces into a biometric system as well as the relationship that exists between the various base standards currently under development within SC37.

Technologies de l'information — Profils biométriques pour interopérabilité et échange de données — Partie 1: Exposé général des systèmes biométriques et des profils biométriques

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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 24713-1
First edition
2008-03-01


Information technology — Biometric
profiles for interoperability and data
interchange —
Part 1:
Overview of biometric systems
and biometric profiles
Technologies de l'information — Profils biométriques pour
interopérabilité et échange de données —
Partie 1: Exposé général des systèmes biométriques et des profils
biométriques




Reference number
ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2008

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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
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©  ISO/IEC 2008
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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 6
5 General biometric system. 6
5.1 Conceptual diagram of general biometric system . 6
5.2 Conceptual components of a general biometric system. 7
5.2.1 Data capture subsystem . 7
5.2.2 Transmission subsystem (not portrayed in diagram). 7
5.2.3 Signal processing subsystem . 7
5.2.4 Data storage subsystem . 7
5.2.5 Matching subsystem . 7
5.2.6 5.2.6 Decision subsystem . 7
5.2.7 5.2.7 Administration subsystem (not portrayed in diagram). 8
5.2.8 Interface (not portrayed in diagram). 8
5.3 Functions of general biometric system. 8
5.3.1 Enrolment . 8
5.3.2 Verification . 9
5.3.3 Identification. 9
6 Relationship between the biometric system and the application. 10
6.1 General. 10
6.2 The ID life-cycle. 10
6.2.1 Proofing . 11
6.2.2 Registration . 11
6.2.3 Issuance. 11
6.2.4 Usage . 11
6.3 Subject versus end-user . 11
6.3.1 6.3.1 Access control example. 12
6.3.2 Travel document example. 12
6.4 Biometric decision versus authorization .13
7 Interfaces between the biometric system and the application . 14
7.1 Application programming interface (API).14
7.2 Protocol interface . 15
7.3 Hardware based electronic input/output interface. 15
8 Developing biometric profiles utilising biometrics base standards . 15
8.1 Relationships of biometric base standards and their use in biometric profiles. 15
8.2 Classes . 16
8.2.1 Application class . 16
8.2.2 Data class . 16
8.2.3 Interface class . 17
8.3 Using biometric base standards to develop biometric profiles. 17
Bibliography . 18

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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 24713-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 37, Biometrics.
ISO/IEC 24713 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Biometric
profiles for interoperability and data interchange:
⎯ Part 1: Overview of biometric systems and biometric profiles
⎯ Part 2: Physical access control for employees at airports
⎯ Part 3: Biometric based verification and identification of seafarers
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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO/IEC 24713 is intended to form the overview part of the multipart standard on biometric profiles
for interoperability and data interchange. It describes a schema for the use of a number of biometric standards.
This part of ISO/IEC 24713 is not intended to replace or counter any other part of this International Standard,
but rather to be used as a reference guide for the implementation of a generic biometric system or a profile-
standardized system.
This part of ISO/IEC 24713 provides generic information and guidance to users about biometric systems and
the use of the various base standards within biometric profiles to support interoperability and data interchange
among biometrics applications and systems.
This part of ISO/IEC 24713 is one of a family of international standards being developed by ISO/IEC
JTC 1/SC 37 that support interoperability and data interchange among biometrics applications and systems.
This family of standards specifies requirements that solve the complexities of applying biometrics to a
1)
wide variety of personal recognition applications, whether such applications operate in an open systems
environment or consist of a single, closed system.
Biometric data interchange format standards and biometric interface standards are both necessary to achieve
full data interchange and interoperability for biometric recognition in an open systems environment. The
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 37 biometric standards family includes a layered set of standards consisting of biometric
data interchange formats and biometric interfaces, as well as biometric profiles that describe the use of these
standards in specific application areas.
• The biometric data interchange format standards specify biometric data interchange records for
different biometric modalities. Parties that agree in advance to exchange biometric data interchange
records as specified in a subset of the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 37 biometric data interchange format
standards should be able to perform biometric recognition with each other’s data. Parties should also
be able to perform biometric recognition even without advance agreement on the specific biometric
data interchange format standards to be used, provided they have built their systems on the layered
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 37 family of biometric standards.
• The biometric interface standards include the Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework
(CBEFF) and the Biometric Application Programming Interface (BioAPI). These standards support
exchange of biometric data within a system or among systems. The CBEFF standard specifies the
basic structure of a standardized Biometric Information Record (BIR) which includes the biometric
data interchange record with added metadata, such as when it was captured, its expiry date, whether
it is encrypted, etc. The BioAPI standard specifies an open system API that supports communications
between software applications and underlying biometric technology services. BioAPI also specifies a
CBEFF BIR format for the storage and transmission of BioAPI-produced data.
The biometric profile standards facilitate implementations of the base standards (e.g. the ISO/IEC
JTC 1/SC 37 biometric data interchange format and biometric interface standards, and possibly non-biometric
standards) for defined applications. These profile standards define the functions of an application (e.g.
Physical Access Control for Employees at Airports) and then specify use of options in the base standards to
ensure biometric interoperability.

