ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007
(Main)Information technology — Biometric data interchange formats — Part 9: Vascular image data
Information technology — Biometric data interchange formats — Part 9: Vascular image data
ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007 defines the exchange of human vascular biometric image information. It defines a specific definition of attributes, a data record format for storing and transmitting vascular biometric images and certain attributes, a sample record and conformance criteria. ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007 is intended for applications requiring the exchange of raw or processed vascular biometric images. It is intended for applications not limited by the amount of storage required. It is a compromise or a trade-off between the resources required for data storage or transmission and the potential for improved data quality/accuracy. Basically, it is to enable various algorithms to identify or verify the vascular biometric image data transferred from other image sources. Currently available vascular biometric technologies that may utilize ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007 for image exchange are technologies that use the back of the hand, palm and finger.
Technologies de l'information — Formats d'échange de données biométriques — Partie 9: Données d'images vasculaires
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 19794-9
First edition
2007-03-01
Information technology — Biometric data
interchange formats —
Part 9:
Vascular image data
Technologies de l'information — Formats d'échange de données
biométriques —
Partie 9: Données d'images vasculaires
Reference number
ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2007
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ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
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ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance. 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions. 2
5 Abbreviated terms . 3
6 Data conventions. 3
6.1 Byte and bit ordering. 3
6.2 Scan sequence. 3
7 Image capture requirements. 4
7.1 Spatial resolution. 4
7.2 Gray scale depth. 4
7.3 Illumination. 4
7.4 Pixel aspect ratio . 4
7.5 Normalization of projection . 4
7.6 Image storage format . 4
7.7 Imaging area. 5
7.8 Standard pose . 5
7.9 Object coordinate system. 7
8 Vascular image format specification . 7
8.1 Vascular image data block. 7
8.2 Vascular image record header . 7
8.3 Vascular image header. 9
Annex A (informative) A sample image data packet. 16
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ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National Bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication
as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
ISO/IEC 19794-9 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 37, Biometrics.
ISO/IEC 19794 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Biometric data
interchange formats:
⎯ Part 1: Framework
⎯ Part 2: Finger minutiae data
⎯ Part 3: Finger pattern spectral data
⎯ Part 4: Finger image data
⎯ Part 5: Face image data
⎯ Part 6: Iris image data
⎯ Part 7: Signature/sign time series data
⎯ Part 8: Finger pattern skeletal data
⎯ Part 9: Vascular image data
⎯ Part 10: Hand geometry silhouette data
⎯ Part 11: Signature/sign processed dynamic data
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ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
Introduction
Vascular biometric technologies have existed for many years. Additionally, new technologies employing
vascular images obtained from various parts of the human body are emerging or under continuous
improvement as a result of new, state-of-the-art imaging devices. Some of them are being widely adopted as
reliable biometric modalities.
Currently, however, little vascular biometric image information is being exchanged between the equipment
and devices from different vendors. This is due in part to the lack of standardized formats for information
exchange that would ensure interoperability among the various vendors.
The purpose of this part of ISO/IEC 19794 is to define a proposed standard for the exchange of human
vascular biometric image information. It defines a specific definition of attributes, a data record format for
storing and transmitting vascular biometric images and certain attributes, a sample record, and conformance
criteria.
This part of ISO/IEC 19794 is intended for applications requiring the exchange of raw or processed vascular
biometric images. It is intended for applications not limited by the amount of storage required. It is a
compromise or a trade-off between the resources required for data storage or transmission and the potential
for improved data quality/accuracy. Basically, it is to enable various algorithms to identify or verify the vascular
biometric image data transferred from other image sources. Currently available vascular biometric
technologies that may utilize this part of ISO/IEC 19794 for image exchange are technologies that use the
back of the hand, palm and finger.
The use of captured source images can provide interoperability among and between vendors relying on
various different recognition or verification algorithms. Accordingly, data from the captured vascular biometric
image offers the developer more freedom in choosing or combining matching algorithm technology.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
Information technology — Biometric data interchange
formats —
Part 9:
Vascular image data
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 19794 specifies an image interchange format for biometric person identification or
verification technologies that utilize human vascular biometric images and may be used for the exchange and
comparison of vascular image data. It specifies a data record interchange format for storing, recording, and
transmitting vascular biometric information from one or more areas of the human body. It defines the contents,
format and units of measurement for the image exchange. The format consists of mandatory and optional
items, including scanning parameters, compressed or uncompressed image specifications and vendor-specific
information. Information compiled and formatted in accordance with this part of ISO/IEC 19794 can be
recorded on machine-readable media or may be transmitted by data communication facilities.
