ASTM D4867/D4867M-09(2014)

Standard Test Method for Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to test asphalt concrete mixtures in conjunction with mixture design testing to determine the potential for moisture damage, to determine whether or not an antistripping additive is effective, and to determine what dosage of an additive is needed to maximize the effectiveness. This test method can also be used to test mixtures produced in plants to determine the effectiveness of additives under the conditions imposed in the field.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing and testing asphalt concrete specimens for the purpose of measuring the effect of water on the tensile strength of the paving mixture. This test method is applicable to dense mixtures such as those appearing in the Table for Composition of Bituminous Paving Mixtures in Specification D3515. This test method can be used to evaluate the effect of moisture with or without antistripping additives including liquids and pulverulent solids such as hydrated lime or portland cement.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units in parentheses shall be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2014
• ICS: 93.080.20 - Road construction materials
• Technical Committee: D04 - Road and Paving Materials
• Drafting Committee: D04.22 - Effect of Water and Other Elements on Asphalt Coated Aggregates

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4867/D4867M − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4867/D4867M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Dense and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures
D3387Test Method for Compaction and Shear Properties of
1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing and
Bituminous Mixtures by Means of the U.S. Corps of
testing asphalt concrete specimens for the purpose of measur-
Engineers Gyratory Testing Machine (GTM)
ing the effect of water on the tensile strength of the paving
D3496Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture
mixture. This test method is applicable to dense mixtures such
Specimens for Dynamic Modulus Testing (Withdrawn
asthoseappearingintheTableforCompositionofBituminous
2010)
Paving Mixtures in Specification D3515. This test method can
D3515Specification for Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid Bituminous
be used to evaluate the effect of moisture with or without
Paving Mixtures (Withdrawn 2009)
antistripping additives including liquids and pulverulent solids
D3549Test Method for Thickness or Height of Compacted
such as hydrated lime or portland cement.
Bituminous Paving Mixture Specimens
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D3665Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Ma-
in parentheses shall be regarded separately as standard. The
terials
values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,
D4013Practice for Preparation of Test Specimens of Bitu-
each system must be used independently of the other, without
minous Mixtures by Means of Gyratory Shear Compactor
combining values in any way.
(Withdrawn 2013)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4123Test Method for Indirect Tension Test for Resilient
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures (Withdrawn 2003)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D6926Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Specimens
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Using Marshall Apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Potential for Moisture Damage—The degree of suscep-
2 tibility to moisture damage is determined by preparing a set of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
laboratory-compacted specimens conforming to the job-mix
D979Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
formula without an additive. The specimens are compacted to
D1074Test Method for Compressive Strength of Bitumi-
a void content corresponding to void levels expected in the
nous Mixtures
field, usually in the 6 to 8% range.The set is divided into two
D1561Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture Test
subsets of approximately equal void content. One subset is
Specimens by Means of California Kneading Compactor
maintaineddrywhiletheothersubsetispartiallysaturatedwith
D2041Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific
water and moisture conditioned. The tensile strength of each
Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures
subset is determined by the tensile splitting test. The potential
D2726Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density
for moisture damage is indicated by the ratio of the tensile
of Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
strength of the wet subset to that of the dry subset.
D3203Test Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted
3.2 Additive Effect—The effect of an antistripping additive
is determined on a set of specimens containing an additive
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road prepared and tested as described in 3.1. The effect of an
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.22 on
additivedosagemaybeestimatedbyrepeatingthetestsonsets
Effect of Water and Other Elements on Asphalt Coated Aggregates.
with different additive dosages.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4867/D4867M–09.
3.3 Plant-Produced Mixtures—The potential for moisture
DOI: 10.1520/D4867_D4867M-09R14.
damage or the effectiveness of an additive in a plant-produced
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4867/D4867M − 09 (2014)
mixture is determined on specimens that are laboratory com- 6.4 When a liquid antistripping additive is used, heat a
pacted to expected field-level void content, divided into wet sufficient quantity of asphalt cement for one batch to 150 6
and dry subsets, and evaluated as described in 3.2.
