ISO 15994:2005
(Main)Graphic technology — Testing of prints — Visual lustre
Graphic technology — Testing of prints — Visual lustre
ISO 15994:2005 defines a measure of the apparent lustre of printed materials, termed "visual lustre", which is intended for communication amongst designer, client and the printer of products for which the visual perception of the surface lustre is important. ISO 15994:2005 is not intended for process control in the printing industry, or in the papermaking and boardmaking industry, nor is it intended for the measurement of fluorescent materials or those which show metallic or pearlescent effects.
Technologie graphique — Examen des imprimés — Lustre visuel
Grafična tehnologija - Preskušanje odtisov - Vizualni lesk
Ta mednarodni standard opredeljuje merilo za navidezni lesk tiskovin, imenovan »vizualni lesk«, ki je namenjen komunikaciji med oblikovalcem, naročnikom in tiskarjem proizvodov, za katere je vizualni vtis površinskega leska pomemben. Ta mednarodni standard ni namenjen nadzoru procesa v tiskarski industriji ali v industriji izdelave papirja in kartona, niti ni namenjen merjenju fluorescentnih materialov ali materialov s kovinskim ali biserovinastim učinkom.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15994
First edition
2005-02-15
Graphic technology — Testing of
prints — Visual lustre
Technologie graphique — Examen des imprimés — Lustre visuel
Reference number
ISO 15994:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 15994:2005(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 15994:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Principle . 3
5 Apparatus. 3
6 Determination of instrumental constants. 3
6.1 General. 3
6.2 Zero adjustment . 3
6.3 Determination of k . 4
6.4 Determination of N .4
7 Sampling and preparation of test pieces. 4
8 Test procedure . 4
9 Calculation. 5
10 Precision . 5
11 Test report. 5
Annex A (normative) Apparatus for measuring visual lustre . 6
Annex B (informative) Visual lustre and gloss values. 9
Bibliography . 11
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 15994:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 15994 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 15994:2005(E)
Introduction
There is a large number of national and International Standards covering gloss measurement. However, no
existing measure of gloss provides a measure of the visual lustre as perceived by the human observer over
the wide range of materials used in printing and publishing. This International Standard defines a measure of
surface appearance, identified as “visual lustre”, which is not intended for process control but rather for
communication amongst designer, client and the printer of products for which the visual perception of the
surface lustre is important.
The visual lustre as specified in this International Standard is a measure of the specular reflection from a
sample with the diffuse component of the reflection minimized, and it should therefore correlate with the lustre
as perceived by an observer. The test method specified makes it possible to compare the perceived lustre of a
wide range of differently coloured prints in a meaningful way. A 45:45 geometry coupled with a 45:0 geometry
(preferably, but not necessarily in the same instrument) is sufficient for the entire range that spans from the
ideally diffusive surface to a highly reflective glass surface. It is recognized that the the specular component of
the total reflectance can also be determined using an instrument with spherical geometry, which can measure
total (specular included) and diffuse (specular excluded) reflectance. However, the present 45/0:45/45 method
is preferred because it is close to the geometry used for densitometers and colorimeters in graphic technology.
Comparative studies of the lustre of various printed and unprinted samples (see CIE Publ. 17.4) showed that
the visual lustre defined in this International Standard correlates well with the lustre as perceived by an
observer group, whereas the specular gloss (measured in accordance with ISO 2813 and ISO 8254-1 shows
a much smaller correlation coefficient. An important prerequisite for such a comparison is that the geometric
conditions for illuminating and observing the samples are identical to those realized in the measuring
instrument.
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15994:2005(E)
Graphic technology — Testing of prints — Visual lustre
1 Scope
This International Standard defines a measure of the apparent lustre of printed materials, termed “visual
lustre”, which is intended for communication amongst designer, client and the printer of products for which the
visual perception of the surface lustre is important.