Vascular biometric image data that comply with this part of ISO/IEC 19794 are intended to be embedded in a
CBEFF-compliant structure in the CBEFF Biometric Data Block (BDB) as specified in ISO/IEC 19785-1.
2 Conformance
Applications claiming conformance with this part of ISO/IEC 19794 shall be capable of encoding and decoding
vascular biometric image data and the associated parameter data used in the transmitting and/or receiving of
vascular biometric images as defined by this part of ISO/IEC 19794. Minimum conformance shall require the
ability to transmit (exchange) and extract interoperable vascular biometric information
Since the size of the human body areas used by vascular biometric technologies varies dramatically among
the different technologies, the recommended image quality criteria described in this part of ISO/IEC 19794
should be associated with specific technologies. Therefore, it would be unreasonable to specify the minimum
requirement of the spatial resolution of an image in a single standard format. Accordingly, the minimum
requirement of the spatial resolution is not defined in this part of ISO/IEC 19794.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 19794-1, Information technology — Biometric data interchange formats — Part 1: Framework
ISO/IEC 19785-1, Information technology — Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework — Part 1:
Data element specification
ISO/IEC 10918 (all parts), Information technology — Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still
images
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ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
ISO/IEC 15444 (all parts), Information technology — JPEG 2000 image coding system
ISO/IEC 14495 (all parts), Information technology — Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-
tone still images
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19794-1 and the following apply.
4.1
capture
acquire vascular biometric image data from an individual
4.2
centroid
centre of gravity
NOTE In this part of ISO/IEC 19794, it is used to define a unique location within a silhouette image that can be
assumed as the origin of a coordinate system.
4.3
gray scale
continuous-tone image that has one component, which is luminance
4.4
pixel
picture element
NOTE A digital image is a matrix with pixels organized in row-column format. A digital image with M by N
components of gray scale or color values consists of M × pixels.
4.5
raw
image file format in which the image is stored in the same format in which it is stored in video memory,
typically one byte (for monochrome images) per picture element or three bytes (for color images) per picture
element
NOTE This format does not contain any information related to the image and/or imaging parameters.
4.6
scan resolution
spatial resolution
number of pixels per unit distance
NOTE Horizontal scan resolution can be different from vertical scan resolution.
4.7
vascular biometric image
captured raw or processed image that contains physical characteristics or traits of vascular pattern used to
recognize the identity or verify the claimed identity of an individual
4.8
vascular image header record
information contained in the header data structure of the vascular image data format as specified in this part of
ISO/IEC 19794
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ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
4.9
ventral
palm side of a finger or a hand
4.10
dorsal
back side of a finger or a hand
4.11
transaction
command, message or input record that explicitly or implicitly calls for a processing action
NOTE Information contained in a transaction is applicable to a single subject.
5 Abbreviated terms
nm nanometre
ppcm pixels per centimetre
ROI region of interest
VIR vascular biometric image record (designates all data records which this part of ISO/IEC 19794
specifies)
6 Data conventions
6.1 Byte and bit ordering
The quantities in all records and vascular biometric image elements (pixel data), if represented as multibyte
quantities, are represented in big-endian format. That is, the more significant bytes of any multibyte quantity
are stored at lower addresses in memory than are the less significant bytes. The order for transmission shall
also be the most significant byte first and the least significant byte last. Within a byte, the order of transmission
shall be the most significant bit first and the least significant bit last. All numeric values are unsigned integer
quantities of fixed-length.
6.2 Scan sequence
A raw vascular image data conforming to this part of ISO/IEC 19794 is a two dimensional bit-mapped data
that scans an object from the upper left corner to the lower right corner within a region of interest of a human
body. This standard defines the scan direction of an imaging sensor as being along the positive x and y-axis
which is defined in 7.9 for each vascular biometric technology, assuming the target human body (finger, back
of the hand, or palm, etc.) is positioned in standard pose. The standard pose is defined in 7.8. If an image is
scanned in a standard pose, the x and y-axis of the object coordinate system is in parallel with the x and y-
axis of the image coordinate system. The x-direction of the image coordinate system is defined as the scan
line from left to right and the y-direction as being from the top to the bottom of the image. Additionally, in a
standard pose, the object z-axis is assumed to be in a direction parallel with the z-axis of the imaging device.