6°C (300 6 10°F) in a closed 1 L (1-qt) can in an oven. Add
the required quantity of additive and immediately mix, for
4. Significance and Use approximately 2 min, with a mechanical stirrer approximately
25 mm (1 in.) from the bottom of the container. Maintain the
4.1 This test method can be used to test asphalt concrete
treated asphalt cement at 150 6 6°C (300 6 10°F) in the
mixtures in conjunction with mixture design testing to deter-
closedcanuntilitisused.Discardthetreatedasphaltcementif
mine the potential for moisture damage, to determine whether
not used the same day it is prepared, or if allowed to cool so
or not an antistripping additive is effective, and to determine
that it requires reheating.
what dosage of an additive is needed to maximize the effec-
tiveness. This test method can also be used to test mixtures
6.5 When using a pulverulent solid antistripping additive ,
produced in plants to determine the effectiveness of additives
use the addition procedure simulating the procedure expected
under the conditions imposed in the field.
in the field. Follow the procedure specified in either 6.5.1,
6.5.2,or 6.5.3.
5. Apparatus
6.5.1 When dry powder is added to dry aggregate, dry,
5.1 To prepare and compact the specimens use apparatus
batch, and heat the mineral aggregate to 150 6 6°C (300 6
from any one of the following: Test Methods D1074, and
10°F). Add the required quantity of additive to the aggregate,
D3387, Practice D3496, or Practices D1561, D4013, and
andthoroughlymixtheentiremassuntilauniformdistribution
D6926.
of additive is achieved. Take care to minimize the loss of
additive to the atmosphere in the form of dust. After mixing,
5.2 Vacuum Pump or Water Aspirator in accordance with
maintain the treated aggregate at the required mixing tempera-
Test Method D2041.
ture until it is used.
5.3 Manometer or Vacuum Gage in accordance with Test
6.5.2 When dry powder is added to damp aggregate, batch
Method D2041.
thedampmineralaggregate,andadjustthemoisturecontentof
5.4 Container, preferably Type F, of Test Method D2041.
the combined aggregate to the expected field moisture level.
Add the required quantity of additive to the damp aggregate,
5.5 Balance in accordance with Test Method D2726.
andthoroughlymixtheentiremassuntilauniformdistribution
5.6 Water Baths Three:
of additive is achieved. Take care to minimize the loss of
5.6.1 One waterbath in accordance with Test Method
additive to the atmosphere in the form of dust. After mixing,
D2726.
dry the treated aggregate, heat to the required mixing
5.6.2 One bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 60
temperature, and maintain at that temperature until it is used.
6 1.0°C (140 6 1.8°F) for 24 h, and
6.5.3 Whenpowderslurryisused,addtherequiredquantity
5.6.3 One bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 25
ofadditivetowaterusingthepowdertowaterratioexpectedin
6 1.0°C (77 6 1.8°F).
the field. Take care to minimize the loss of additive to the
5.7 Mechanical or Hydraulic Testing Machine capable of
atmosphere in the form of dust. To prevent settling, continu-
maintaining the required strain rate and measuring load with
ously mix the resulting slurry until it is used. Batch the damp
equal or better precision.
mineral aggregate, adjust the moisture content as required in
6.5.2, add the required quantity of slurry, and thoroughly mix
5.8 Loading Strips in accordance with Test Method D4123.
the entire mass until a uniform distribution of slurry is
6. Preparation of Laboratory Test Specimens achieved. After mixing, dry the treated aggregate, heat to the
required mixing temperature, and maintain at that temperature
6.1 Make at least six specimens for each test, three to be
until used.
tested dry and three to be tested after partial saturation and
moisture conditioning.
6.6 Proportion, mix, and compact specimens in accordance
with one of the following: Test Methods D1074, D3387,
6.2 Usespecimens100mm(4in.)indiameterand62.5mm
Practice D3496, Practices D1561, D4013,or D6926, and 6.6.1
(2.5 in.) high, in general, but specimens of other dimensions
and 6.6.2.
may be used if desired. When using aggregate larger than 25
6.6.1 After mixing, stabilize the mixture temperature of
mm (1 in.), use specimens at least 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter.
each specimen at the required compaction temperature, in a
NOTE 1—The user is cautioned that the specimen diameter has been
closed container, in an oven for 1 to 2 h. If preparing a
determined to influence both the tensile strength and the tensile strength
multi-specimen batch, split the batch into single-specimen
ratio. The tensile strength and the tensile strength ratio values may be
different for 150–mm specimens compared to 100–mm specimens.
quantities before placing into the oven.
