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ASTM E1696-15

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurements of RI made by this test method, with the 0.2° observation angle, are related to visual observation of raised retroreflective pavement markers at distances of approximately 220 m (720 ft) for cars or approximately 440 m (1440 ft) for trucks when illuminated by tungsten filament light sources such as car headlights.  
5.2 There are some castings that block vehicle illumination of a portion of the marker mounted within it. In this case, measured RI can be significantly lower than when the marker is photometered outside the casting, but will correspond to the visual observation.  
5.3 The test method is not applicable to raised pavement markers mounted in depressions cut into the pavement.  
5.4 The coefficient of luminous intensity of raised retroreflective pavement markers degrades with traffic wear and requires periodic measurement to ensure that sufficient visibility is provided to the driver.  
5.5 The quality of the pavement markers as to materials used, age and wear pattern, will have an effect on the coefficient of (retroreflected) luminous intensity. These conditions need to be observed and noted by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retroreflective properties of raised retroreflective pavement markers at a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflectometer that can be used in the field. The measurements can be compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for replacement.  
1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers in this test method is that currently specified for raised pavement markers in the United States and may differ from the angles used elsewhere. For other jurisdictions, replace the observations angle specified herein with the observation angle specified by the pertinent agency.  
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but may also be used to measure the performance of new markers before they are placed in the field.  
1.4 This test method covers measurements of raised pavement markers mounted on a road surface or mounted in snow-plowable metal castings.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2015
ICS
93.080.20 - Road construction materials
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.10 - Retroreflection
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1696-15 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable RetroreflectometerASTM E1696-15 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
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ASTM E1696-15 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1696 −15
Standard Test Method for
Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement
1
Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retrore- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
flectivepropertiesofraisedretroreflectivepavementmarkersat E284Terminology of Appearance
a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflecto- E808Practice for Describing Retroreflection
meter that can be used in the field. The measurements can be E809Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of
compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for Retroreflectors
replacement.
3. Terminology
1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers
3.1 The terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are
in this test method is that currently specified for raised
applicable to this test method. Some terms particular to
pavementmarkersintheUnitedStatesandmaydifferfromthe
retroreflection are defined and illustrated in Practice E808.
angles used elsewhere. For other jurisdictions, replace the
3.2 Definitions:
observations angle specified herein with the observation angle
3.2.1 The delimiting phrase “in retroreflection” applies to
specified by the pertinent agency.
eachofthefollowingdefinitionswhenusedoutsidethecontext
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field
of this or other retroreflection standards.
measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but
3.2.2 coeffıcient of luminous intensity, R , n—of a
I
may also be used to measure the performance of new markers
retroreflector, ratio of the luminous intensity (I) of the retrore-
before they are placed in the field.
flector in the direction of observation to the illuminance (E|nt)
1.4 This test method covers measurements of raised pave-
at the retroreflector on a plane perpendicular to the direction of
−1
ment markers mounted on a road surface or mounted in
incident light, expressed in candelas per lux (cd·lx ).
snow-plowable metal castings.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—When values are low, the coefficient of
(retroreflected) luminous intensity may be given in millican-
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
−1
delas per lux (mcd·lx ). R =(I/E|nt).
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information I
only.
3.2.3 portable retroreflectometer—a hand-held instrument
that can be used in the field or in the laboratory for measure-
1.6 The standard does not purport to address all of the
ment of retroreflectance.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3.1 Discussion—In this test method, “portable retrore-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
flectometer”referstoahand-heldinstrumentthatcanbeplaced
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
over a raised retroreflective pavement marker to measure the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
coefficient of luminous intensity with a prescribed geometry.
3.2.4 instrument standard, n—a working standard used to
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
standardize the portable retroreflectometer.
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.10 on
Retroreflection.
2
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approvedin1995.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2004asE1696–04whichwas contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
withdrawn January 2013 and reinstated in December 2015. DOI: 10.1520/E1696- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
15. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1696−15
4. Summary of Test Method 5. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method involves the use of commercial por-
5.1 Measurements of R made by this test method, with the
I
table retroreflectometers for determining the coefficient of
0.2° observation angle, are related to visual observation of
luminous intensity of pavement markers.
raised retroreflective pavement markers at distances of ap-
proximately 220 m (720 ft) for cars or approximately 440 m
4.2 Entrance angle component β shall be between −2° and
1
(1440ft)fortruckswhenilluminatedbytungstenfilamentlight
0°; entrance angle component β shall be 0° 6 2°.
2
so
...

