ISO 16336:2014
(Main)Applications of statistical and related methods to new technology and product development process — Robust parameter design (RPD)
Applications of statistical and related methods to new technology and product development process — Robust parameter design (RPD)
ISO 16336:2014 gives guidelines for applying the optimization method of robust parameter design, also called as parameter design, an effective methodology for optimization based on Taguchi Methods, to achieve robust products. ISO 16336:2014 prescribes signal-to-noise ratio (hereafter SN ratio) as a measure of robustness, and the procedures of parameter design to design robust products utilizing this measure. The word "robust" in this International Standard means minimized variability of product's function under various noise conditions, that is, insensitivity of the product's function to the changes in the levels of noises. For robust products, their responses are sensitive to signal and insensitive to noises. The approach of ISO 16336:2014 can be applied to any products that are designed and manufactured, including machines, chemical products, electronics, foods, consumer goods, software, new materials, and services. Manufacturing technologies are also regarded as products that are used by manufacturing processes.
Application de méthodologies statistiques et connexes pour le développement de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux produits — Modèle paramétrique robuste
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 16336
ISO/TC 69/SC 8 Secretariat: JISC
Voting begins on Voting terminates on
2013-02-16 2013-05-16
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Robust parameter design (RPD)
Plan paramètre robuste (RPD)
ICS 03.120.30
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© International Organization for Standardization, 2013
ISO/DIS 16336
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as permitted
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ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
ISO/DIS 16336
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Parameter Design for Robust Products — Overview . 4
4.1 Parameter Design for Robust Products — Requirements . 4
4.2 Assessing the robustness (SN ratio) of a system . 4
4.3 Utilization of robustness assessment . 5
4.4 An efficient method for assessing technical ideas — parameter design . 6
4.5 Two-step optimization (Strategy for parameter design) . 7
4.6 Determination of optimum design . 9
5 Assessment of robustness by SN ratio . 9
5.1 Concepts of SN ratio . 9
5.2 Types of SN ratio . 10
5.3 Procedure of the assessment and quantification of robustness . 10
5.4 Formulation of SN ratio: Computation using decomposition of total sum of squares . 11
5.4.1 Zero-point proportional equation ideal function (Dynamic characteristic) . 11
5.4.2 Linear equation ideal function (Dynamic characteristic) . 13
5.4.3 Reference point proportional ideal function (Dynamic characteristic) . 15
5.4.4 Nominal-the-best response (Static/non-dynamic characteristic) . 15
5.4.5 Smaller-the-better response (Static/non-dynamic characteristic) . 16
5.4.6 Larger-the-better response (Static/non-dynamic characteristic) . 16
5.4.7 SN ratio for digital characteristics . 17
5.5 Some topics of SN ratio . 17
5.5.1 Using SN ratios to compare systems . 17
5.5.2 Nonlinear signal and output response cases . 18
5.5.3 SN ratios of static/non-dynamic characteristics . 18
6 Procedure of parameter design . 18
7 Case study - Parameter design of a lamp cooling system . 28
Annex A (informative) Comparison of system robustness by SN ratio . 38
Annex B (informative) Examples and SN ratio in various technical fields . 45
Bibliography . 70
ISO/DIS 16336
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16336 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 69, Applications of statistical methods,
Subcommittee SC 8, Application of statistical and related methodology for new technology and product
development.
iv © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
ISO/DIS 16336
Introduction
Parameter design can be applied in product design stage to identify optimum nominal values of design
parameters based on assessment of robustness of its function. Robustness assessment should be
performed as a consideration of overall loss during the product’s life cycle. The overall loss is composed of
costs and losses at each stage of the product's life. It should include all the costs incurred during not only its
production stage, but also its disposal stages.
When a product is not robust, the product causes many environmental and social economic losses (including
losses to the manufacturer and users) due to its poor quality caused by functional variability throughout its
usable lifetime from shipping to final disposal. Product suppliers should have responsibilities and obligations to
supply robust products to the market to avert losses and damages resulting from defects in the products.
At product development and design stages, the product suppliers should therefore anticipate the defects and
failures of products in the market by applying preventative measures, and also should design robust products
by optimizing their design from the point of view of robustness.
At manufacturing stage, the product suppliers should manufacture their products that meet the product
specifications. One can optimize manufacturing processes to produce the products that meet the
specifications. However, robustness against customer’s environment and products’ aging can only be
addressed by product design.
