ASTM B999-15(2022)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloys Plating, Electrodeposited Coatings of Titanium and Titanium Alloys on Conductive and Non-Conductive Substrate
Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloys Plating, Electrodeposited Coatings of Titanium and Titanium Alloys on Conductive and Non-Conductive Substrate
ABSTRACT
This specification covers general requirements and corresponding test methods for electrodeposited coatings of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys on conductive (metallic) and non-conductive substrates (plastics, fibers, carbon foam, etc.) for engineering (functional) uses. The coatings of titanium-zirconium alloys range in zirconium between 10wt% and 14wt% zirconium and are known as ”terne” metallic electrodeposits.
This specification also covers the coating classification system and service condition based on thickness; ordering information to be supplied by the purchaser in either the purchase order or on the engineering drawing, or the part to be plated; material and manufacturing process requirements; sampling; and inspection.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited coatings of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys on conductive and non-conductive substrates for engineering (functional) uses. The coatings of titanium-zirconium alloys are those that range in zirconium between 10wt% and 14wt% zirconium and are known as “terne” metallic electrodeposits.
1.2 This specification applies for both conductive (metallic) substrates and non-conductive (plastics, fibers, carbon foam, etc.)
1.3 Electrodeposits of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys on aluminum and conductive substrate and nonconductive substrate are produced where it is desired to obtain atmospheric corrosion resistance. Deposits of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys particularly on aluminum have shown to have excellent corrosion protective qualities in atmospheric exposure, especially when under-coated by electroless nickel. Titanium and titanium-zirconium alloy deposits provide corrosion protection from dilute sulfuric acid, are used for lining of brine refrigeration tanks, chemical equipment apparatus, storage batteries, and as a wear coating for bearing surfaces.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B999 −15 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Specification for
Titanium and Titanium Alloys Plating, Electrodeposited
Coatings of Titanium and Titanium Alloys on Conductive
and Non-Conductive Substrate
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B999; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrode-
posited coatings of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys on
2. Referenced Documents
conductive and non-conductive substrates for engineering
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(functional) uses. The coatings of titanium-zirconium alloys
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
are those that range in zirconium between 10wt% and 14wt%
B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for
zirconium and are known as “terne” metallic electrodeposits.
Electroplating
1.2 This specification applies for both conductive (metallic)
B242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Elec-
substrates and non-conductive (plastics, fibers, carbon foam,
troplating
etc.)
B253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec-
1.3 Electrodeposits of titanium and titanium-zirconium al-
troplating
loys on aluminum and conductive substrate and nonconductive
B320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electro-
substrateareproducedwhereitisdesiredtoobtainatmospheric
plating
corrosion resistance. Deposits of titanium and titanium-
B322 Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to Electroplating
zirconiumalloysparticularlyonaluminumhaveshowntohave
B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
excellent corrosion protective qualities in atmospheric
B487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
exposure, especially when under-coated by electroless nickel.
Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of
Titanium and titanium-zirconium alloy deposits provide corro-
Cross Section
sion protection from dilute sulfuric acid, are used for lining of
B499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknesses
brine refrigeration tanks, chemical equipment apparatus, stor-
by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on
age batteries, and as a wear coating for bearing surfaces.
Magnetic Basis Metals
B504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metal-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
lic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
B507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated on
standard.
Racks
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
B567 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
by the Beta Backscatter Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
B568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
by X-Ray Spectrometry
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Coatings
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
B602 Guide for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and Inor-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ganic Coatings
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
B697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspection
of Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on
Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B08.03 on Engineering Coatings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published June 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as B999 – 15. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/B0999-15R22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B999 − 15 (2022)
TABLE 2 Service Conditions and Coating Thickness
B727 Practice for Preparation of Plastics Materials for Elec-
Requirements
troplating
Service Minimum Coating Thickness Coating
B733 Specification for Autocatalytic (Electroless) Nickel-
cm
Conditions Specification Thickness, µm
Phosphorus Coatings on Metal
SC0 Minimum Thickness 1.0 0.000102
B849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for
SC1 Light Service 2.50 0.000254
SC2 Mild/Moderate Service 3.75 0.000381
Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
SC3 Severe Service 5.0 0.000508
B850 GuideforPost-CoatingTreatmentsofSteelforReduc-
ing the Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
B851 Specification for Automated Controlled Shot Peening
4.2.4 SC2 Mild/Moderate Service 3.75 µm—This is defined
of Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel, Autocatalytic Nickel,
by mild corrosion and wear environment and moderate envi-
or Chromium Plating, or as Final Finish
ronment such a non-marine outdoor exposure, alkali salts at
D2982 Test Methods for Detecting Glycol-Base Antifreeze
elevated temperature, and moderate wear.