1) Open systems are built on standards based, publicly defined data formats, interfaces, and protocols to facilitate data
interchange and interoperability with other systems, which may include components of different design or manufacture. A
closed system may also be built on publicly defined standards, and may include components of different design or
manufacture, but inherently has no requirement for data interchange and interoperability with any other system.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)

Information technology — Biometric profiles for interoperability
and data interchange —
Part 1:
Overview of biometric systems and biometric profiles
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 24713 identifies and defines the functional blocks and components of a generic biometric
system, and the distinct characteristics of each component. It also defines a generic biometric reference
architecture incorporating the relevant biometric-related base standards to support interoperability and data
interchange.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 19794-1:2006, Information technology — Biometric data interchange formats — Part 1: Framework
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
application programming interface
API
software based interface that can be used for communications and interfacing between an application and the
biometric system.
NOTE 1 An API is computer code used by an application developer. Any biometric system that is compatible with the
API can be added or interchanged by the application developer.
NOTE 2 APIs are often described by the degree to which they are high level or low level. High level means that the
interface is proximate to the application and low-level means that the interface is proximate to the device.
3.2
application
hardware/software system implemented to satisfy a broad set of requirements.
NOTE In this context, an application incorporates a biometric system to satisfy a subset of requirements related to
the verification or identification of an end-user’s identity so that the end-user’s identifier can be used to facilitate the end-
user’s interaction with the system.
EXAMPLE A biometrics-enabled time and attendance system has a ‘broad’ requirement to record an employee’s
starting and leaving times so the employee can be paid the correct amount of wages. The system uses biometrics to verify
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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
the employee’s “end-user’s” claim that his identity is the one that the system has associated with the employee’s id-
number ‘identifier’ at the times when the employee interacts with the biometric device as he enters and leaves the work
place.
3.3
base standard
fundamental standard with elements that contain options.
NOTE Base standards can be used in diverse applications, for each of which it may be useful to fix the optional
elements in a standardized profile with the aim of achieving interoperability between instances of the specific application.
3.4
biometric
pertaining to the field of biometrics
NOTE “Biometric” is never used as a noun.
3.5
biometrics
automated recognition of individuals based on their behavioural and biological characteristics
3.6
biometric data
information extracted from the biometric sample used to build a template or to compare against a previously
created template
3.7
biometric functions
procedures or activities of enrolment (3.19), verification (3.40) and/or identification (3.25) within a biometric
system
3.8
biometric interchange data
BID
biometric data formatted according to one or more of the data interchange standards as defined by ISO 19794
3.9
biometric profile
conforming subsets or combinations of base standards used to effect specific biometric functions
NOTE Biometric profiles define specific values or conditions from the range of options described in the relevant base
standards, with the aim of supporting the interchange of data between applications and the interoperability of systems.
3.10
biometric sample
raw data representing a biometric characteristic of an end-user as captured by a biometric system
3.11
biometric system
(mainly) automated system capable of
1) capturing a biometric sample from an end-user or as provided by a forensic technology,
2) extracting biometric data from that sample, or alternatively, deriving biometric features from the
biometric data in a form suitable for comparison with one or more reference templates,
3) comparing the biometric features with those contained in one or more reference templates ,
4) determining the level of similarity by a score or other metric, or alternatively, ranking in accordance with
the level of similarity as determined by a score or other metric,
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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
5) returning a result to the application indicating whether the identification and/or verification has been
successful or not, and
6) storing and managing biometric data and related system information
NOTE The set of biometric systems can be divided in two classes as follows:
Single-biometric system: biometric system that uses a single biometric modality, algorithm or sensor.
Multi-biometric system: biometric system that uses multiple biometric modalities and/or sensors and/or algorithms.
3.12
biometric system components
those parts or elements of the system that perform specific tasks that are required by the system in order for it
to function.
EXAMPLE Examples of biometric system components are capture, process and compare.
3.13
biometric template
biometric data derived from a biometric sample or combination of biometric samples that is suitable for
storage as a reference for future comparison
3.14
capture
method of taking a biometric sample from an end-user
3.15
comparison
process of evaluating the similarities between a template and a reference template
3.16
database
structured set of data held in a computer
3.17
decision
result of the comparison between the match score and the threshold
