ISO/TS 22107:2021
(Main)Dispersibility of solid particles into a liquid
Dispersibility of solid particles into a liquid
This document establishes a generally applicable (i.e. not application specific) definition for dispersibility. It identifies significant characteristics for evaluating dispersibility and lists examples of methods used to characterize dispersibility in various applications. This document applies to processes that disperse powders into a liquid continuous phase while reducing the size of agglomerates or flocs down to the intended level, that homogenize an existing dispersed solid phase of a suspension or the mixture of two suspensions, or that exchange the original continuous phase in a suspension for another. Specific methods to disperse particles and to characterize the state of dispersion and/or homogeneity are only referenced, if necessary, for context. This document is applicable to nano- and micro-sized particles across a range of product applications.
Dispersibilité de particules solides dans un liquide
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 22107
First edition
2021-10
Dispersibility of solid particles into a
liquid
Dispersibilité de particules solides dans un liquide
Reference number
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Basic aspects of dispersion process .4
5 Definition of dispersibility .6
5.1 Dispersibility definitions in existing standards . 6
5.2 Generic definition of dispersibility . 7
6 Methods to characterize dispersibility of solid particles into a liquid .8
Annex A (informative) A compilation of national and international standards .9
Bibliography .20
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 24, Particle characterization including
sieving, Subcommittee SC 4, Particle characterization.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Dispersing particles is crucial for many end-use product properties such as colour, sensorial quality,
polishing, film homogeneity, conductivity, therapeutic efficacy, opacity of paints and inks, as well as
UV protection in cosmetics. Dispersions are evaluated over the life-cycle of a product, beginning in the
design stage, through production and for the end product. Additionally, some type of dispersion process
is a prerequisite for many routine particle characterization methods. Finally, the state of dispersion is an
[37]
important issue for risk evaluation of fine particles and for classification of nano-enabled products .
However, the ease with which a particulate material is dispersed in a liquid phase to meet established
or desired criteria, commonly referred to as dispersibility, is not well defined; and its common usage
varies widely across different fields and applications. Most existing definitions are application or
product specific. Therefore, the need exists for a document that summarizes the common practice, and
which also clearly defines dispersibility in a generic manner that is not application dependent. This
document addresses that stated need.
The definition for dispersibility is established based on a survey of existing standards of national and
international organisations as well as standardized procedures of industry in different application
fields. With respect to the final product in different applications, the state of dispersion can be
characterized according to the uniformity of the dispersed phase over the entire volume and according
to the mean particle size or size distribution with respect to application specific criteria.
This document does not address intermediate- or long-term alterations including aging of a suspension
following processing, nor does it address secondary destabilization phenomena. Stability and shelf life
are considered in specific standards such as ISO/TR 13097 and ISO/TR 18811.
v
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 22107:2021(E)
Dispersibility of solid particles into a liquid
1 Scope
This document establishes a generally applicable (i.e. not application specific) definition for
dispersibility. It identifies significant characteristics for evaluating dispersibility and lists examples of
methods used to characterize dispersibility in various applications.
This document applies to processes that disperse powders into a liquid continuous phase while reducing
the size of agglomerates or flocs down to the intended level, that homogenize an existing dispersed
solid phase of a suspension or the mixture of two suspensions, or that exchange the original continuous
phase in a suspension for another. Specific methods to disperse particles and to characterize the state
of dispersion and/or homogeneity are only referenced, if necessary, for context.
This document is applicable to nano- and micro-sized particles across a range of product applications.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
agglomerate
loosely coherent assembly of particles (3.12) and/or aggregates (3.2) held together by weak physical
interactions, with a total surface area virtually equal to the sum of the surface areas of the constituent
particles (3.13)
Note 1 to entry: The transitive verb “agglomerate” means “to gather into a cluster”, and the process by which the
cluster or assembly is formed is generally called “agglomeration”.
Note 2 to entry: Agglomeration can be a reversible process.
3.2
aggregate
assemblage of particles (3.12) into rigidly joined structures
Note 1 to entry: Formation of aggregates is usually an irreversible process.