6.3 Prepare mixtures in batches large enough to make at 6.6.2 Compactthespecimensto7 61%airvoids,oravoid
levelexpectedinthefieldatthetimeofconstruction.Thisvoid
least 3 specimens or, as an alternative, prepare a batch just
large enough for 1 specimen. If theoretical maximum specific levelcanbeobtainedbyadjustingthefollowing:thestaticload
in double-plunger compaction; the number of blows in a
gravityistobedetermined,useabatchlargeenoughorprepare
a separate batch to provide a specimen for this purpose. marshall hammer compaction; the foot pressure, number of
D4867/D4867M − 09 (2014)
cate that the degree of saturation is very sensitive to the magnitude of the
tamps, leveling load, or some combinatio
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4867/D4867M − 09 D4867/D4867M − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4867/D4867M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing and testing asphalt concrete specimens for the purpose of measuring the
effect of water on the tensile strength of the paving mixture. This test method is applicable to dense mixtures such as those
appearing in the Table for Composition of Bituminous Paving Mixtures in Specification D3515. This test method can be used to
evaluate the effect of moisture with or without antistripping additives including liquids and pulverulent solids such as hydrated lime
or portland cement.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units in parentheses shall be regarded separately as standard. The values
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining
values in any way.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D979 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
D1074 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Bituminous Mixtures
D1561 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture Test Specimens by Means of California Kneading Compactor
D2041 Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures
D2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
D3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures
D3387 Test Method for Compaction and Shear Properties of Bituminous Mixtures by Means of the U.S. Corps of Engineers
Gyratory Testing Machine (GTM)
D3496 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture Specimens for Dynamic Modulus Testing (Withdrawn 2010)
D3515 Specification for Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid Bituminous Paving Mixtures (Withdrawn 2009)
D3549 Test Method for Thickness or Height of Compacted Bituminous Paving Mixture Specimens
D3665 Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Materials
D4013 Practice for Preparation of Test Specimens of Bituminous Mixtures by Means of Gyratory Shear Compactor (Withdrawn
2013)
D4123 Test Method for Indirect Tension Test for Resilient Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures (Withdrawn 2003)
D6926 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Specimens Using Marshall Apparatus
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Potential for Moisture Damage—The degree of susceptibility to moisture damage is determined by preparing a set of
laboratory-compacted specimens conforming to the job-mix formula without an additive. The specimens are compacted to a void
content corresponding to void levels expected in the field, usually in the 6 to 8 % range. The set is divided into two subsets of
approximately equal void content. One subset is maintained dry while the other subset is partially saturated with water and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.22 on Effect
of Water and Other Elements on BituminousAsphalt Coated Aggregates.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009July 1, 2014. Published July 2009November 2014. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
D4867D4867/D4867M – 09.–04. DOI: 10.1520/D4867_D4867M-09.10.1520/D4867_D4867M-09R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4867/D4867M − 09 (2014)
moisture conditioned. The tensile strength of each subset is determined by the tensile splitting test. The potential for moisture
damage is indicated by the ratio of the tensile strength of the wet subset to that of the dry subset.
3.2 Additive Effect—The effect of an antistripping additive is determined on a set of specimens containing an additive prepared
and tested as described in 3.1. The effect of an additive dosage may be estimated by repeating the tests on sets with different
additive dosages.
3.3 Plant-Produced Mixtures—The potential for moisture damage or the effectiveness of an additive in a plant-produced mixture
is determined on specimens that are laboratory compacted to expected field-level void content, divided into wet and dry subsets,
and evaluated as described in 3.2.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method can be used to test asphalt concrete mixtures in conjunction with mixture design testing to determine the
potential for moisture damage, to determine whether or not an antistripping additive is effective, and to determine what dosage of
an additive is needed to maximize the effectiveness. This test method can also be used to test mixtures produced in plants to
determine the effectiveness of additives under the conditions imposed in the field.