in Used Lubricating Oils
4.2.5 SC3 Severe Service 5.0 µm—This is defined by a very
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
aggressive environment. Typical environments would include
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of
Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by acid solution, elevated temperature and pressure hydrogen
sulfide and carbon dioxide oil service, high temperature chlo-
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
ride systems, very severe wear, and marine immersion.
etry (ICP-AES)
E127 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Flat Bottomed
5. Ordering Information
Hole Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
F519 Test Method for Mechanical Hydrogen Embrittlement 5.1 The following information shall be supplied by the
Evaluation of Plating/Coating Processes and Service En-
purchaser in either the purchase order or on the engineering
vironments drawing, or the part to be plated.
5.1.1 Title,ASTM designation number, and year of issue of
3. Terminology
this specification.
5.1.2 Classification of the deposit by type and service
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of the terms used in this speci-
condition.
fication are in accordance with Terminology B374.
5.1.3 Maximum dimension and tolerance requirements, if
4. Classification
any.
5.1.4 Peening, if required.
4.1 The coating classification system provides for a scheme
5.1.5 The tensile strength of ferrous base materials in MPa.
to select a titanium or titanium alloy coating to meet specific
5.1.6 Stress relief heat treat requirements before plating, if
performance requirements based on alloy composition and
any.
thickness.
5.1.7 Hydrogen embrittlement relief baking requirements
4.1.1 “Type” describes the general composition of the
after plating, if any.
deposit with respect to zirconium alloying content and is
5.1.8 Significant surfaces for plating as well as drawing
divided into two categories which establish deposit properties
indications of surfaces not to be plated.
(see Table 1).
5.1.9 Requirements for sampling.
4.2 Service Condition Based on Thickness:
4.2.1 Serviceconditionnumbersarebasedontheseverityof
6. Materials and Manufacture
the exposure in which the coating is intended to perform and
6.1 Substrate—Defectsinthesurfaceofthebasismetalsuch
minimum coating thickness to provide satisfactory perfor-
as scratches, porosity, pits, inclusions, roll and die marks, laps,
mance (see Table 2).
cracks, burrs, cold shuts, and roughness may adversely affect
4.2.2 SC0 Minimum Service, 1 µm—This is defined by a
the appearance and performance of the deposit, despite the
minimum coating thickness to provide specific material prop-
observance of the best plating practice. Any such defects on
erties and extend the life of a part or its function.Applications
significant surfaces shall be brought to the attention of the
include requirements for diffusion barrier, undercoat, electrical
purchaser before plating.The producer shall not be responsible
conductivity, and wear and corrosion protection in specialized
for coating defects resulting from surface conditions of the
environment.
metal, if these conditions have been brought to the attention of
4.2.3 SC1 Light Service, 2.5 µm—This is defined by a
the purchaser.
minimum coating thickness of 2.5 µm for extending the life of
6.2 Pretreatment—Asuitable method shall activate the base
the parts. Typical environments include light-load lubricated
material surface and remove oxide and foreign materials,
wear and indoor corrosion protection to prevent rusting.
which may cause poor adhesion. See Practices B183, B242,
B253, B320, B322, and B727.
TABLE 1 Deposit Compositions by Type
6.3 Stress Relief:
Type Zirconium % wt
6.3.1 PretreatmentofIronandSteelforReducingtheRiskof
Type I 0 %
Hydrogen Embrittlement—Parts that are made of steel with
Type II 10 to 14%
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1000 MPa or greater, that
B999 − 15 (2022)
havebeenmachined,ground,coldformed,orcoldstraightened 6.6.2 Hydrogenembrittlementreliefheattreatmentsshallbe
subsequenttoheattreatmentrequirestressreliefheat treatment performed within4hof plating unless otherwise specified by
when specified by the purchaser. The tensile strength of the the purchaser. It is most advantageous to begin embrittlement
material shall be supplied by the purchaser. Specification B849 relief heat treatments as soon as practical.
contains a list of pre-treatments, precautions, and caveats that
shall be used. 7. Requirements
6.3.2 Peening—Peening prior to plating may be required on
7.1 Process—Titanium and titanium-zirconium alloy coat-
high-strength steel parts to induce residual compressive
ingsshallbeproducedbyelectrodepositioninaqueoussolution
stresses in the surface, which can reduce loss of fatigue
of salts.
strength and improve stress corrosion resistance after plating.