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Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurements of RI made by this test method, with the 0.2° observation angle, are related to visual observation of raised retroreflective pavement markers at distances of approximately 220 m (720 ft) for cars or approximately 440 m (1440 ft) for trucks when illuminated by tungsten filament light sources such as car headlights.  
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retroreflective properties of raised retroreflective pavement markers at a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflectometer that can be used in the field. The measurements can be compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for replacement.  
1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers in this test method is that currently specified for raised pavement markers in the United States and may differ from the angles used elsewhere. For other jurisdictions, replace the observations angle specified herein with the observation angle specified by the pertinent agency.  
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but may also be used to measure the performance of new markers before they are placed in the field.  
1.4 This test method covers measurements of raised pavement markers mounted on a road surface or mounted in snow-plowable metal castings.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Luminance Coefficient Under Diffuse Illumination of Pavement Marking Materials Using a Portable Reflectometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The quality of the stripe for visibility in daylight or under road lighting is determined by the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination, Qd, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.  
5.2 Under the same conditions of illumination and viewing, higher levels of Qd correspond to higher levels of lightness.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination of horizontal pavement markings, such as traffic stripes and surface symbols, and pavement surfaces, in a particular viewing direction using a portable reflectometer.
Note 1: The luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination is a measure of the reflection of horizontal pavement markings and pavement surfaces in a particular viewing direction in daylight or under road lighting. Diffuse illumination approximates daylight illumination from the overcast sky, and road lighting as an average of locations on the pavement surface.  
1.2 The co-viewing angle of the reflectometer affects the readings. As specified by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the co-viewing angle shall be 2.29°.  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Retroreflective Pavement Marking Materials Using a Mobile Retroreflectometer Unit (MRU)

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5.1 The quality of the pavement marking is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, and depends on the materials used, age, wear pattern, application method, pavements surface, and other conditions.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the retroreflective properties of horizontal pavement marking materials containing retroreflecting optics, such as traffic stripes and surface symbols, using a mobile retroreflectometer unit that can be operated at traffic speed, mounted on a vehicle to measure the retroreflection at a prescribed geometry.  
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4.1 The nighttime performance of pavement markings is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, be it dry or wet, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.  
4.2 Under the same conditions of headlight illumination and driver’s viewing, larger values of RL correspond to higher levels of visual performance at corresponding geometry.  
4.3 The pavement marking’s measured performance in the condition of wet recovery is used to characterize the performance of the marking on the road when wet.  
4.4 Newly installed pavement markings may have a natural surface tension or release agents that prevent wetting of the product by water. The water will tend to “bead up” on the marking. This “non wetting” condition is usually short lived. Pavement markings that have been on the road for one month prior to testing usually do not exhibit this non-wetting phenomenon. (Warning—This phenomenon produces an interference when assessing the wet characteristics of a pavement marking. Attempts to measure markings with this surface “non-wetting” or “beading” of the water may give higher values.)  
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5.1 This test method produces a measure of retroreflective efficiency (coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL-2) for a pavement marking system under conditions of continuous wetting. The test result depends on factors such as the pavement marking binder and optic materials, their application, wear from traffic and plowing, wetting rate, and road grade and cross slope.  
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1.1 This test method covers a measurement of the wet retroreflective (RL-2) properties of horizontal pavement marking materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols. A standardized method utilizing a standardized continuous wetting device and a portable retroreflectometer is described to obtain measurements of the wet retroreflective properties of horizontal pavement markings.  
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4.2 Samples are taken for either of the following two purposes:  
4.2.1 To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the materials sampled, or  
4.2.2 To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics which the material possesses.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to the sampling of asphalt materials at points of manufacture, storage, or delivery.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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