5. Apparatus
5.1 To prepare and compact the specimens use apparatus from any one of the following: Test Methods D1074, and D3387,
Practice D3496, or Practices D1561, D4013, and D6926.
5.2 Vacuum Pump or Water Aspirator in accordance with Test Method D2041.
5.3 Manometer or Vacuum Gage in accordance with Test Method D2041.
5.4 Container, preferably Type F, of Test Method D2041.
5.5 Balance in accordance with Test Method D2726.
5.6 Water Baths Three:
5.6.1 One waterbath in accordance with Test Method D2726.
5.6.2 One bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 60 6 1.0°C (140 6 1.8°F) for 24 h, and
5.6.3 One bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 25 6 1.0°C (77 6 1.8°F).
5.7 Mechanical or Hydraulic Testing Machine capable of maintaining the required strain rate and measuring load with equal or
better precision.
5.8 Loading Strips in accordance with Test Method D4123.
6. Preparation of Laboratory Test Specimens
6.1 Make at least six specimens for each test, three to be tested dry and three to be tested after partial saturation and moisture
conditioning.
6.2 Use specimens 100 mm (4 in.) in diameter and 62.5 mm (2.5 in.) high, in general, but specimens of other dimensions may
be used if desired. When using aggregate larger than 25 mm (1 in.), use specimens at least 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter.
NOTE 1—The user is cautioned that the specimen diameter has been determined to influence both the tensile strength and the tensile strength ratio. The
tensile strength and the tensile strength ratio values may be different for 150–mm specimens compared to 100–mm specimens.
6.3 Prepare mixtures in batches large enough to make at least 3 specimens or, as an alternative, prepare a batch just large enough
for 1 specimen. If theoretical maximum specific gravity is to be determined, use a batch large enough or prepare a separate batch
to provide a specimen for this purpose.
6.4 When a liquid antistripping additive is used, heat a sufficient quantity of asphalt cement for one batch to 150 6 6°C (300
6 10°F) in a closed 1 L (1-qt) can in an oven. Add the required quantity of additive and immediately mix, for approximately 2
min, with a mechanical stirrer approximately 25 mm (1 in.) from the bottom of the container. Maintain the treated asphalt cement
at 150 6 6°C (300 6 10°F) in the closed can until it is used. Discard the treated asphalt cement if not used the same day it is
prepared, or if allowed to cool so that it requires reheating.
6.5 When using a pulverulent solid antistripping additive , use the addition procedure simulating the procedure expected in the
field. Follow the procedure specified in either 6.5.1, 6.5.2, or 6.5.3.
6.5.1 When dry powder is added to dry aggregate, dry, batch, and heat the mineral aggregate to 150 6 6°C (300 6 10°F). Add
the required quantity of additive to the aggregate, and thoroughly mix the entire mass until a uniform distribution of additive is
achieved. Take care to minimize the loss of additive to the atmosphere in the form of dust. After mixing, maintain the treated
aggregate at the required mixing temperature until it is used.
6.5.2 When dry powder is added to damp aggregate, batch the damp mineral aggregate, and adjust the moisture content of the
combined aggregate to the expected field moisture level. Add the required quantity of additive to the damp aggregate, and
D4867/D4867M − 09 (2014)
thoroughly mix the entire mass until a uniform distribution of additive is achieved. Take care to minimize the loss of additive to
the atmosphere in the form of dust. After mixing, dry the treated aggregate, heat to the required mixing temperature, and maintain
at that temperature until it is used.
6.5.3 When powder slurry is used, add the required quantity of additive to water using the powder to water ratio expected in
the field. Take care to minimize the loss of additive to the atmosphere in the form of dust. To prevent settling, continuously mix
the resulting slurry until it is used. Batch the damp mineral aggregate, adjust the moisture content as required in 6.5.2, add the
required quantity of slurry, and thoroughly mix the entire mass until a uniform distribution of slurry is achieved. After mixing, dry
the treated aggregate, heat to the required mixing temperature, and maintain at that temperature until used.