The scan sequence shall be raster scan order; that is, image pixels are acquired along the x-axis from top to
bottom in the y-direction. In order to map the object coordinate system to the image coordinate system without
further translation, each vascular biometric image data may define the x and y-axis origin which is not the pixel
location of the upper-left corner of the image. If the origin is not specifically defined, it shall be the pixel
location of the upper-left corner of the image.
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ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
7 Image capture requirements
7.1 Spatial resolution
Image capture requirements are dependent on various factors such as the type of application, the available
amount of raw pixel information to be retained or exchanged, and the targeted performance. Another factor to
consider as a requirement for vascular biometric imaging is that the physical size of the target body area
where an application captures an image for the extraction of vascular pattern data varies substantially (unlike
other biometric modalities). For example, a finger vein biometric device may require more spatial resolution
than a palm vein device due to the size difference of biometric features. Therefore, this standard does not
specify the requirement of minimum spatial resolution. However, the spatial resolution of the captured image
shall be represented in terms of pixels per centimetre.
7.2 Gray scale depth
The image shall have a dynamic range spanning at least 128 gray scale levels, allocating at least one byte
(8 bits) per intensity value and providing at least 7 bits of useful intensity information. The image may utilize
two or more bytes per gray scale value instead of one.
7.3 Illumination
For the capture of vascular biometric images, the skin is typically illuminated using near-infrared wavelengths
in the range of approximately 700 to 1 200 nm. The angle from the light source to the tangent plane of the
skin’s surface is not defined in VIR because technologies that use a reflectance image may use diffuse
illumination instead of direct illumination for the purpose of avoiding specular reflectance. Instead, this
standard specifies that the image is either based on transparency or reflectance of target features. Two or
more wavelengths of illumination light source may be specified in the case that multiple different light sources
are used for background masking.
7.4 Pixel aspect ratio
The default pixel aspect ratio is 1:1. If the image is not of square pixels, the aspect ratio shall be described.
7.5 Normalization of projection
The captured image shall be an orthographic projection of the body area being imaged. If the original raw
image is not orthographic to the body area, it shall be converted to an orthographically projected one. Any
major geometric distortion caused by the optical system shall also be eliminated prior to creation of the VIR.
7.6 Image storage format
The captured vascular image shall be transmitted and stored in one of several possible formats described in
the following paragraphs.
7.6.1 Raw format
The image is represented by a rectangular array of pixels with specified numbers of columns and rows. Each
pixel has at least 8 bits of information. There is no image header, and each pixel in a monochrome image is
represented by one or more bytes. Color images are represented as three samples per pixel, each comprised
of one or more bytes, representing red, blue, and green (RGB) intensities, in that order. The image is
organized in row-major order, with the lowest address corresponding to the upper left corner of the image. If
the pixel intensity value is represented by more than one byte, the bytes shall be stored in big-endian order.
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ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007(E)
7.6.2 Lossless compression format
If lossless compression is used the image data shall be compressed in accordance with the JPEG-LS lossless
compression algorithm specified in ISO/IEC 14495 or the JPEG2000 compression algorithm specified in
ISO/IEC 15444.
7.6.3 Lossy compression format
If lossy compression is used the image shall be compressed in accordance with the JPEG compression
algorithm specified in ISO/IEC 10918 or the JPEG2000 compression algorithm specified in ISO/IEC 15444. If
one of these compression algorithms is used, a compression factor of 4:1 or less is recommended.
7.6.4 Multichannel image format
Images may be acquired utilizing more than three colors or channels utilizing multichannel cameras. In this
case, pixel values may not be directly related to specific colors, rather they may be related to certain physical
characteristics. Images captured with more than three sensing channels shall be stored in accordance with
the JPEG2000 compression algorithm as specified in ISO/IEC 15444.
7.7 Imaging area
Vascular pattern biometric technologies obtain images from different locations of the human body. The
technologies
...
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