ASTM D146/D146M-04(2020)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing and Waterproofing
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing and Waterproofing
ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the sampling and examination of felts and woven fabrics, saturated or impregnated but not coated with asphaltic or coal-tar materials, for use in waterproofing or for the construction of built-up roof coverings. After appropriate sampling, representative specimens shall be examined for the mass of wrapping material and mandrel (core), net mass per unit area, appearance and dimension of rolls, detached comminuted surfacing, moisture, strength, pliability, and loss on heating. Consequently, desaturated felt or fabric shall be examined for weight, retained carbonaceous matter, total comminuted surfacing, bituminous saturant, thread count of fabrics, thickness of felts, and ash content.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and examination of felts or woven fabrics, saturated or impregnated but not coated with asphaltic or coal-tar materials, for use in waterproofing or for the construction of built-up roof coverings.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D146/D146M −04 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven
Fabrics for Roofing and Waterproofing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D146/D146M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D95Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
Bituminous Materials by Distillation
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and examination
D645/D645MTest Method for Thickness of Paper and
of felts or woven fabrics, saturated or impregnated but not
Paperboard (Withdrawn 2010)
coated with asphaltic or coal-tar materials, for use in water-
D828Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and
proofing or for the construction of built-up roof coverings.
PaperboardUsingConstant-Rate-of-ElongationApparatus
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D1079Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D1682Test Method for Breaking Load and Elongation of
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Textile Fabric (Withdrawn 1992)
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
D1910Methods of Test for Construction Characteristics of
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
Woven Fabrics; Replaced by D3773, D3774, D3775,
with the standard.
D3776, D3882, D3883 (Withdrawn 1981)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4072Test Method for Toluene-Insoluble (TI) Content of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Tar and Pitch
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D4312Test Method for Toluene-Insoluble (TI) Content of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Tar and Pitch (Short Method)
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Sampling
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1 From each shipment of the specified saturated felt or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
fabric, select at random a number of rolls equal to one half the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
cube root of the total number of rolls in the lot. If the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
specification requires sampling during manufacture, consider
thelottobetheplannedproductionquantityandselecttherolls
2. Referenced Documents
at uniformly spaced time intervals throughout the production
2.1 ASTM Standards:
period. The minimum sample shall consist of five rolls. If the
calculated number is fractional, express it as the next highest
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on
whole number. For convenience, the following table, showing
Roofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
the number of rolls to be selected from lots of various sizes, is
D08.04 on Felts, Fabrics and Bituminous Sheet Materials.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2020. Published October 2020. Originally given:
approved in 1922. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D146/D146M–04
ɛ1
(2012) . DOI: 10.1520/D0146_D0146M-04R20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D146/D146M − 04 (2020)
For Felts:
Number of Rolls in Shipment Number of Rolls in Sample
2 2
g/m 5 A/BC~lb/100 ft 5 1200 A/BC! (1)
Up to 1000 5
1001 to 1728 6
1729 to 2744 7
2745 to 4096 8
4097 to 5832 9 For Fabrics:
5833 to 8000 10
2 2
g/m 5 A/BC oz/yd 5 1728 A/BC (2)
~ !
8001 to 10 648 11
10 649 to 13 842 12
where:
13 843 to 17 576 13
17 577 to 21 952 14
A = net mass of rolls, kg [lb],
The rolls so selected constitute the representative sample
B = width of material, m [ft], and
used for all subsequent observations and tests pertaining to the C = length of material, m [ft].
lot of material being examined. Identify each individual roll.
Calculate the average net mass per unit area for the rolls in
the representative sample and record it as the average for the
EXAMINATION OF REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
lot.
4. Gross Mass Per Roll
10. Selecting a Representative Specimen
4.1 Weigh each roll, intact, to the nearest 100 g [ ⁄4 lb] and
record each weight as the gross mass of that roll.
10.1 Examine in detail the roll having the unit net mass
closest to the average unit net mass of the lot. Discard the
5. Mass of Wrapping Material and Mandrel (Core)
outside convolution and cut a specimen the full width of the
5.1 Strip each roll of its wrappings and weigh it to the roll. Make the cuts perpendicular to the sides of the roll,
nearest100g[ ⁄4lb].Ifmandrels(cores)areused,collectthem
straight and 750 mm [30 in.] apart, to the nearest 1 mm
after the rolls are unwound and weigh them together to the [ ⁄32in.]. Collect loose material, such as sand, if any, that may
nearest 100 g [ ⁄4 lb]. Calculate the average mass of the
become detached from the specimen. Measure the width of the
wrappings and mandrels per roll and record.
