ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014
(Main)Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — The Directory — Part 1: Overview of concepts, models and services
Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — The Directory — Part 1: Overview of concepts, models and services
ISO/IEC 9594 has been produced to facilitate the interconnection of information processing systems to provide directory services. A set of such systems, together with the directory information that they hold, can be viewed as an integrated whole, called the Directory. The information held by the Directory, collectively known as the Directory Information Base (DIB), is typically used to facilitate communication between, with or about objects such as application entities, people, terminals and distribution lists. ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014 introduces the concepts of the Directory and the DIB (Directory Information Base) and overviews the services and capabilities which they provide.
Technologies de l'information — Interconnexion de systèmes ouverts (OSI) — L'annuaire — Partie 1: Aperçu général des concepts, modèles et services
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 9594-1
Seventh edition
2014-03-01
Information technology — Open Systems
Interconnection — The Directory —
Part 1:
Overview of concepts, models and
services
Technologies de l'information — Interconnexion de systèmes ouverts
(OSI) — L'annuaire —
Partie 1: Aperçu général des concepts, modèles et services
Reference number
ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2014
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ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014(E)
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ii © ISO/IEC 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 9594-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 6, Telecommunications and information exchange between systems, in collaboration with
ITU-T. The identical text is published as Rec. ITU-T X.500 (10/2012).
This seventh edition cancels and replaces the sixth edition (ISO/IEC 9594-1:2008), which has been technically
revised.
ISO/IEC 9594 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Open Systems
Interconnection — The Directory:
— Part 1: Overview of concepts, models and services
— Part 2: Models
— Part 3: Abstract service definition
— Part 4: Procedures for distributed operation
— Part 5: Protocol specifications
— Part 6: Selected attribute types
— Part 7: Selected object classes
— Part 8: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks
— Part 9: Replication
© ISO/IEC 2014 – All rights reserved
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CONTENTS
Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards . 1
3 Definitions . 2
3.1 Communication model definitions . 2
3.2 Directory model definitions . 2
3.3 Distributed Operation definitions . 3
3.4 Replication definitions . 3
3.5 Basic directory definitions . 3
4 Abbreviations . 3
5 Conventions . 3
6 Overview of the Directory . 4
7 The Directory Information Base (DIB) . 5
8 The Directory service . 7
8.1 Introduction . 7
8.2 Service qualification . 7
8.3 Directory interrogation . 8
8.4 Directory modification . 8
8.5 Other outcomes . 9
9 The distributed Directory . 9
9.1 Functional model . 9
9.2 Organizational model . 10
9.3 Operation of the model . 10
10 Access control in the Directory . 13
11 Service administration . 14
12 Replication in the Directory . 15
12.1 Introduction . 15
12.2 Forms of Directory replication . 15
12.3 Replication and consistency of Directory information . 16
12.4 Views of replication . 16
12.5 Replication and Access Control . 17
13 Directory protocols . 17
14 Systems management of the Directory . 17
14.1 Introduction . 17
14.2 Management of the DIT domain . 18
14.3 Management of Directory components . 18
Annex A – Applying the Directory . 19
A.1 The Directory environment . 19
A.2 Directory service characteristics . 19
A.3 Patterns of use of the Directory . 19
Annex B – Amendments and corrigenda . 23
Rec. ITU-T X.500 (10/2012) iii
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Introduction
This Recommendation | International Standard together with other Recommendations | International Standards, has
been produced to facilitate the interconnection of information processing systems to provide directory services. A set of
such systems, together with the directory information that they hold, can be viewed as an integrated whole, called the
Directory. The information held by the Directory, collectively known as the Directory Information Base (DIB), is
typically used to facilitate communication between, with or about objects such as application entities, people, terminals
and distribution lists.
The Directory plays a significant role in Open Systems Interconnection, whose aim is to allow, with a minimum of
technical agreement outside of the interconnection standards themselves, the interconnection of information processing
systems:
– from different manufacturers;
– under different managements;
– of different levels of complexity; and
– of different ages.
This Recommendation | International Standard introduces and models the concepts of the Directory and of the DIB and
overviews the services and capabilities which they provide. Other Recommendations | International Standards make use
of these models in defining the abstract service provided by the Directory, and in specifying the protocols through
which this service can be obtained or propagated.
This Recommendation | International Standard provides the foundation frameworks upon which industry profiles can be
defined by other standards groups and industry forums. Many of the features defined as optional in these frameworks,
may be mandated for use in certain environments through profiles. This seventh edition technically revises and
enhances, the sixth edition of this Recommendation | International Standard.