Note 2 to entry: The forces holding an aggregate together are strong, for example covalent bonds or those
resulting from sintering or complex physical entanglement.
Note 3 to entry: In common use, the terms aggregate and agglomerate (also aggregation and agglomeration) are
sometimes applied interchangeably, but this practice is deprecated since the terms are not synonymous.
Note 4 to entry: The transitive verb “aggregate” means “to gather into a mass or whole”, and the process by which
the structure is formed is generally called “aggregation”.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 13097:2013, 2.2, modified — The term has been changed from "aggregation" to
"aggregate"; notes 1 and 3 to entry has been updated; note 4 to entry has been added.]
3.3
comminution
operation of reducing particle (3.12) size by crushing, grinding or pulverisation
[SOURCE: ISO 12743:2021, 3.14]
3.4
dispersing agent
dispersant
substance capable of promoting the formation of a dispersion (3.7)
[SOURCE: ISO 862:1984, 82, modified — The admitted term "dispersant" has been added.]
3.5
disperse
distribute particles (3.12) homogeneously throughout a continuous phase, often by means of reducing
the size of agglomerates (3.1)
3.6
dispersibility
qualitative or quantitative characteristic or property of a particulate source material assessing the
ease with which said material can be dispersed (3.5) within a continuous phase
Note 1 to entry: Spatially uniform distribution (homogeneity (3.11)) of the dispersed phase is considered an
integral part of the desired end point.
Note 2 to entry: Particle (3.12) size or particle size distribution is often used as an end point relative to defined
criteria specific to the application.
Note 3 to entry: Dispersibility refers to a specific dispersion (3.7) process and specific process time.
Note 4 to entry: Dispersion stability (3.8), though a related phenomenon, should not be confused with dispersibility.
3.7
dispersion
multi-phase system in which discontinuities of any state (solid, liquid or gas) are homogeneously
distributed in a continuous phase of a different composition or state
Note 1 to entry: If solid particles (3.12) are dispersed (3.5) in a liquid, the dispersion is referred to as a suspension.
If the dispersion consists of two or more immiscible liquid phases, it is termed an emulsion.
Note 2 to entry: This term can also refer to the act or process of producing a dispersion, but in this context the
term “dispersion process” shall be used.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 13097: 2013, 2.5, modified — The words "in general, microscopic" have been
removed from the begining of the definition; "discontinous phase" has been remove from the within the
parentheses; "dispersed" has been replaced by "homogeneously distributed"; note 1 to entry has been
updated; note 2 to entry has been added.]
3.8
dispersion stability
ability to resist change or variation in the initial properties (state) of a dispersion (3.7) over time, in
other words, the quality of a dispersion in being free from alterations over a given time scale
Note 1 to entry: In this context, for instance agglomeration or segregation represents a loss of dispersion stability.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 13097:2013, 2.6, modified — In note 1 to entry, "creaming" has been replaced by
"segregation".]
3.9
energy density
amount of energy per unit volume of sample applied to a material
3.10
floc
ensemble of particles (3.12) that form a loosely coherent structure with high void fraction
Note 1 to entry: Flocs are held together by weak particle-particle attraction or by the osmotic pressure of a
continuous phase containing polymers not adsorbing to dispersed (3.5) particles (loss of configurational entropy
of polymers, depletion flocculation).
Note 2 to entry: The term floc may be used to denote an agglomerate (3.1) produced by addition of a flocculating
agent (e.g., a polyelectrolyte), but flocs can also form spontaneously.
3.11
homogeneity
degree to which a property or a constituent is uniformly distributed throughout a quantity of material
[38]
[SOURCE: IUPAC Gold Book ]
3.12
particle
minute piece of matter with defined physical boundaries
Note 1 to entry: A physical boundary can also be described as an interface.
Note 2 to entry: A particle can move as a unit.
[SOURCE: ISO 14644-5:2004, 3.1.7, modified — The original note to entry has been replaced by 2 new
notes to entry.]
