ISO/IEC FCD 26926

C++/CLI Language Specification

Specification du langage C++/CLI

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• ICS: 35.060 - Languages used in information technology
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22 - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22 - Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces
• Current Stage: 4098 - Project deleted
• Completion Date: 19-May-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 26926
Attributed to ISO/IEC JTC 1 by the Central Secretariat (see page iii)

Voting begins on Voting terminates on
2006-03-09 2006-08-09
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОММИСИЯ • COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE


FAST-TRACK PROCEDURE
C++/CLI Language Specification
Specification du langage C++/CLI
ICS 35.060
In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 21/1986 this DIS is circulated in the
English language only.
Conformément aux dispositions de la Résolution du Conseil 21/1986, ce DIS est distribué en
version anglaise seulement.


THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME
STANDARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
International Organization for Standardization, 2006
©
International Electrotechnical Commission, 2006

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ISO/IEC DIS 26926
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Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as permitted
under the applicable laws of the user's country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it may be
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Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO/IEC 2006 — All rights reserved

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ISO/IEC DIS 26926
NOTE FROM ITTF
This draft International Standard is submitted for JTC 1 national body vote under the Fast-Track Procedure.
In accordance with Resolution 30 of the JTC 1 Berlin Plenary 1993, the proposer of this document recommends
assignment of ISO/IEC 26926 to JTC 1/SC 22.
“FAST-TRACK” PROCEDURE
1  Any P-member and any Category A liaison organization of ISO/IEC JTC 1 may propose that an existing
standard from any source be submitted directly for vote as a DIS. The criteria for proposing an existing
standard for the fast-track procedure are a matter for each proposer to decide.
2  The proposal shall be received by the ITTF which will take the following actions.
2.1  To settle the copyright and/or trade mark situation with the proposer, so that the proposed text can be
freely copied and distributed within JTC 1 without restriction.
2.2  To assess in consultation with the JTC 1 secretariat which SC is competent for the subject covered by
the proposed standard and to ascertain that there is no evident contradiction with other International
Standards.
2.3  To distribute the text of the proposed standard as a DIS. In case of particularly bulky documents the ITTF
may demand the necessary number of copies from the proposer.
3  The period for combined DIS voting shall be six months. In order to be accepted the DIS must be
supported by 75 % of the votes cast (abstention is not counted as a vote) and by two-thirds of the P-members
voting of JTC 1.
4  At the end of the voting period, the comments received, whether editorial only or technical, will be dealt
with by a working group appointed by the secretariat of the relevant SC.
5  If, after the deliberations of this WG, the requirements of 3 above are met, the amended text shall be sent
to the ITTF by the secretariat of the relevant SC for publication as an International Standard.
If it is impossible to agree to a text meeting the above requirements, the proposal has failed and the procedure
is terminated.
In either case the WG shall prepare a full report which will be circulated by the ITTF.
6  If the proposed standard is accepted and published, its maintenance will be handled by JTC 1.

© ISO/IEC 2006 — All rights reserved iii

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ECMA-372

st
1 Edition / December 2005


C++/CLI Language

Specification

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Standard


ECMA-372

st
1 Edition / December 2005



C++/CLI Language
Specification


Ecma International  Rue du Rhône 114  CH-1204 Geneva  T/F: [phone]/01  www.ecma-international.org

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.

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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction.xii
1. Scope. 1
2. Conformance . 2
3. Normative references . 3
4. Definitions . 4
5. Notational conventions. 7
6. Acronyms and abbreviations . 8
7. General description. 9
8. Language overview. 10
8.1 Getting started . 10
8.2 Types . 10
8.2.1 Fundamental types and the CLI . 12
8.2.2 Conversions . 13
8.2.3 CLI array types . 13
8.2.4 Type system unification. 13
8.2.5 Pointers, handles, and null . 14
8.3 Parameters . 16
8.4 Automatic memory management. 17
8.5 Expressions. 18
8.6 Statements. 19
8.7 Delegates . 19
8.8 Native and ref classes . 20
8.8.1 Literal fields. 20
8.8.2 Initonly fields. 21
8.8.3 Functions. 21
8.8.4 Properties . 21
8.8.5 Events. 23
8.8.6 Static operators . 24
8.8.7 Instance constructors. 25
8.8.8 Destructors and finalizers . 25
8.8.9 Static constructors. 26
8.8.10 Inheritance . 27
8.9 Value classes . 28
8.10 Interfaces . 28
8.11 Enums. 30
8.12 Namespaces and assemblies . 30
8.13 Versioning . 31
8.14 Attributes . 32
8.15 Generics. 33
8.15.1 Creating and consuming generics . 33
8.15.2 Constraints . 34
8.15.3 Generic functions. 35
9. Lexical structure. 37
9.1 Tokens . 37
9.1.1 Identifiers. 37
9.1.2 Keywords. 38
iii