This seventh edition specifies versions 1 and 2 of the Directory protocols.
The first and second editions specified only version 1. Most of the services and protocols specified in this edition are
designed to function under version 1. However some enhanced services and protocols, e.g., signed errors, will not
function unless all Directory entities involved in the operation have negotiated version 2. Whichever version has been
negotiated, differences between the services and between the protocols defined in the seven editions, except for those
specifically assigned to version 2, are accommodated using the rules of extensibility defined in Rec. ITU-T X.519 |
ISO/IEC 9594-5.
Annex A, which is an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard, describes the types of use to which
the Directory can be applied.
Annex B, which is not an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard, lists the amendments and
defect reports that have been incorporated to form this edition of this Recommendation | International Standard.
iv Rec. ITU-T X.500 (10/2012)
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ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014 (E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ITU-T RECOMMENDATION
Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection –
The Directory: Overview of concepts, models and services
1 Scope
The Directory provides the directory capabilities required by OSI applications, OSI management processes, other OSI
layer entities, and telecommunications services. Among the capabilities which it provides are those of "user-friendly
naming", whereby objects can be referred to by names which are suitable for citing by human users (though not all
objects need have user-friendly names); and "name-to-address mapping" which allows the binding between objects and
their locations to be dynamic. The latter capability allows OSI networks, for example, to be "self-configuring" in the
sense that addition, removal and the changes of object location do not affect OSI network operation.
The Directory is not intended to be a general-purpose database system, although it may be built on such systems. It is
assumed, for instance, that, as is typical with communications directories, there is a considerably higher frequency of
"queries" than of updates. The rate of updates is expected to be governed by the dynamics of people and organizations,
rather than, for example, the dynamics of networks. There is also no need for instantaneous global commitment of
updates; transient conditions, where both old and new versions of the same information are available, are quite
acceptable.
It is a characteristic of the Directory that, except as a consequence of differing access rights or unpropagated updates,
the results of directory queries will not be dependent on the identity or location of the inquirer. This characteristic
renders the Directory unsuitable for some telecommunications applications, for example some types of routing. For
cases where the results are dependent on the identity of the inquirer, access to directory information and updates of the
Directory may be denied.
2 Normative references
The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated
were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this
Recommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent
edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently
valid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently
valid ITU-T Recommendations.
2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards
– Recommendation ITU-T X.200 (1994) | ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994, Information technology – Open Systems
Interconnection – Basic Reference Model: The basic model.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.501 (2012) | ISO/IEC 9594-2:2014, Information technology – Open Systems
Interconnection – The Directory: Models.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.509 (2012) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:2014, Information technology – Open Systems
Interconnection – The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.511 (2012) | ISO/IEC 9594-3:2014, Information technology – Open Systems
Interconnection – The Directory: Abstract service definition.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.518 (2012) | ISO/IEC 9594-4:2014, Information technology – Open Systems
Interconnection – The Directory: Procedures for distributed operation.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.519 (2012) | ISO/IEC 9594-5:2014, Information technology – Open Systems
Interconnection – The Directory: Protocol specifications.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.520 (2012) | ISO/IEC 9594-6:2014, Information technology – Open Systems
Interconnection – The Directory: Selected attribute types.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.521 (2012) | ISO/IEC 9594-7:2014, Information technology – Open Systems
Interconnection – The Directory: Selected object classes.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.525 (2012) | ISO/IEC 9594-9:2014, Information technology – Open Systems
Interconnection – The Directory: Replication.
Rec. ITU-T X.500 (10/2012) 1
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ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014 (E)
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1 Communication model definitions
The following terms are defined in Rec. ITU-T X.519 | ISO/IEC 9594-5:
a) application-entity;
b) application layer;
c) application process.
3.2 Directory model definitions
The following terms are defined in Rec. ITU-T X.501 | ISO/IEC 9594-2:
a) access control;
b) Administration Directory Management Domain;
c) alias;
d) ancestor;
e) attribute;
f) attribute type;
g) attribute value;
h) authentication;
i) compound entry;
j) context;
k) Directory Information Tree (DIT);
l) Directory Management Domain (DMD);
m) Directory System Agent (DSA);
n) Directory User Agent (DUA);
o) distinguished name;
p) entry;
q) family (of entries);
r) hierarchical group;
s) LDAP client;
t) LDAP requester;
u) LDAP responder;
v) LDAP server;
w) name;
x) object (of interest);
y) Private Directory Management Domain;
z) related entries;
aa) relative distinguished name;
bb) root;
cc) schema;
dd) security policy;
ee) subordinate object;
ff) superior entry;
gg) superior object;
hh) tree.