3.13
constituent particle
identifiable, integral component of a larger particle (3.12)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 3.3, modified — Note 1 to entry has been removed.]
3.14
primary particle
original source particle (3.12) of agglomerates (3.1) or aggregates (3.2) or mixtures of the two
Note 1 to entry: Although a primary particle is often a constituent particle (3.13), a constituent particle is not
nece
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 22107
First edition
2021-10
Dispersibility of solid particles into a
liquid
Dispersibilité de particules solides dans un liquide
Reference number
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Basic aspects of dispersion process .4
5 Definition of dispersibility .6
5.1 Dispersibility definitions in existing standards . 6
5.2 Generic definition of dispersibility . 7
6 Methods to characterize dispersibility of solid particles into a liquid .8
Annex A (informative) A compilation of national and international standards .9
Bibliography .20
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 24, Particle characterization including
sieving, Subcommittee SC 4, Particle characterization.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Dispersing particles is crucial for many end-use product properties such as colour, sensorial quality,
polishing, film homogeneity, conductivity, therapeutic efficacy, opacity of paints and inks, as well as
UV protection in cosmetics. Dispersions are evaluated over the life-cycle of a product, beginning in the
design stage, through production and for the end product. Additionally, some type of dispersion process
is a prerequisite for many routine particle characterization methods. Finally, the state of dispersion is an
[37]
important issue for risk evaluation of fine particles and for classification of nano-enabled products .
However, the ease with which a particulate material is dispersed in a liquid phase to meet established
or desired criteria, commonly referred to as dispersibility, is not well defined; and its common usage
varies widely across different fields and applications. Most existing definitions are application or
product specific. Therefore, the need exists for a document that summarizes the common practice, and
which also clearly defines dispersibility in a generic manner that is not application dependent. This
document addresses that stated need.
The definition for dispersibility is established based on a survey of existing standards of national and
international organisations as well as standardized procedures of industry in different application
fields. With respect to the final product in different applications, the state of dispersion can be
characterized according to the uniformity of the dispersed phase over the entire volume and according
to the mean particle size or size distribution with respect to application specific criteria.
This document does not address intermediate- or long-term alterations including aging of a suspension
following processing, nor does it address secondary destabilization phenomena. Stability and shelf life
are considered in specific standards such as ISO/TR 13097 and ISO/TR 18811.
v
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 22107:2021(E)
Dispersibility of solid particles into a liquid
1 Scope
This document establishes a generally applicable (i.e. not application specific) definition for
dispersibility. It identifies significant characteristics for evaluating dispersibility and lists examples of
methods used to characterize dispersibility in various applications.
This document applies to processes that disperse powders into a liquid continuous phase while reducing
the size of agglomerates or flocs down to the intended level, that homogenize an existing dispersed
solid phase of a suspension or the mixture of two suspensions, or that exchange the original continuous
phase in a suspension for another. Specific methods to disperse particles and to characterize the state
of dispersion and/or homogeneity are only referenced, if necessary, for context.
This document is applicable to nano- and micro-sized particles across a range of product applications.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
agglomerate
loosely coherent assembly of particles (3.12) and/or aggregates (3.2) held together by weak physical
interactions, with a total surface area virtually equal to the sum of the surface areas of the constituent
particles (3.13)
Note 1 to entry: The transitive verb “agglomerate” means “to gather into a cluster”, and the process by which the
cluster or assembly is formed is generally called “agglomeration”.
Note 2 to entry: Agglomeration can be a reversible process.
3.2
aggregate
assemblage of particles (3.12) into rigidly joined structures
Note 1 to entry: Formation of aggregates is usually an irreversible process.
Note 2 to entry: The forces holding an aggregate together are strong, for example covalent bonds or those
resulting from sintering or complex physical entanglement.
Note 3 to entry: In common use, the terms aggregate and agglomerate (also aggregation and agglomeration) are
sometimes applied interchangeably, but this practice is deprecated since the terms are not synonymous.
