SIST EN 61606-2:2004
(Main)Audio and audiovisual equipment - Digital audio parts - Basic measurement methods of audio characteristics -- Part 2: Consumer use
Audio and audiovisual equipment - Digital audio parts - Basic measurement methods of audio characteristics -- Part 2: Consumer use
Deals with the basic measurement methods of the audio charac-teristics of the digital audio part of audio and audiovisual equipment for consumer use. The common measuring conditions and methods are described in EN 61606-1. Specific conditions and methods of measurement for consumer equipment are given in this standard
Digitale Audio- und audiovisuelle Geräte - Grundlegende Messverfahren der Audio-Eigenschaften -- Teil 2: Allgemeingebrauch
Equipements audio et audiovisuels - Parties audionumériques - Méthodes fondamentales pour la mesure des caractéristiques audio -- Partie 2 : Utilisation par le consommateur
Deals with the basic measurement methods of the audio charac-teristics of the digital audio part of audio and audiovisual equipment for consumer use. The common measuring conditions and methods are described in EN 61606-1. Specific conditions and methods of measurement for consumer equipment are given in this standard
Avdio in avdiovizualna oprema – Digitalni avdio deli – Osnovne merilne metode zvokovnih karakteristik - 2. del: Splošna (porabniška) uporaba (IEC 61606-2:2003)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI SIST EN 61606-2:2004
STANDARD
september 2004
Avdio in avdiovizualna oprema – Digitalni avdio deli – Osnovne merilne
metode zvokovnih karakteristik - 2. del: Splošna (porabniška) uporaba (IEC
61606-2:2003)
Audio and audiovisual equipment - Digital audio parts - Basic measurement
methods of audio characteristics - Part 2: Consumer use (IEC 61606-2:2003)
ICS 33.160.30 Referenčna številka
SIST EN 61606-2:2004(en)
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno
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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 61606-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM January 2004
ICS 33.160.01 Supersedes EN 61606:1997
English version
Audio and audiovisual equipment –
Digital audio parts –
Basic measurement methods of audio characteristics
Part 2: Consumer use
(IEC 61606-2:2003)
Equipements audio et audiovisuels - Digitale Audio- und audiovisuelle Geräte -
Parties audionumériques – Grundlegende Messverfahren
Méthodes fondamentales pour la mesure der Audio-Eigenschaften
des caractéristiques audio Teil 2: Allgemeingebrauch
Partie 2 : Utilisation par le consommateur (IEC 61606-2:2003)
(CEI 61606-2:2003)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2003-12-01. CENELEC members are bound to
comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and
notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2004 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 61606-2:2004 E
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EN 61606-2:2004 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 100/695/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 61606-2, prepared by IEC TC 100, Audio,
video and multimedia systems and equipment, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and
was approved by CENELEC as EN 61606-2 on 2003-12-01.
EN 61606-1 and this European Standard supersede EN 61606:1997.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2004-09-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2006-12-01
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61606-2:2003 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
__________
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- 3 - EN 61606-2:2004
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
1) 2)
IEC 61606-1 - Audio and audiovisual equipment - EN 61606-1 2004
Digital audio parts - Basic measurement
methods of audio characteristics
Part 1: General
1) 2)
IEC 60268-2 - Sound system equipment HD 483.2 S2 1993
Part 2: Explanation of general terms and
calculation methods
IEC 60958 Series Digital audio interface EN 60958 Series
1) 2)
IEC 61883-6 - Consumer audio/video equipment - EN 61883-6 2002
Digital interface
Part 6: Audio and music data
transmission protocol
1) 2)
IEC 61938 - Audio, video and audiovisual systems - EN 61938 1997
Interconnections and matching values - + corr. February 1997
Preferred matching values of analogue
signals
1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.