specimen to the nearest 2 mm [ ⁄16 in.].Weigh it, together with
any detached surfacing, to the nearest 1 g. Calculate the net
6. Mandrels (Cores)
mass per unit area as follows:
6.1 Determinetheshapeofthecrosssectionofthemandrels
For Felts:
(cores) and report. If circular, measure the outside diameter to
2 2
g/m 5 1333.3D/E~lb/ft 5 1.0582 D/E! (3)
thenearest1mm[ ⁄32in.].Ifsquare,measureeachoutsideedge
to the nearest 1 mm [ ⁄32 in.]. Measure and report the length of
the mandrel projecting beyond each end of each roll to the
For Fabrics:
nearest 5 mm [ ⁄16 in.].
2 2
g/m 5 1333.3D/E oz/yd 5 1.5238 D/E (4)
~ !
7. Net Mass
where:
7.1 Subtract the average mass of the wrappings and man-
D = mass of the specimen, g, and
drels (Section 5) from the gross mass of each roll (Section 4)
E = width of the specimen, mm [in.].
and record as the net mass of each roll. Calculate the average
The mass so determined shall be within 1% of the average
netmassperrolloftherepresentativesampleandrecordasthe
net mass per unit area (Section 9). If the specimen so selected
average for the lot.
fails to conform to this requirement, cut additional specimens
8. Appearance and Dimensions of Rolls
fromthesamerolluntiloneofthepropermassisobtained.Use
this specimen for further examination as described in Sections
8.1 Unwind the rolls. Observe the workmanship and finish,
11–16.
and record pertinent defects. Measure and record the length of
each roll to the nearest 25 mm [1 in.] and its width to the
nearest 1 mm [ ⁄16 in.]. Calculate and record the area of 11. Detached Comminuted Surfacing
2 2
material contained in each roll to the nearest 0.1 m [1 ft ].
11.1 If the material is surfaced with sand or other finely
8.2 Measureandrecordthewidthoftheselvageofeachroll comminuted material, sweep the detached surfacing from the
to the nearest 1 mm [ ⁄16 in.]. representative specimen with an Osborn brush (or equivalent),
brushing in one direction only. Combine the comminuted
9. Net Mass Per Unit Area
material thus removed with the loose material, collected as
9.1 From the net mass (Section 7) and the dimensions describedinSection10,andweighbothtogether to the nearest
2 2
(Section8),calculatethenetmassperunitareaforeachrollas 1 g. Calculate this mass in g/m [lb⁄100 ft ], record, and report
follows: as detached comminuted surfacing.
D146/D146M − 04 (2020)
NOTE 1—The Osborn No. 322 Master Duster is the brush prescribed in NOTE 2—Any sample taken for determination of moisture shall be
Section 11. It is filled with Tampico fiber bristles projecting 73 mm protected from the time of sampling against change in moisture by
[2.9in.] from its holder. enclosing it in a substantially moisture-proof container.
12. Moisture
13. Strength
12.1 From the representative specimen, cut four 50 by
13.1 Felts:
460-mm[2by18-in.]testspecimens,asshowninA-1andA-2
13.1.1 From the representative specimen, cut ten rectangu-
ofFig.1.Cuttheminto25-mm[1-in.]squaresandselectabout
lar test strips, 25 by 150 mm [1 by 6 in.] with the fiber grain,
50 g at random. Weigh to the nearest 0.1 g and distill with
as shown at B-1 to B-10 in Fig. 1, and ten strips across the
100mLof solvent as prescribed inTest Method D95. Read the
grain, as shown at C-1 to C-10 in Fig. 1. Discard any
volumeofwatercollectedinthetrapandcalculatetogramson
specimens of perforated felt in which a perforation is within
the basis that 1 mL weighs 1 g. Calculate the moisture to the
1mm[ ⁄32 in.] of an edge. Condition both sets in air at 23 6
nearest 0.5% of the mass of the specimen used (including the
2°C [73.4 6 3.6°F] for at least 2h, and test in a room
detachedcomminutedsurfacing,ifany)andreportasmoisture,
maintained at the same temperature. In case of dispute,
percentage of net mass.
specimens shall also be conditioned in a controlled relative
humidity of 50 6 5%. Determine the strength in accordance
withTest Method D828, except as modified herein.At the start
The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Osborn No. 322 Master Duster)
of the test, set apart the edges of the jaws of the clamps at 75
known to the committee at this time is Osborn Manufacturing Co., 5401 Hamilton
6 3 mm [3.0 6 0.1 in.]. Use a pendulum-type tensile tester
Ave., Cleveland, OH 44114. (If required in less than dozen lots, the order must be
with a driven clamp speed of 305 mm [12 in.]/min, or a
marked “ForASTMTest.”) If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide
load-cell-type tensile tester with a rate of jaw separation of
this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
51mm [2 in.]/min, and a response time of 1.25 s (or faster).