Parameter design methodology provides effective methods for achieving robustness through its design of
specification determination, and it is a preventive counter measure against various losses in the market.
Parameter Design for Robust Products, this document, is directly targeted at losses incurred in the usage
stage. Where possible, losses at other stages are also investigated so that the results of parameter design
can be used to perform optimum product design for the whole of the product's life cycle.
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/D,6 16336
Parameter Design for Robust Products
1 Scope
This document gives a guidance of applying the optimization method of parameter design, an effective
methodology for optimization based on Taguchi Methods, to achieve robust products.
Aim of applying parameter design in product design is to prevent defects, failures and quality problems that
may occur during the usage of the product, and to minimize the loss in the market. Robust product, output of
parameter design, is a product which is designed such a way to minimize the user’s loss caused by defects,
failures and quality problems. One should note that defects, failures and quality problems are caused by
functional variability of non-robust product. In the parameter design, optimum nominal values of product’s
design parameters can be selected by treating product’s design parameters as control factors and by
assessing robustness under noise factors. The use of parameter design at the development and design
stages makes it possible to determine the optimum product design and specification so that the product is
more robust in the market. Choice of noise factors strongly depends on the market of the product.
This document prescribes signal-to-noise ratio (hereafter SN ratio) as a measure of robustness and the
procedures of parameter design to design robust products utilizing this measure. The word “robust” in this
document means minimized variability of product’s function under various noise conditions, that is,
insensitivity of the product’s function to the changes in the level of noises. For robust product, its response
should be sensitive to signal, and insensitive to noises.
The robustness of a product should essentially be quantified in terms of the economical losses caused by
variability of product’s function at the usage stage. Accordingly, when the robustness of a product is
estimated at the development and design stages, the designer should forecast and calculate the future
economical losses in the market where the product will be used. However, it is often difficult to perform
concrete evaluation of future losses at the development and design stages.
In practice, many product’s defects and failures occur mainly due to the product’s characteristics that deviate
from or vary around the designed target values due to the change in usage environment and deterioration, i.e.
noise conditions. The variability of product’s response should be used as a measure of robustness, because
market losses increase in proportion to the magnitude of variability of product’s characteristics due to noise
effects. The variability due to noises includes the deviation from the designed target value and the variation
around the designed target value in market. SN ratio, corresponding to the inverse of the variation measure,
should be used as a measure of goodness in robustness. In other words, the inverse of SN ratio is
proportional to the market losses.
For the experimental plan of parameter design, direct product of inner array and outer arrays is proposed.
Control factors should be assigned to inner array, and signal and noise factors should be assigned to outer
array. By using a direct product plan, all the first level interactions between control factors and noise factors
can be assessed and can be utilized to select the optimum level of control factors from the point of view of
robustness.
Assessing robustness through SN ratio is a key of parameter design. Outer array is for evaluating SN ratio,
robustness, for each combination of levels of control factors indicated by the inner array. Inner array is for
comparing SN ratios and selecting optimum combination of system’s design parameters. While experimental
layout for inner array may have many variations, orthogonal array L is strongly recommended and then only
the application of orthogonal array
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16336
First edition
2014-07-01
Applications of statistical and related
methods to new technology and
product development process —
Robust parameter design (RPD)
Application de méthodologies statistiques et connexes pour le
développement de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux produits —
Modèle paramétrique robuste
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions and symbols. 1
3.1 Term and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols . 3
4 Robust parameter design — Overview . 4
4.1 Requirements . 4
4.2 Assessing the robustness of a system . 4
4.3 Robustness assessment through SN ratio . 6
4.4 An efficient method for assessing technical ideas — Parameter design . 7
4.5 Two-step optimization (Strategy of parameter design) . 8
4.6 Determination of the optimum design .10
5 Assessment of robustness by SN ratio .10
5.1 Concepts of SN ratio .10
5.2 Types of SN ratio .11
5.3 Procedure of the quantification of robustness .11
5.4 Formulation of SN ratio: Calculation using decomposition of total sum of squares .13
5.5 Some topics of SN ratio .19
6 Procedure of a parameter design experiment .20
6.1 General .20
6.2 (Step 1) Clarify the system’s ideal function .20
6.3 (Step 2) Select a signal factor and its range .21
6.4 (Step 3) Select measurement method of output response.21
6.5 (Step 4) Develop noise strategy and select noise factors and their levels .21
6.6 (Step 5) Select control factors and their levels from design parameters .22
6.7 (Step 6) Assign experimental factors to inner or outer array .22
6.8 (Step 7) Conduct experiment and collect data .23
6.9 (Step 8) Calculate SN ratio, η, and sensitivity, S . 23
6.10 (Step 9) Generate factorial effect diagrams on SN ratio and sensitivity .26
6.11 (Step 10) Select the optimum condition .28
6.12 (Step 11) Estimate the improvement in robustness by the gain .28
6.13 (Step 12) Conduct a confirmation experiment and check the gain and “reproducibility” .29
7 Case study — Parameter design of a lamp cooling system .30
Annex A (informative) Comparison of a system’s robustness using SN ratio .40
Annex B (informative) Case studies and SN ratio in various technical fields .47
Bibliography .72
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 69, Applications of statistical methods,
Subcommittee SC 8, Application of statistical and related methodology for new technology and product
development.