This International Standard is not intended for process control in the printing industry, or in the papermaking
and boardmaking industry, nor is it intended for the measurement of fluorescent materials or those which
show metallic or pearlescent effects.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 2813:1994, Paints and varnishes — Determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at
20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees
ISO 8254-1:1999, Paper and board — Measurement of specular gloss — Part 1: 75 degree gloss with a
converging beam, TAPPI method
ISO/CIE 10527, CIE standard colorimetric observers
CIE Publ. 15.3:2004, Colorimetry
CIE Publ. 17.4:1987, International Lighting Vocabulary
CIE Publ. 38.5:1977, Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics of Materials and their Measurement
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 15994:2005(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
visual lustre
L
quantity characterizing the visually perceived lustre as defined in this International Standard and having a unit
of 1
3.2
reflectometer scale
scale defined in relation to the specular reflection of a polished, flat, black glass with a refractive index of
1,567 at a wavelength of 546,1 nm which has a reflectometer value of 100 under the geometrical conditions
(45/45) of measurement defined by this International Standard
3.3
reflectometer value
R
value on the defined reflectometer scale
3.4
photopic vision
vision by the normal eye when it is adapted to a level of luminance of at least several candelas per square
metre
[CIE Publ. 17.4]
3.5
measurement beam plane
plane defined by the influx and efflux light beams
3.6
area under test
part of the sample surface determined by the angular field of sensitivity of the receiver
3.7
diffuse reflection
d
reflection in which the incident flux is reflected in many directions by diffusion at or below the surface of the
material
3.8
specular reflection
s
reflection of light from the surface of a material according to the laws of optics, excluding diffuse reflection
3.9
total reflection
r
reflection of light from the surface of a material, including both the specular and diffuse components of
reflection, as used in this International Standard
NOTE Total reflection is approximately equivalent to the sum of the specularly reflected flux and the diffusely
reflected flux relative to the flux from the perfect reflecting diffuser.
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 15994:2005(E)
4 Principle
A test piece is illuminated at an angle of 45° to the normal and measurements of the reflected light are made
under standardized conditions at the angle of specular reflection, 45°, to obtain the total reflection (the sum of
specular and diffuse reflection) and at an angle of 0° (diffuse reflection only). The result of the latter
measurement is subtracted from that of the former to yield a value of the specular reflection. The logarithmic
value of this specular reflection is calculated in order to obtain a quantity which correlates with the visual
perception of lustre.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Instrument or instrument combination, in conformance with the requirements of Annex A.
5.2 Black glass reference standard, polished, optically flat, black-coloured idealized glass with a
refractive index of 1,567 at 546,1 nm, which is assigned a reflеctometer value 1,0.
NOTE 1 Such glasses are not commercially available. A practical working standard is a polished, optically flat, black-
coloured glass whose specular reflectance has been characterized relative to the ideal standard.
NOTE 2 The black glass serves as a standard for specular reflectance.
5.3 White reference standard, matte, non-glossy surface produced by pressing calibrated BaSO powder
4
or substitute of sufficient purity as referred to in CIE Publ. 15.3.
NOTE In the application of this method it is assumed that the reference white is a perfectly diffusing and perfectly
1)
reflecting surface. Other commercial materials such as Spectralon manufactured by Labsphere may be appropriate for
use instead of BaSO powder.
4
5.4 Black cavity, hollow body with a highly absorbing inner surface and an orifice so that it can be
positioned in the measuring instrument in a reproducible way. The diffuse reflectance of this cavity shall be
less than 1 %.
6 Determination of instrumental constants
6.1 General
Two instrumental constants, k and N, shall be determined.
Constant k is a measure of the imbalance of the two signal channels, which may be caused by differing
responsivities/emissivities and/or unequal beam apertures.
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 15994:2010
01-maj-2010
*UDILþQDWHKQRORJLMD3UHVNXãDQMHRGWLVRY9L]XDOQLOHVN
Graphic technology - Testing of prints - Visual lustre
Technologie graphique - Examen des imprimés - Lustre visuel
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 15994:2005
ICS:
37.100.01 *UDILþQDWHKQRORJLMDQD Graphic technology in
VSORãQR general
SIST ISO 15994:2010 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15994
First edition
2005-02-15
Graphic technology — Testing of
prints — Visual lustre
Technologie graphique — Examen des imprimés — Lustre visuel
Reference number
ISO 15994:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
ISO 15994:2005(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
ISO 15994:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Principle . 3
5 Apparatus. 3
6 Determination of instrumental constants. 3
6.1 General. 3
6.2 Zero adjustment . 3
6.3 Determination of k . 4
6.4 Determination of N .4
7 Sampling and preparation of test pieces. 4
8 Test procedure . 4
9 Calculation. 5
10 Precision . 5
11 Test report. 5
Annex A (normative) Apparatus for measuring visual lustre . 6
Annex B (informative) Visual lustre and gloss values. 9
Bibliography . 11
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
ISO 15994:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 15994 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
ISO 15994:2005(E)
Introduction
There is a large number of national and International Standards covering gloss measurement. However, no
existing measure of gloss provides a measure of the visual lustre as perceived by the human observer over
the wide range of materials used in printing and publishing. This International Standard defines a measure of
surface appearance, identified as “visual lustre”, which is not intended for process control but rather for
communication amongst designer, client and the printer of products for which the visual perception of the
surface lustre is important.