you may attend.
mm 25 50 100 150 300 750
in. 1 2 4 6 12 30
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
FIG. 1 Location of Test Pieces in Representative Specimen
D146/D146M − 04 (2020)
Cut additional strips from adjacent areas of the representative ately bend it over a 1.60-mm [ ⁄16-in.] diameter mandrel
specimen when needed because of discarded specimens or through an arc of 180° at a uniform speed in approximately 2s
false breaks. False breaks occur within 1 in. of the clamping and then through 360° over the same mandrel in the opposite
surfaces of the tensile tester jaws.Average the ten readings for direction. Dry the specimens thoroughly and examine them. If
each set and multiply by 0.04 to yield the strength in kN/m. one or more of the test specimens crack, cut ten specimens
Report to the nearest 0.1kN⁄m for both with and across the from another portion of the sample and repeat the test. If one
fiber grain, respectively. or more of these specimens crack, consider the material as
13.1.2 Precision —The following data should be used for failing.
judging the acceptability of results (95% probability) on
15. Loss on Heating
samples from the same lot from the same supplier:
13.1.2.1 Repeatability—Duplicate results by the same op- 15.1 From the representative specimen, cut two 300 by
erator should not be considered suspect unless they differ by 150-mm [12 by 6-in.] test pieces as shown at K-1 and K-2 in
more than the following amount: Fig.1.Weigheachspecimentothenearest1mg.Suspendboth
specimens 50 mm [2 in.] apart and parallel near the center of
Pendulum method ±15 %
Load-cell method ±15 %
an oven maintained at 105 6 3°C [221 6 5°F]. Insert a
thermometer in the oven to such a depth that its bulb will be in
13.1.2.2 Reproducibility—The results submitted by each of
line with the center of the specimens. Keep them in the oven
two laboratories should not be considered suspect unless they
for5h 6 3 min; then remove them carefully and cool and
differ by more than the following amounts:
weigh each specimen. Calculate the average loss to the nearest
Pendulum method ±15 %
Load-cell method ±15 % 0.5% of the specimen weights (including the detached com-
minuted surfacing, if any). Report this figure as the loss on
13.2 Fabrics—From the representative specimen, cut five
heating. Subtract the percentage of moisture and report as the
100 by 150-mm [4 by 6-in.] test pieces with the longer
loss on heating exclusive of moisture.
dimensionparalleltothewarpyarns,asshownatE-1toE-5in
Fig. 1. Test these pieces at 21 6 1°C [69.8 6 1.8°F] in
EXAMINATION OF DESATURATED FELT OR
accordance with the grab method described in Test Method
FABRIC
D1682.
16. Weight of Desaturated Felt or Fabric
NOTE3—Asarefereemethodorincaseanydisputearisesregardingthe
strength, repeat the test, with the exception that the fabric before being 1
16.1 Cut a 50 6 0.5-mm [2 6 ⁄64-in.] strip from the
tested shall be exposed at least2hinan atmosphere of 65% relative
representative specimen as shown at H in Fig. 1. Measure its
humidity at 21 6 1°C [69.8 6 1.8°F].
lengthtothenearest1mm[ ⁄32in.]andcalculateitsareatothe
2 2
nearest 500 mm [1 in. ]. Extract the test strip with 1,1,1-
14. Pliability
trichloroethane or other suitable solvent (see Note 4)ina
14.1 Felts—Fromtherepresentativespecimen,cutten25by
suitable extractor (such as the one shown in Fig. 2)or
200-mm[1by8-in.]testpieces,fiveinthedirectionofandfive
centrifuge until washings are colorless. Dry the extracted
acrossthefibergrain,asshownatF-1toF-5,andatG-1toG-5
specimen in the basket or thimble, first at room temperature in
inFig.1,respectively.Immersetheminwaterat25 61°C[77
aventilatedfumechamberandtheninaventilatedovenat105
6 1.8°F] for 10 to 15 min; then remove each specimen
6 3°C [221 6 5°F], and cool in a desiccator. Remove the
separately and immediately bend it 90° over the rounded edge
desaturated felt or fabric, brush off any adherent comminuted
of a block at a uniform speed in approximately 2 s. The block
surfacing into the
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