NOTE The decision can be acceptance or rejection.
3.18
end-user
person who interacts with a biometric system to enroll or have his/her identity checked
3.19
enrolment
process of collecting biometric sample(s) from an end-user and the subsequent preparation and storage of
biometric reference template(s) and, if necessary, associated data in connection with the end-user’s identity
3.20
extraction
process of converting a captured biometric sample into biometric data
3.21
false acceptance
when a biometric system incorrectly identifies an individual or incorrectly verifies an impostor against a
claimed identity
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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
3.22
false rejection
when a biometric system fails to identify an end-user or fails to verify the legitimate claimed identity of an
end-user
3.23
identifier
unique data string used as a key in the biometric system to associate a person’s biometric with a person’s
identity attributes
3.24
identity
common-sense notion of personal identity
NOTE Attributes that could be used in defining an identity include a person’s name, aspects of their personality or
physical appearance, previous history of transactions between the application and the end-user, nationality, educational
achievements, employer, security clearances, financial and credit history. In a biometric system, identity is typically
established when the person is registered in the system through the use of so-called “breeder documents” such as birth
certificate, passport, etc.
3.25
identification
〈biometric system function〉 biometric system function that performs a one-to-many search to obtain a candidate
list
EXAMPLE BioAPI_IdentifyMatch
NOTE An identification function may be used to verify a claim of enrolment in an enrolment database without a
specified biometric reference identifier.
3.26
match
matching
process of comparing biometric data derived from biometric samples against a previously stored template(s)
and scoring the level of similarity
3.27
multiple biometric
biometric system that includes more than one biometric technology
3.28
negative identification
biometric system function that performs a one-to-many search of submitted biometric data derived from a
biometric sample against all or some of the templates in a database of end-users in order to confirm that the
assertion that an end-user has not yet been enrolled into (that part) of a database
3.29
population
set of end-users for the application
3.30
positive Identification
biometric system function that performs a one-to-many search of submitted biometric data derived from a
biometric sample against all or some of the templates in a database of end-users, and outputs the template
corresponding to the identity of the correctly authenticated end-user
3.31
record
template and other information about the end-user (e.g. access permissions)
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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
3.32
registration
process of making a person’s identity (3.24) known to a biometric system, associating a unique identifier
(3.23) with that identity, and collecting and recording the person’s relevant attributes into the system
3.33
score
numerical value, result of a comparison, indicating the degree of similarity or correlation between a biometric
sample and a reference template
3.34
standard
document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and
repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the
optimum degree of order in a given context - Note - Standards should be based on the consolidated results of
science, technology and experience, and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits
3.35
subject
end-user whose biometric data is intended to be enrolled or compared
3.36
token
physical device that contains information specific to the end-user or bearer
3.37
threshold
boundary value of the score used by the comparison application to decide automatically if one reference
template, compared to the template submitted to the system, is accepted or rejected
NOTE If the score of the comparison is above the threshold, the reference template is accepted in the candidates list;
if not, it is rejected. The threshold is adjustable so that the biometric system can be more or less strict, depending on the
requirements of any given biometric application.
3.38
user
individual responsible for managing and/or implementing and/or administering the biometric system, as
distinct from the end-user whose biometric sample is captured
3.39
validation
process of demonstrating that the system under consideration meets in all respects the specification of that
system
3.40
verification
biometric system function that performs a one-to-one comparison of a submitted sample against a specified
stored template, and returns the matching score or matching decision
3.41
biometric Features
distinctive and repeatable measures of the biometric sample which can be stored as a template in a database
or compared with a specific template
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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply.
BID Biometric Interchange Data
ID Identification
5 General biometric system
5.1 Conceptual diagram of general biometric system
Given the variety of applications and technologies, it might seem difficult to draw any generalizations about
biometric systems. All such systems, however, have many elements in common. Biometric samples are
acquired from a subject by a sensor. The sensor output is sent to a processor which extracts the distinctive
but repeatable measures of the sample (the “features”), discarding all other components. The resulting
features can be stored in the database as a “template”, or compared to a specific template, many templates or
all templates already in the database to determine if there is a match. A decision regarding the identity claim is
made based upon the similarity between the sample features and those of the template or templates
compared.