Note 4 to entry: The transitive verb “aggregate” means “to gather into a mass or whole”, and the process by which
the structure is formed is generally called “aggregation”.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 13097:2013, 2.2, modified — The term has been changed from "aggregation" to
"aggregate"; notes 1 and 3 to entry has been updated; note 4 to entry has been added.]
3.3
comminution
operation of reducing particle (3.12) size by crushing, grinding or pulverisation
[SOURCE: ISO 12743:2021, 3.14]
3.4
dispersing agent
dispersant
substance capable of promoting the formation of a dispersion (3.7)
[SOURCE: ISO 862:1984, 82, modified — The admitted term "dispersant" has been added.]
3.5
disperse
distribute particles (3.12) homogeneously throughout a continuous phase, often by means of reducing
the size of agglomerates (3.1)
3.6
dispersibility
qualitative or quantitative characteristic or property of a particulate source material assessing the
ease with which said material can be dispersed (3.5) within a continuous phase
Note 1 to entry: Spatially uniform distribution (homogeneity (3.11)) of the dispersed phase is considered an
integral part of the desired end point.
Note 2 to entry: Particle (3.12) size or particle size distribution is often used as an end point relative to defined
criteria specific to the application.
Note 3 to entry: Dispersibility refers to a specific dispersion (3.7) process and specific process time.
Note 4 to entry: Dispersion stability (3.8), though a related phenomenon, should not be confused with dispersibility.
3.7
dispersion
multi-phase system in which discontinuities of any state (solid, liquid or gas) are homogeneously
distributed in a continuous phase of a different composition or state
Note 1 to entry: If solid particles (3.12) are dispersed (3.5) in a liquid, the dispersion is referred to as a suspension.
If the dispersion consists of two or more immiscible liquid phases, it is termed an emulsion.
Note 2 to entry: This term can also refer to the act or process of producing a dispersion, but in this context the
term “dispersion process” shall be used.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 13097: 2013, 2.5, modified — The words "in general, microscopic" have been
removed from the begining of the definition; "discontinous phase" has been remove from the within the
parentheses; "dispersed" has been replaced by "homogeneously distributed"; note 1 to entry has been
updated; note 2 to entry has been added.]
3.8
dispersion stability
ability to resist change or variation in the initial properties (state) of a dispersion (3.7) over time, in
other words, the quality of a dispersion in being free from alterations over a given time scale
Note 1 to entry: In this context, for instance agglomeration or segregation represents a loss of dispersion stability.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 13097:2013, 2.6, modified — In note 1 to entry, "creaming" has been replaced by
"segregation".]
3.9
energy density
amount of energy per unit volume of sample applied to a material
3.10
floc
ensemble of particles (3.12) that form a loosely coherent structure with high void fraction
Note 1 to entry: Flocs are held together by weak particle-particle attraction or by the osmotic pressure of a
continuous phase containing polymers not adsorbing to dispersed (3.5) particles (loss of configurational entropy
of polymers, depletion flocculation).
Note 2 to entry: The term floc may be used to denote an agglomerate (3.1) produced by addition of a flocculating
agent (e.g., a polyelectrolyte), but flocs can also form spontaneously.
3.11
homogeneity
degree to which a property or a constituent is uniformly distributed throughout a quantity of material
[38]
[SOURCE: IUPAC Gold Book ]
3.12
particle
minute piece of matter with defined physical boundaries
Note 1 to entry: A physical boundary can also be described as an interface.
Note 2 to entry: A particle can move as a unit.
[SOURCE: ISO 14644-5:2004, 3.1.7, modified — The original note to entry has been replaced by 2 new
notes to entry.]
3.13
constituent particle
identifiable, integral component of a larger particle (3.12)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 3.3, modified — Note 1 to entry has been removed.]
3.14
primary particle
original source particle (3.12) of agglomerates (3.1) or aggregates (3.2) or mixtures of the two
Note 1 to entry: Although a primary particle is often a constituent particle (3.13), a constituent particle is not
nece
...
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