2 Rec. ITU-T X.500 (10/2012)
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ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014 (E)
3.3 Distributed Operation definitions
The following terms are defined in Rec. ITU-T X.518 | ISO/IEC 9594-4:
a) uni-chaining;
b) multi-chaining;
c) referral.
3.4 Replication definitions
The following terms are defined in Rec. ITU-T X.525 | ISO/IEC 9594-9:
a) caching;
b) cache copy;
c) entry copy;
d) master DSA;
e) replication;
f) shadow consumer;
g) shadow supplier;
h) shadowed information;
i) shadowing agreement.
3.5 Basic directory definitions
The following terms are defined in this Recommendation | International Standard:
3.5.1 the Directory: A collection of open systems cooperating to provide directory services.
3.5.2 directory information base (DIB): The set of information managed by the Directory.
3.5.3 (directory) user: The end user of the Directory, i.e., the entity or person which accesses the Directory.
4 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following abbreviations apply:
ACI Access Control Information
DAP Directory Access Protocol
DIB Directory Information Base
DISP Directory Information Shadowing Protocol
DIT Directory Information Tree
DMD Directory Management Domain
DOP Directory Operational Binding Management Protocol
DSA Directory System Agent
DSP Directory System Protocol
DUA Directory User Agent
LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
OSI Open Systems Interconnection
RDN Relative Distinguished Name
5 Conventions
With minor exceptions this Directory Specification has been prepared according to the February 2010 edition of the
Rules for presentation of ITU-T | ISO/IEC common text.
Rec. ITU-T X.500 (10/2012) 3
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ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014 (E)
The term "Directory Specification" (as in "this Directory Specification") shall be taken to mean Rec. ITU-T X.500 |
ISO/IEC 9594-1. The term "Directory Specifications" shall be taken to mean the ITU-T X.500-series Recommendations
and all parts of ISO/IEC 9594.
This Directory Specification uses the term first edition systems to refer to systems conforming to the first edition of
these Directory Specifications, i.e., the 1988 edition of the series of CCITT X.500 Recommendations and the
ISO/IEC 9594:1990 edition.
This Directory Specification uses the term second edition systems to refer to systems conforming to the second edition
of these Directory Specifications, i.e., the 1993 edition of the series of ITU-T X.500 Recommendations and the
ISO/IEC 9594:1995 edition.
This Directory Specification uses the term third edition systems to refer to systems conforming to the third edition of
these Directory Specifications, i.e., the 1997 edition of the series of ITU-T X.500 Recommendations and the ISO/IEC
9594:1998 edition.
This Directory Specification uses the term fourth edition systems to refer to systems conforming to the fourth edition of
the Directory Specifications, i.e., the 2001 editions of Recs ITU-T X.500, ITU-T X.501, ITU-T X.511, ITU-T X.518,
ITU-T X.519, ITU-T X.520, ITU-T X.521, ITU-T X.525, and ITU-T X.530, the 2000 edition of Rec. ITU-T X.509, and
parts 1-10 of the ISO/IEC 9594:2001 edition.
This Directory Specification uses the term fifth edition systems to refer to systems conforming to the fifth edition of
these Directory Specifications, i.e., the 2005 edition of the series of ITU-T X.500 Recommendations and the
ISO/IEC 9594:2005 edition.
This Directory Specification uses the term sixth edition systems to refer to systems conforming to the sixth edition of
these Directory Specifications, i.e., the 2008 edition of the series of ITU-T X.500 Recommendations and the
ISO/IEC 9594:2008 edition.
This Directory Specification uses the term seventh edition systems to refer to systems conforming to the seventh edition
of these Directory Specifications, i.e., the 2012 edition of the series of ITU-T X.500 Recommendations and the
ISO/IEC 9594:2014 edition.
This Directory Specification presents ASN.1 notation in the bold Courier New typeface. When ASN.1 types and
values are referenced in normal text, they are differentiated from normal text by presenting them in the bold
Courier New typeface. The names of procedures, typically referenced when specifying the semantics of processing,
are differentiated from normal text by displaying them in bold Times New Roman. Access control permissions are
presented in italicized Times New Roman.
6 Overview of the Directory
The Directory is a collection of open systems which cooperate to hold a logical database of information about a set of
objects in the real world. The users of the Directory, including people and computer programs, can read or modify the
information, or parts of it, subject to having permission to do so. Each user is represented in accessing the Directory by
a Directory User Agent (DUA) or an LDAP client, each of which is considered to be an application-process. These
concepts are illustrated in Figure 1.
