ASTM D7061-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring n-Heptane Induced Phase Separation of Asphaltene-Containing Heavy Fuel Oils as Separability Number by an Optical Scanning Device
Standard Test Method for Measuring n-Heptane Induced Phase Separation of Asphaltene-Containing Heavy Fuel Oils as Separability Number by an Optical Scanning Device
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This procedure describes a rapid and sensitive method for estimating the stability reserve of an oil. The stability reserve is estimated in terms of a separability number, where a low value of the separability number indicates that there is a stability reserve within the oil. When the separability number is between 0 to 5, the oil can be considered to have a high stability reserve and asphaltenes are not likely to flocculate. If the separability number is between 5 to 10, the stability reserve in the oil will be much lower. However, asphaltenes are, in this case, not likely to flocculate as long as the oil is not exposed to any worse conditions, such as storing, aging, and heating. If the separability number is above 10, the stability reserve of the oil is very low and asphaltenes will easily flocculate, or have already started to flocculate.
5.2 This test method can be used by refiners and users of oils, for which this test method is applicable, to estimate the stability reserves of their oils. Hence, this test method can be used by refineries to control and optimize their refinery processes. Consumers of oils can use this test method to estimate the stability reserve of their oils before, during, and after storage.
FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of a Typical Measurement Using an Optical Scanning Device
5.3 This test method is not intended for predicting whether oils are compatible before mixing, but can be used for determining the separability number of already blended oils. However, oils that show a low separability number are more likely to be compatible with other oils than are oils with high separability numbers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative measurement, either in the laboratory or in the field, of how easily asphaltene-containing heavy fuel oils diluted in toluene phase separate upon addition of heptane. This is measured as a separability number (%) by the use of an optical scanning device.
1.2 The test method is limited to asphaltene-containing heavy fuel oils. ASTM specification fuels that generally fall within the scope of this test method are Specification D396, Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6, Specification D975, Grade No. 4-D, and Specification D2880, Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT. Refinery fractions from which such blended fuels are made also fall within the scope of this test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7061 − 12
Standard Test Method for
Measuring n-Heptane Induced Phase Separation of
Asphaltene-Containing Heavy Fuel Oils as Separability
1
Number by an Optical Scanning Device
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7061; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative measurement,
eitherinthelaboratoryorinthefield,ofhoweasilyasphaltene-
3. Terminology
containing heavy fuel oils diluted in toluene phase separate
upon addition of heptane. This is measured as a separability 3.1 Definitions:
number (%) by the use of an optical scanning device.
3.1.1 asphaltenes, n—(rarely used in the singular), in petro-
leum technology, represent an oil fraction that is soluble in a
1.2 The test method is limited to asphaltene-containing
specified aromatic solvent but separates upon addition of an
heavy fuel oils. ASTM specification fuels that generally fall
excess of a specified paraffinic solvent.
within the scope of this test method are Specification D396,
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In this test method, the aromatic sol-
Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6, Specification D975, Grade No. 4-D,
vent is toluene and the paraffinic solvent is heptane.
andSpecificationD2880,GradeNos.3-GTand4-GT.Refinery
fractions from which such blended fuels are made also fall 3.1.2 compatibility, n—of crude oils or of heavy fuel oils,
the ability of two or more crude oils or fuel oils to blend
within the scope of this test method.
together within certain concentration ranges without evidence
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
of separation, such as the formation of multiple phases.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Incompatible heavy fuel oils or crude
standard.
oils, when mixed or blended, result in the flocculation or
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
precipitation of asphaltenes. Some oils may be compatible
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
within certain concentration ranges in specific mixtures, but
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
incompatible outside those ranges.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 flocculation, n—of asphaltenes from crude oils or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
heavy fuel oils, the aggregation of colloidally dispersed as-
phaltenes into visibly larger masses that may or may not settle.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.4 peptization, n— of asphaltenes in crude oils or heavy
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fuel oils, the dispersion of asphaltenes to produce a colloidal
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
dispersion.
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
3.1.5 stability reserve, n—in petroleum technology, the
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
property of an oil to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized state
Petroleum Products
and prevent flocculation of the asphaltenes.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—An oil with a low stability reserve is
1 likelytoundergoflocculationofasphalteneswhenstressed(for
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
example, extended heated storage) or blended with a range of
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
other oils. Two oils each with a high stability reserve are likely
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published March 2013. Originally
to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized state and not lead to
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D7061–06. DOI:
flocculation when blended together.
10.1520/D7061-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.6 transmittance, n—of light, the fraction of the incident
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
light of a given wavelength that is not reflected or absorbed,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. but passes through a substance.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7061 − 12
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: separability number is above 10, the stability reserve of the oil
3
3.2.1 Heavy Fuel v. 1.0 ,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7061 − 06 D7061 − 12
Standard Test Method for
Measuring n-Heptane Induced Phase Separation of
Asphaltene-Containing Heavy Fuel Oils as Separability
1
Number by an Optical Scanning Device
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7061; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative measurement, either in the laboratory or in the field, of how easily
asphaltene-containing heavy fuel oils diluted in toluene phase separate upon addition of heptane. This is measured as a separability
number (%) by the use of an optical scanning device.
1.2 The test method is limited to asphaltene-containing heavy fuel oils. ASTM specification fuels that generally fall within the
scope of this test method are Specification D396, Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6, Specification D975, Grade No. 4-D, and Specification
D2880, Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT. Refinery fractions from which such blended fuels are made also fall within the scope of this
test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 asphaltene,asphaltenes, n—(rarely used in the singular), in petroleum technology, a molecule of high molecular mass, high
carbon/hydrogen ratio, and containing heteroatoms.represent an oil fraction that is soluble in a specified aromatic solvent but
separates upon addition of an excess of a specified paraffinic solvent.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on
Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved May 1, 2006Nov. 1, 2012. Published June 2006March 2013. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20052006 as
D7061–05a.–06. DOI: 10.1520/D7061-06. 10.1520/D7061-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Asphaltenes are found largely in crude oils and in heavy fuel oils containing residual fractions. They are insoluble in alkanes, such
as In this test method, the n-heptane and cetane, but soluble in aromatic solvents, such as benzene, toluene, and
1-methylnaphthalene. aromatic solvent is toluene and the paraffinic solvent is heptane.
3.1.2 compatibility, n—of crude oils or of heavy fuel oils, the ability of two or more crude oils or fuel oils to blend together
within certain concentration ranges without evidence of separation, such as the formation of multiple phases.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7061 − 12
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
Incompatible heavy fuel oils or crude oils, when mixed or blended, result in the flocculation or precipitation of asphaltenes. Some
oils may be compatible within certain concentration ranges in specific mixtures, but incompatible outside those ranges.
3.1.3 flocculation, n—of asphaltenes from crude oils or heavy fuel oils, the aggregation of colloidally dispersed asphaltenes into
visibly larger masses that may or may not settle.
3.1.4 peptization, n— of asphaltenes in crude oils or heavy fuel oils, the dispersion of asphaltenes to produce a colloidal
dispersion.
3.1.5 stability reserve, n—in petroleum technology, the property of an oil to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized state and
...
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