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INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD 61606-2
First edition
2003-10
Audio and audiovisual equipment –
Digital audio parts – Basic measurement
methods of audio characteristics –
Part 2:
Consumer use
© IEC 2003 ⎯ Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
PRICE CODE
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale V
International Electrotechnical Commission
ɆɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɄɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ
For price, see current catalogue
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– 2 – 61606-2 © IEC:2003(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references. 6
3 Terms, definitions, explanations and rated values. 6
3.1 Definitions . 6
3.2 Explanation of terms. 7
3.3 Digital interface for measurement . 7
3.4 Rated values . 7
4 Measuring conditions . 7
4.1 Environmental conditions. 7
4.2 Power supply. 7
4.3 Test signal frequencies. 7
4.4 Standard setting . 7
4.5 Preconditioning. 7
4.6 Measuring instruments. 8
4.6.1 Digital level meter . 8
4.6.2 Distortion meter . 8
5 Methods of measurement (digital-in/analogue-out). 9
5.1 Input/output characteristics. 9
5.1.1 Maximum output amplitude . 9
5.1.2 Gain difference between channels . 9
5.2 Frequency characteristics .10
5.2.1 Frequency response .10
5.2.2 Group delay (phase linearity) .10
5.3 Noise characteristics .11
5.3.1 Signal-to-noise ratio.11
5.3.2 Dynamic range.12
5.3.3 Out-of-band noise ratio .12
5.3.4 Channel separation.13
5.4 Distortion characteristics .14
5.4.1 Level non-linearity .14
5.4.2 Distortion and noise .15
5.4.3 Intermodulation.15
6 Methods of measurement (analogue-in/digital-out).16
6.1 Input/output characteristics.16
6.1.1 Analogue to digital level calibration.16
6.1.2 Maximum allowable input amplitude.17
6.1.3 Gain difference between channel and tracking error.18
6.2 Frequency characteristics .20
6.2.1 Frequency response .20
6.2.2 Group delay .21
6.3 Noise characteristics .22
6.3.1 Signal-to-noise ratio (idle channel noise) .22
6.3.2 Dynamic range.23
6.3.3 Folded noise .25
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61606-2 © IEC:2003(E) – 3 –
6.3.4 Cross-talk .26
6.3.5 Channel separation.28
6.4 Distortion characteristics .30
6.4.1 Level non-linearity .30
6.4.2 Distortion and noise .31
6.4.3 Intermodulation.32
Table 1 – Levels for measurement .14
Table 2 – Upper limited measuring frequency.26
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
AUDIO AND AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT – DIGITAL AUDIO PARTS –
BASIC MEASUREMENT METHODS OF AUDIO CHARACTERISTICS –
Part 2: Consumer use
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61606-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 100:
Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment.
IEC 61606-1 and this standard cancel and replace IEC 61606 (1997). This first edition of
IEC 61606-2 constitutes a technical revision.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
100/695/FDIS 100/716/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
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61606-2 © IEC:2003(E) – 5 –
IEC 61606 consists of the following parts under the general title Audio and audiovisual
equipment – Digital audio parts – Basic measurement methods of audio characteristics:
Part 1: General
Part 2: Consumer use
1
Part 3: Professional use
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
2006. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual edition may be issued at a later date.
———————
1
Under consideration.
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AUDIO AND AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT – DIGITAL AUDIO PARTS –
BASIC MEASUREMENT METHODS OF AUDIO CHARACTERISTICS –
Part 2: Consumer use
1 Scope
This part of IEC 61606 deals with the basic measurement methods of the audio charac-
teristics of the digital audio part of audio and audiovisual equipment for consumer use. The
common measuring conditions and methods are described in IEC 61606-1. Specific conditions
and methods of measurement for consumer equipment are given in this standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 61606-1, Audio and audiovisual equipment – Digital audio parts – Basic measurement
methods of audio characteristics – Part 1: General
IEC 60268-2, Sound system equipment – Part 2: Explanation of general terms and calculation
methods
IEC 60958 (all parts), Digital audio interface
IEC 61883-6, Consumer audio/video equipment – Digital interface – Part 6: Audio and music
data transmission protocol
IEC 61938, Audio, video and audiovisual systems – Interconnections and matching values –
Preferred matching values of analogue signals
3 Terms, definitions, explanations and rated values
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of IEC 61606, the terms and definitions given in IEC 61606-1 as
well as the following apply.