NOTE – The Directory Specifications refer to the Directory in the singular, and reflects the intention to create, through a single,
unified, name space, one logical directory composed of many systems and serving many applications. Whether or not these
systems choose to interwork will depend on the needs of the applications they support. Applications dealing with
non-intersecting worlds of objects may have no such need. The single name space facilitates later interworking should the needs
change. For a variety of reasons, such as security, connectivity, or business decisions, it is likely that some portions of the
Directory may be unreachable from other portions of the Directory using third edition operations. This results in differing views
of the Directory. Such differing views may contain related entries about a given real world object. Such related entries may or
may not have the same distinguished name. Using fourth or subsequent edition systems, it is possible to perform operations
across multiple, differing views to provide an integrated response to the user. Specifically:
– DMD administrators (see 9.2) may have a need to publish their own view (or views) of some specific real-world object; a
real-world object may thus be modelled by multiple independent entries in the directory. This may happen whether or not
they need to interwork. Interworking using DSP may also be unsupported.
– Notwithstanding the last sentence of the Note, it is also possible that particular DMDs may choose to publish information
about real-world objects within their own distinct directory name-spaces (i.e., in one of multiple DITs); in this case, it
would be possible to have a specific real-world object modelled by entries in the same or different DIT namespaces, with
the same or different distinguished names in each. Note that certain Directory facilities (e.g., the acquisition of certificates,
and related functions based on digital signatures) cannot be implemented when distinct objects are permitted to share
distinguished names.
– The objective of related entries is to provide a means whereby users can access such entries, bringing the resulting
information together, if possible. This would apply to the situation described by both of the preceding bullet points.
4 Rec. ITU-T X.500 (10/2012)
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ISO/IEC 9594-1:2014 (E)
Figure 1 – Access to the Directory
The information held in the Directory is collectively known as the Directory Information Base (DIB). Clause 7 gives an
overview of its structure.
The Directory provides a well-defined set of access capabilities, known as the abstract service of the Directory, to its
users. This service, which is briefly described in clause 8, provides a simple modification and retrieval capability. This
can be built on with local DUA functions to provide the capabilities required by the end-users.
The Directory is distributed, both along functional and organizational lines. Clause 9 gives an overview of the
corresponding models of the Directory. These have been developed in order to provide a framework for the cooperation
of the various components to provide an integrated whole.
The Directory exists in an environment where various administrative authorities control access to their portion of the
information. Clause 10 gives an overview of access control.
When the Directory is distributed, it may be desirable to replicate information to improve performance and availability.
Clause 11 gives an overview of the Directory replication mechanism.
The provision and consumption of the Directory services requires that the users (actually the DUAs and/or LDAP
clients) and the various functional components of the Directory should cooperate with one another. In many cases this
will require cooperation between application processes in different open systems, which in turn requires standardized
application protocols, briefly described in clause 11, to govern this cooperation.
The Directory has been designed so as to support multiple applications, drawn from a wide range of possibilities. The
nature of the applications supported governs which objects are listed in the Directory, which users access the
information, and which kinds of access they carry out. Applications may be very specific, such as the provision of
distribution lists for electronic mail, or generic, such as the 'inter-personal communications directory' application. The
Directory provides the opportunity to exploit commonness among the applications:
– A single object may be relevant to more than one application: Perhaps even the same piece of
information about the same object may be so relevant.
– To support this, a number of object classes and attribute types are defined, which are useful across a
range of applications. These definitions are contained in Rec. ITU-T X.520 | ISO/IEC 9594-6 and Rec.
ITU-T X.521 | ISO/IEC 9594-7.
– Certain patterns of use of the Directory are common across a range of applications: Annex A gives an
overview of this area.
7 The Directory Information Base (DIB)
NOTE 1 – The DIB, and its structure, are defined in Rec. ITU-T X.501 | ISO/IEC 9594-2.
The DIB is made up of information about objects. It is composed of (Directory) entries, each of which consists of a
collection of information on one object. An entry may be an aggregate of member entries each holding information
about a particular aspect of an object. Such an aggregate entry is called a compound entry. Each entry is made up of
attributes, each with a type and one or more values. The types of attribute which are present in a particular entry are
dependent on the class of object which the entry describes. Each value of an attribute may be tagged with one or more
contexts that specify information about a value that can be used to determine the applicability of the value.
The entries of the DIB are arranged in the form of a tree, the Directory Information Tree (DIT) where the vertices
represent the entries. Entries higher in the tree (nearer the root) will often represent objects such as countries or
organizations, while entries lower in the tree will represent people or application processes.
Rec. ITU-T X.500 (10/2012) 5
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