6.6 Proportion, mix, and compact specimens in accordance with one of the following: Test Methods D1074, D3387, Practice
D3496, Practices D1561, D4013, or D6926, and 6.6.1 and 6.6.2.
6.6.1 After mixing, stabilize the mixture temperature of each specimen at the required compaction temperature, in a closed
container, in an oven for 1 to 2 h. If preparing a multi-specimen batch, split the batch into single-specimen quantities before placing
into the oven.
6.6.2 Compact the specimens to 7 6 1 % air voids, or a void level expected in the field at the time of construction. This void
level can be obtained by adjusting the following: the static load in double-plunger compaction; the number of blows in a marshall
hammer compaction; the foot pressure, number of tamps, leveling load, or some combination in kneading compaction; or the
number of revolutions in gyratory compaction. Determine the exact procedure by trial for each mixture.
6.6.3 Cool specimens in the mold to room temperature as rapidly as possible in a stream of moving air, extract from molds, then
follow the procedure outlined in Section 8 within 24 h.
7. Preparation of Field Specimens
7.1 Select a truck to be sampled in accordance with Practice D3665.
7.2 Secure a sample from the truck at the plant in accordance with Practice D979.
7.3 Stabilize the mixture temperature to approximately the temperature found in the field when rolling begins. Maintain this
temperature in a closed container, in an oven if necessary, for approximately the time lapse between mixing and the start of actual
rolling.
7.4 Compact the specimens in accordance with 6.6.2, and cool and extract from the molds in accordance with 6.6.3.
7.5 If specimens are not to be compacted in the field laboratory, place the samples in a sealed container, transport to the
laboratory, and reheat to the temperature required in 7.3. Proceed with the steps in 7.4.
NOTE 2—Specimens made from plant-produced mixtures in accordance with Section 7 may yield different results from specimens made from
laboratory-produced mixtures of the same job mix made in accordance with Section 6.
8. Procedure
NOTE 3—A data sheet that is convenient for use with this procedure appears in Appendix X1.
8.1 Determine the theoretical maximum specific gravity in accordance with Test Method D2041.
8.2 Determine the specimen height in accordance with Test Method D3549.
8.3 Determine the bulk specific gravity in accordance with Test Method D2726, and express the volume of the specimen in cubic
centimeters. The term (B-C) in Test Method D2726 is the volume of the specimen in cubic centimeters.
8.4 Calculate the percent air voids in accordance with Test Method D3203, and express the volume of air in cubic centimeters.
The volume of air is the volume of the specimen in 8.3 multiplied by the percent air voids.
8.5 Sort the specimens into two subsets so that the average air voids of the two subsets are approximately equal. Store the subset
to be tested dry at room temperature.
8.6 Partially saturate the subset to be moisture conditioned with distilled water at room temperature using a vacuum chamber.
If it is difficult to reach the minimum degree of saturation required in 8.6.3, the water used to saturate may be heated up to 60°C
(140°F).
8.6.1 Partially saturate, to the degree specified in 8.6.3, by applying a partial vacuum such as 70 kPa or 525 mm Hg (20 in. Hg)
for a short time such as five min.
NOTE 4—Experiments with partial vacuum at room temperature indicate that the degree of saturation is very sensitive to the magnitude of the vacuum
and practically independent of the duration. The level of vacuum needed appears to be different for different mixtures.
8.6.2 Determine the volume of the partially saturated specimen in accordance with Test Method D2726. Determine the volume
of the absorbed water by subtracting the air-dry mass of the specimen in 8.3 from the saturated surface-dry mass of the partially
saturated specimen.
8.6.3 Determine the degree of saturation by dividing the volume of the absorbed water in 8.6.2 by the volume of air voids in
8.4 and express the result as a percentage. If the volume of water is between 55 and 80 % of the volume of air, proceed to 8.7.
D4867/D4867M − 09 (2014)
If the volume of water is less than 55 %, repeat the procedure beginning wi
...