3.1.1
analogue full-scale amplitude
the nominal signal level of an EUT corresponding to the digital full-scale level
NOTE In order to accommodate the EUT in an audio system, it is recommended that the analogue full scale
amplitude has the value defined in IEC 61938. In the case of general purpose audio for consumer equipment, the
amplitude is 2 V r.m.s.
3.1.2
normal measuring level
analogue signal level equal to –20 dB of analogue full-scale amplitude
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61606-2 © IEC:2003(E) – 7 –
3.1.3
normal source impedance
the value defined in IEC 61938, or in the case of general purpose audio for consumer
equipment, 2,2 kΩ
3.1.4
normal load impedance
the value defined in IEC 61938, or in the case of general purpose audio for consumer
equipment, 22 kΩ
3.2 Explanation of terms
See 3.2 of IEC 61606-1
3.3 Digital interface for measurement
This standard can be applied to IEC 60958 or IEC 61883-6.
Other interfaces having the same specification as in 3.1 of IEC 61606-1 may also be used.
3.4 Rated values
For a full explanation of these terms, see IEC 60268-2. The following are rated conditions for
digital audio equipment which should be specified by the manufacturer:
• rated supply voltage;
• rated supply frequency;
• rated pre-emphasis and de-emphasis characteristics;
• rated digital input word length;
• rated sampling frequencies.
4 Measuring conditions
The measuring conditions applied in this part are the same as those given in IEC 61606-1,
together with those given below.
4.1 Environmental conditions
As in IEC 61606-1.
4.2 Power supply
As in IEC 61606-1.
4.3 Test signal frequencies
As in IEC 61606-1.
4.4 Standard setting
As in IEC 61606-1.
4.5 Preconditioning
As in IEC 61606-1.
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4.6 Measuring instruments
All specifications given in IEC 61606-1 are applicable, together with those given below.
4.6.1 Digital level meter
The r.m.s. signal level, V is calculated from the digital data within the in-band frequency
total
range.
One method of calculation is as follows:
When the frequency components are calculated by the FFT method, the signal level is
calculated as follows. All of the frequency components which are within the in-band frequency
range are calculated using the following equation:
2 2 2 2 1/2
V = (V +V + V + … V )
total f1 f2 f3 fn
The signal level S in dB is calculated from the following equation:
FS
S dB = 20 log (V /V )
FS 10 total full
where V is the r.m.s. value of the full-scale amplitude of a 1 kHz signal.
full
The number of data points for the FFT calculation is greater than the value of fs. The window
used for the measurement shall be the minimum window having the following parameters:
W(t) = 1/L [a + a cos(2πt/L) + a cos(4πt/L) + a cos(6πt/L)]
0 1 2 3
where
L is the number of data points.
a = 0,363 491 2
0
a = 0,489 268 2
1
a = 0,136 508 8
2
a = 0,010 731 8
3
t ≤ L/2
NOTE If the signal level is calculated directly using digital data, it should be filtered to the in-band frequency
range before the calculation.
4.6.2 Distortion meter
Calculate the ratio of the total signal output to the noise and distortion component.
NOTE One measurement method is as follows.
The r.m.s. signal level, V is calculated from the resultant in-band frequency components of
total
the fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) of the processed input signal:
2 2 2 2 1/2
V = (V + V + V + … V )
total f1 f2 f32 fn
V , is obtained by the FFT for frequency ranges from 4 Hz to f , which is 1/1,5 of the
N L
measuring frequency and f which is 1,5 times the measuring frequency to the upper limit
H
frequency f ,V is derived from the following equation:
MAX N
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61606-2 © IEC:2003(E) – 9 –
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1/2
V = ((V + V + V + … V ) + ( V + V + V ))
N f1 f2 f3 fL fH fH+1 fMAX
The total distortion D is obtained from the equation:
D% = V / V × 100
N total
The conditions for the measurement are the same as those for the digital level meter.