7.1.1 Significant Surfaces—Significant surfaces are defined
Peening may be performed in accordance with Specification
as those normally visible (directly or by reflection) or are
B851.
essential to the serviceability or function of the article; or can
6.3.2.1 Steel parts which are designed for unlimited life
be the source of corrosion products or tarnish films that
under dynamic loads shall be shot peened.
interfere with the function or desirable appearance of the
6.3.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, the shot peening shall be
article. When necessary, the significant surfaces shall be
accomplished on all surfaces for which the coating is required indicated on the drawings of the parts, or by the provision of
and all immediately adjacent surfaces when they contain
suitably marked samples.
notches, fillets, or other abrupt changes of section size where
NOTE 1—When significant surfaces are involved on which the specified
stresses will be concentrated.
thickness of finish cannot be readily controlled, it will be necessary to
apply greater thickness on the more accessible surfaces, to use special
6.4 Racking—Parts should be positioned so as to minimize
racking, or both. The thickness requirements of this specification are
trapping of hydrogen gas in cavities and holes, allowing the
minimum. The variation in the finish thickness from point to point on a
free circulation of solution over all surfaces to obtain uniform
coated article is inherent in electroplating. Therefore, the finish thickness
will have to exceed the specified value at some points on the significant
coating thickness.Anodes are to be placed in ways that do not
surfacestoensurethatitequalsorexceedsthespecifiedvalueatallpoints.
result in direct shorts (arcing) or burning on the parts. Contact
In most cases, the average finish thickness on an article will be greater
points used to supply power to the parts may not get fully
than the specified value; how much greater is largely determined by the
covered in the plating process and shall be agreed upon
shape of the article (see Practice B507) and the characteristics of the
between the producer and the purchaser. Further details on
plating process. In addition, the average finish thickness on articles will
vary from article to article within a production lot, therefore, if all of the
preferred racking methods can be found in Practice B507.
articles in a production lot are to meet the thickness requirement, the
6.5 Plating Process:
average finish thickness for the production lot as a whole will be greater
than the average necessary to ensure that a single article meets the
6.5.1 To obtain consistent coating properties, the bath must
requirement.
be monitored periodically for temperature, pH, and metal
7.2 Acceptance Requirements—These requirements are
constituent concentration.
placed on each lot or batch and can be evaluated by testing the
6.5.1.1 Current densities are typically between three and
plated part.
five amps per square decimeter.
7.2.1 Appearance:
6.5.1.2 Anodes shall be made of Platinum, Pure or
7.2.1.1 The coating surface shall have a uniform, metallic
Titanium/Platinized.
appearance without visible defects such as blisters, pits,
6.5.1.3 The plating solution shall be mechanically agitated
dimples, or cracks, or combinations thereof.
to maintain temperature uniformity and filtration is highly
7.2.2 Thickness: The thickness of the coating shall be equal
recommended to increase coating smoothness and uniformity.
to or exceed the minimum requirements provided in Table 2.
6.5.2 Electroless Nickle (EN) Strike:
Thickness requirements are based on the Service Condition
6.5.2.1 To improve bonding to the substrate, an electroless
agreeduponpriortoplatingorasfloweddowntotheprocesser
nickel strike layer may be employed prior to titanium plating.
by purchase order or blue print.
The EN strike layer may be as thick as 25 µm. EN strike layers
7.2.3 Adhesion: The coating shall exhibit no signs of
shall be applied in accordance with B733.
adhesion failure from the basis material when subjected to
6.5.2.2 EN strike is only needed prior to titanium plating
adhesion testing as specified in 9.2.
when applied on non-conductive substrates.
7.3 Qua
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