The visual lustre as specified in this International Standard is a measure of the specular reflection from a
sample with the diffuse component of the reflection minimized, and it should therefore correlate with the lustre
as perceived by an observer. The test method specified makes it possible to compare the perceived lustre of a
wide range of differently coloured prints in a meaningful way. A 45:45 geometry coupled with a 45:0 geometry
(preferably, but not necessarily in the same instrument) is sufficient for the entire range that spans from the
ideally diffusive surface to a highly reflective glass surface. It is recognized that the the specular component of
the total reflectance can also be determined using an instrument with spherical geometry, which can measure
total (specular included) and diffuse (specular excluded) reflectance. However, the present 45/0:45/45 method
is preferred because it is close to the geometry used for densitometers and colorimeters in graphic technology.
Comparative studies of the lustre of various printed and unprinted samples (see CIE Publ. 17.4) showed that
the visual lustre defined in this International Standard correlates well with the lustre as perceived by an
observer group, whereas the specular gloss (measured in accordance with ISO 2813 and ISO 8254-1 shows
a much smaller correlation coefficient. An important prerequisite for such a comparison is that the geometric
conditions for illuminating and observing the samples are identical to those realized in the measuring
instrument.
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15994:2005(E)
Graphic technology — Testing of prints — Visual lustre
1 Scope
This International Standard defines a measure of the apparent lustre of printed materials, termed “visual
lustre”, which is intended for communication amongst designer, client and the printer of products for which the
visual perception of the surface lustre is important.
This International Standard is not intended for process control in the printing industry, or in the papermaking
and boardmaking industry, nor is it intended for the measurement of fluorescent materials or those which
show metallic or pearlescent effects.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 2813:1994, Paints and varnishes — Determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at
20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees
ISO 8254-1:1999, Paper and board — Measurement of specular gloss — Part 1: 75 degree gloss with a
converging beam, TAPPI method
ISO/CIE 10527, CIE standard colorimetric observers
CIE Publ. 15.3:2004, Colorimetry
CIE Publ. 17.4:1987, International Lighting Vocabulary
CIE Publ. 38.5:1977, Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics of Materials and their Measurement
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
ISO 15994:2005(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
visual lustre
L
quantity characterizing the visually perceived lustre as defined in this International Standard and having a unit
of 1
3.2
reflectometer scale
scale defined in relation to the specular reflection of a polished, flat, black glass with a refractive index of
1,567 at a wavelength of 546,1 nm which has a reflectometer value of 100 under the geometrical conditions
(45/45) of measurement defined by this International Standard
3.3
reflectometer value
R
value on the defined reflectometer scale
3.4
photopic vision
vision by the normal eye when it is adapted to a level of luminance of at least several candelas per square
metre
[CIE Publ. 17.4]
3.5
measurement beam plane
plane defined by the influx and efflux light beams
3.6
area under test
part of the sample surface determined by the angular field of sensitivity of the receiver
3.7
diffuse reflection
d
reflection in which the incident flux is reflected in many directions by diffusion at or below the surface of the
material
3.8
specular reflection
s
reflection of light from the surface of a material according to the laws of optics, excluding diffuse reflection
3.9
total reflection
r
reflection of light from the surface of a material, including both the specular and diffuse components of
reflection, as used in this International Standard
NOTE Total reflection is approximately equivalent to the sum of the specularly reflected flux and the diffusely
reflected flux relative to the flux from the perfect reflecting diffuser.
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST ISO 15994:2010
ISO 15994:2005(E)
4 Principle
A test piece is illuminated at an angle of 45° to the normal and measurements of the reflected light are made
under standardized conditions at the angle of specular reflection, 45°, to obtain the total reflection (the sum of
specular and diffuse reflection) and at an angle of 0° (diffuse reflection only). The result of the latter
measurement is subtracted from that of the former to yield a value of the specular reflection. The logarithmic
value of this specular reflection is calculated in order to obtain a quantity which correlates with the visual
perception of lustre.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Instrument or instrument combination, in conformance with the requirements of Annex A.
5.2 Black glass reference standard, polished, optically flat, black-coloured idealized glass with a
refractive index of 1,567 at 546,1 nm, which is assigned a reflеctometer value 1,0.
NOTE 1 Such glasses are not commercially available. A practical working standard is a polished, optically flat, black-
coloured glass whose specular reflectance has been characterized relative to the ideal standard.
NOTE 2 The black glass serves as a standard for specular reflectance.
5.3 White reference standard, matte, non-glossy surface produced by pressing calibrated BaSO powder
4
or substitute of sufficient purity as referred to in CIE Publ. 15.3.
NOTE In the application of this method it is assumed that the reference white is a perfectly diffusing and perfectly
1)
reflecting surface. Other commercial materials such as Spectralon manufactured by Labsphere may be appropriate for
use instead of BaSO powder.
4
5.4 Black cavity, hollow body with a highly absorbing inner surface and an
...
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