Data
Data

Matching Decision


Storage
Capture
Enrolment
Matching
Database
Identity  Similarity
Template

Score(s)
Claim


Signal


Presentation
Template Processing

Match? Candidate?


Template
Candidate
Match/
Creation
Threshold List
Non-match
Biometric

Characteristics

Features
Verified? Identified?

Quality

Re-acquire


Feature

Sensor

Decision

Segmentation
Criteria

Sample
Verification Identification

Outcome Outcome

Enrolment
Verification
Identification

Figure 1 — Components of general biometric system
Figure 1 illustrates the information flow within a general biometric system, showing a general biometric system
consisting of data capture, signal processing, storage, matching and decision subsystems. This diagram
illustrates both enrolment, and the operation of verification and identification systems. The following sub-
clauses describe each of these subsystems in more detail. It should be noted that, in any real biometric
system, these conceptual components may not exist or may not directly correspond to the physical
components.
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ISO/IEC 24713-1:2008(E)
5.2 Conceptual components of a general biometric system
5.2.1 Data capture subsystem
The data capture subsystem collects an image or signal of a subject’s biometric characteristics that they have
presented to the biometric sensor, and outputs this image/signal as a biometric sample.
5.2.2 Transmission subsystem (not portrayed in diagram)
The transmission subsystem (not always present or visibly present in a biometric system) will transmit
samples, features, and/or templates between different subsystems. Samples, features or templates may be
transmitted using standard biometric data interchange formats. The biometric sample may be compressed
and/or encrypted before transmission, and expanded and/or decrypted before use. A biometric sample may
be altered in transmission due to noise in the transmission channel as well as losses in the
compression/expansion process. It is advisable that cryptographic techniques be used to protect the
authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality of stored and transmitted biometric data.
5.2.3 Signal processing subsystem
The signal processing subsystem extracts the distinguishing features from a biometric sample. This may
involve locating the signal of the subject’s biometric characteristics within the received sample (a process
known as segmentation), feature extraction, and quality control to ensure that the extracted features are likely
to be distinguishing and repeatable. Should quality control rej
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