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Robust parameter design, also called parameter design, can be applied in product design stage to
identify the optimum nominal values of design parameters based on the assessment of robustness of its
function. Robustness assessment is performed as a consideration of overall loss during the product’s life
cycle. The overall loss is composed of costs and losses at each stage of the product’s life. It includes all the
costs incurred during not only its production stage, but also its disposal stages.
When a product is not robust, the product causes many environmental and social economic losses
(including losses to the manufacturer and the users) due to its poor quality caused by functional
variability throughout its usable lifetime from shipping to final disposal. Product suppliers have
responsibilities and obligations to supply robust products to the market to avert losses and damages
resulting from defects in the products.
The aim of applying parameter design in product design is to prevent defects, failures, and quality
problems that can occur during the usage of the product. A robust product, an output of parameter
design, is a product which is designed in such a way as to minimize user’s quality losses caused by
defects, failures, and quality problems. Note that defects, failures, and quality problems are caused
by functional variability of a non-robust product. In parameter design, optimum nominal values of
a product’s design parameters can be selected by treating a product’s design parameters as control
factors and by assessing robustness under noise factors. The use of parameter design at development
and design stages makes it possible to determine the optimum product design and specification so that
the product is robust in the market.
At manufacturing stage, the product suppliers manufacture their products that meet the product
specifications. One can optimize manufacturing processes to produce the products that meet the
specifications. However, robustness against customer’s environment and products’ aging can be
addressed only by product design.
Robust parameter design methodology provides effective methods for achieving robustness through its
design of specification determination, and it is a preventive countermeasure against various losses in
the market.
In practice, many product’s defects and failures occur due to the product’s response that deviates from
or varies around the designed target values by the change in usage environment and deterioration,
i.e. noise conditions. The variability of product’s response due to noises can be used as a measure of
robustness, because market losses increase in proportion to the magnitude of variability of product’s
response. SN ratio, corresponding to the inverse of the variability measure, is used as a measure of
goodness in robustness. In other words, the higher the SN ratio is, the less the market losses are.
For the experimental plan of parameter design, direct product of inner array and outer arrays is
proposed. Control factors are assigned to the inner array, and signal and noise factors are assigned to
the outer array. By using a direct product plan, all the first level interactions between control factors
and noise factors can be assessed and can be utilized to select the optimum level of control factors from
the point of view of robustness.
Assessing robustness through SN ratio is a key of parameter design. The outer array is for evaluating SN
ratio, robustness, for each combination of levels of control factors indicated by the inner array. The inner
array is for comparing SN ratios and selecting the optimum combination of system’s design parameters.
As for the inner array, an orthogonal array L , is recommended as an efficient plan, and then only
the applications of an orthogonal array L are discussed in this International Standard. Applications
of experimental layout other than orthogonal array L can be found in the examples in references in
the Bibliography. More detailed discussions on inner array and orthogonal arrays can be found in the
references.
Robust parameter design (RPD), and thus this International Standard, is directly targeted at the losses
incurred at the usage stage. Where possible, losses at other stages are also investigated so that the
results of parameter design can be applied to perform the optimum product design for the whole stages
of the product’s life cycle.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16336:2014(E)
Applications of statistical and related methods to new
technology and product development process — Robust
parameter design (RPD)
1 Scope
This International Standard gives guidelines for applying the optimization method of robust parameter
design, also called as parameter design, an effective methodology for optimization based on Taguchi
Methods, to achieve robust products.
This International Standard prescribes signal-to-noise ratio (hereafter SN ratio) as a mea
...
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