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C++/CLI Language Specification
9.1.3 Literals . 39
9.1.4 Operators and punctuators . 40
10. Basic concepts. 41
10.1 Assemblies. 41
10.2 Application entry point. 41
10.3 Importing types from assemblies. 41
10.4 Reserved names . 42
10.5 Members. 43
10.5.1 Value class members. 43
10.5.2 Delegate members. 43
10.6 Member access . 43
10.6.1 Declared accessibility . 43
10.7 Name lookup . 44
11. Preprocessor . 48
11.1 Conditional inclusion. 48
11.2 Predefined macro names. 48
12. Types . 49
12.1 Value types . 50
12.1.1 Fundamental types . 50
12.2 Class types. 51
12.2.1 Value classes. 51
12.2.2 Ref classes. 51
12.2.3 Interface classes . 51
12.2.4 Delegate types. 51
12.3 Declarator types. 52
12.3.1 Raw types. 52
12.3.2 Pointer types . 52
12.3.3 Handle types . 52
12.3.4 Null type . 53
12.3.5 Reference types. 53
12.3.6 Interior pointers. 54
12.3.7 Pinning pointers . 55
12.3.8 Native arrays. 57
12.4 Top-level type visibility . 57
13. Variables . 58
13.1 gc-lvalues. 58
13.1.1 Standard conversions . 58
13.1.2 Expressions . 59
13.1.3 Reference initializers . 60
13.1.4 Temporary objects . 60
13.2 File-scope and namespace-scope variables . 60
13.3 Direct initialization. 60
14. Conversions. 62
14.1 Conversion sequences . 62
14.2 Standard conversions. 62
14.2.1 Handle conversions. 62
14.2.2 Pointer conversions. 63
14.2.3 Lvalue conversions . 64
14.2.4 Integral promotions. 64
14.2.5 String literal conversions . 65
14.2.6 Boxing conversions. 66
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Table of Contents
14.3 Implicit conversions . 66
14.3.1 Implicit constant expression conversions . 66
14.3.2 User-defined implicit conversions . 66
14.3.3 Boolean Equivalence . 66
14.4 Explicit conversions . 67
14.5 User-defined conversions . 67
14.5.1 Constructors. 67
14.5.2 Explicit conversion functions . 67
14.5.3 Static conversion functions. 67
14.6 Parameter array conversions. 67
14.7 Naming conventions. 68
15. Expressions . 70
15.1 Function members . 70
15.2 Primary expressions. 71
15.3 Postfix expressions . 71
15.3.1 Subscripting and indexed access. 72
15.3.2 Function call . 72
15.3.3 Explicit type conversion (functional notation). 72
15.3.4 Class member access. 73
15.3.5 Increment and decrement. 73
15.3.6 Dynamic cast. 73
15.3.7 Type identification. 74
15.3.8 Static cast . 75
15.3.9 Reinterpret cast . 76
15.3.10 Const cast. 76
15.3.11 Safe cast . 76
15.4 Unary expressions . 77
15.4.1 Unary operators. 77
15.4.2 Increment and decrement. 79
15.4.3 Sizeof . 80
15.4.4 New. 80
15.4.5 Delete. 80
15.4.6 The gcnew operator. 81
15.4.7 The throw expression. 81
15.5 Explicit type conversion (cast notation) . 81
15.6 Additive operators . 82
15.6.1 Delegate combination . 82
15.6.2 Delegate removal . 82
15.6.3 String concatenation. 82
15.7 Shift operators . 83
15.8 Relational operators. 83
15.8.1 Handle equality operators . 83
15.8.2 Delegate equality operators. 84
15.8.3 String equality. 85
15.9 Logical AND operator. 85
15.10 Logical OR operator . 85
15.11 Conditional operator. 85
15.12 Assignment operators . 85
15.13 Constant expressions . 86
15.14 Property and event rewrite rules. 86
16. Statements. 89
16.1 Selection statements . 89
16.1.1 The switch statement. 89
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C++/CLI Language Specification
16.2 Iteration statements. 89
16.2.1 The for each statement. 89
16.3 Jump statements. 91
16.3.1 The break statement .
...