5 Methods of measurement (digital-in/analogue-out)
The methods of measurement described in the following subclauses apply to the equipment
where the input signal is a digital audio signal and the output signal is an analogue signal. All
the specifications described in IEC 61606-1 which correspond to this standard are applied to
these subclauses.
These subclauses specify the details of measurement methods for consumer use equipment.
If the EUT provides two or more channels, all channels should be measured in the same way.
The word length and sampling frequency shall be stated in the expression of the results of the
measurement.
5.1 Input/output characteristics
5.1.1 Maximum output amplitude
5.1.1.1 Input signal
Frequency: 997 Hz
Signal level: full-scale level.
5.1.1.2 Procedures
Set the EUT to the standard setting specified in 4.4.
Apply the input signal to the EUT.
Adjust the level control and measure the maximum output voltage which does not show
clipping and has total distortion of less than 1 %.
5.1.2 Gain difference between channels
5.1.2.1 Method of measurement
Connect the EUT and measured equipment as in Figure 1.
Digital signal In-band level
Narrow band-pass filter
EUT
generator meter
IEC 2407/03
Figure 1 – Connection diagram of equipments
5.1.2.1.1 Input signal
Frequency: 997 Hz.
Signal level: normal measuring level (–20 dB ).
FS
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5.1.2.1.2 Procedure
a) Set the EUT to the standard settings specified in 4.4.
b) Adjust the gain control (if any) to the maximum position. Apply the same input signal to all
channels to be measured, either simultaneously or in turn.
c) Measure the output level of each channel.
d) The gain difference between the channels is expressed in dB.
5.2 Frequency characteristics
5.2.1 Frequency response
5.2.1.1 Method of measurement
Connect the EUT and measured equipment as in Figure 2.
Digital signal In-band level
EUT
generator meter
IEC 2408/03
Figure 2 – Connection diagram of equipments
5.2.1.1.1 Input signal
a) Reference signal
Frequency: 997 Hz.
Signal level: normal measuring level (–20 dB ).
FS
b) Test signal
Frequency: in the case of the discrete frequency method see IEC 61606-1, Table 1.
In the case of the sweep frequency method see IEC 61606-1, Table 2.
Signal level: normal measuring level (–20 dB ).
FS
5.2.1.1.2 Procedure
a) Set the EUT to the standard settings specified in 4.4.
b) Apply a reference signal to the EUT and measure the output signal with the r.m.s. level
meter.
c) Repeat the same measurement as in b) for the test signals. Calculate the voltage ratio
between measurement b) and c) in dB.
d) The results are presented in a table or graphically.
5.2.2 Group delay (phase linearity)
5.2.2.1 Method of measurement
Connect the EUT and measured equipment as in Figure 3.
Analogue delay
Digital signal
EUT
time meter
generator
IEC 2409/03
Figure 3 – Connection diagram of equipments
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61606-2 © IEC:2003(E) – 11 –
5.2.2.1.1 Input signal
The signal generator for group delay measurement (described in IEC 61606-1, 4.6.1.3.1) shall
be used.
5.2.2.1.2 Procedure
a) Set the EUT to the standard settings specified in 4.4.
b) Apply the input signal to the EUT.
c) Analyze the output waveform from the EUT using FFT equipment to obtain the phase φ
R
(degree) of the 1 kHz signal and calculate the delay time τ from the following equation:
R
τ =(–φ /360) × (1/997)
R R
d) Repeat analyzing the testing frequency to obtain the phase φ and the delay time τ from
C C
the following equation.
τ = (–φ /360) × (1/f)
C C
°
If the phase wraps in excess of 360 , the reading shall be adjusted before computing the
above equation.
e) The group delay difference(τ ) and phase linearity (φ ) at the measured frequency can
RC RC
be obtained from following equations.
τ = τ τ
RC R – C
φ = τ × 360 × f
RC RC
5.3 Noise characteristics
5.3.1 Signal-to-noise ratio
5.3.1.1 Method of measurement
Connect the EUT and measured equipment as in Figure 4.
Digital signal
In-band level
Weighting
generator EUT Low-pass filter
filter meter
IEC 2410/03
Figure 4 – Connection diagram of equipment
5.3.1.1.1 Input signal
Signal (A): Signal level = Full-scale level.
Frequency = 997 Hz.
Signal (B): Digital zero.
5.3.1.1.2 Procedure
a) Set the EUT to the standard settings specified in 4.4.
b) Apply the signal (A) to the EUT and note the reading of the meter as A dB .
FS
c) Apply the signal (B) to the EUT and note the meter reading B dB .
FS
d) The signal-to-noise ratio SN in dB is obtained from the equation: SN = (A – B).
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5.3.2 Dynamic range
5.3.2.1 Method of measurement
Connect the EUT and measured equipment as in Figure 5.
Digital signal
Weighting Analogue
Voltage
EUT
generator Low-pass filter
filter distortion meter
amplifier
IEC 2411/03
Figure 5 – Connection diagram of equipment
NOTE If the analogue distortion meter has sufficient amplification for the measurement, the voltage amplifier may
not be needed.
5.3.2.1.1 Input signal
Frequency: 997 Hz.
Signal level: –60 dB .
FS
5.3.2.1.2 Procedure
a) Set the EUT to the standard settings specified in 4.4.
b) Apply the input signal to the EUT.
c) Read the noise and distortion N(%), using the analogue distortion meter.
d) Repeat for each sampling frequency, if required.
e) The dynamic range(D dB) is calculated from the following equation:
D dB = 20 lg (N/100) + 60
5.3.3 Out-of-band noise ratio
5.3.3.1 Method of measurement
Connect the EUT and measured equipment as in Figure 6.
In-band
Low-pass filter
level meter
Digital signal
generator EUT
Out-of band Out-of band
band pass filter level meter
Analogue spectrum
analyzer
IEC 2412/03
Figure 6 – Connection diagram of equipment
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61606-2 © IEC:2003(E) – 13 –
5.3.3.1.1 Input signal
Frequency: 997 Hz, 10 007 Hz, 14 501 Hz, 19 997 Hz and the upper band-edge frequency.
Signal level: full-scale level (0 dB ).
FS
5.3.3.1.2 Procedure
a) Set the EUT to the standard settings specified in 4.4.
b) Apply the input signal to the EUT.
c) Read the indication of the in-band level meter as A dB .
FS
d) Read the indication of the out-of-band level meter as B dB .
FS
e) The out-of-band noise ratio is obtained from the equation:
Out-of-band noise ratio = (B – A) dB.
5.3.4 Channel separation
5.3.4.1 Method of measurement
Connect the EUT and measured equipment as in Figure 7.
Digital signal In-band level
Narrow-band
EUT
generator meter
band-pass filter
Spectrum analyzer
IEC 2413/03
Figure 7 – Connection diagram of equipment
5.3.4.1.1 Input signal
Frequency: 997 Hz and other frequencies in IEC 61606-1, Table 1, if necessary.
Signal level: full-scale level.
5.3.4.1.2 Procedure
a) Set the EUT to the standard settings specified in 4.4.
b) Apply the input signal at 997 Hz to all channels which are bound in a single stereo source.
c) Adjust the balance control of the EUT so as to obtain equal output levels. If the output
levels cannot be adjusted, correct the measured values by the level difference.
d) Measure the level of the output signal as A dB .
FS
e) Apply digital zero to the input of the selected channel and apply the same signal applied in
item c) to the input of the other channel.
f) Measure the level of the output signal of the selected channel generated by the leakage
from unwanted channels a
...
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