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ASTM E3224-19

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Building Energy Performance and Improvement Evaluation in the Assessment of Property Condition

Standard Guide for Building Energy Performance and Improvement Evaluation in the Assessment of Property Condition

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Uses—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis by parties who wish to conduct a BEPIE. The process defined in this guide involves: (1) the collection of building and equipment information, including whole building energy consumption, much of which is typically collected as part of an E2018  PCA; (2) weather-normalizing the whole building energy consumption to obtain an EUI; (3) benchmarking the EUI to compare against the EUI of peer buildings; and (4) determining if the building’s EUI is under-performing compared to the EUI of peer buildings. If the building’s EUI is under-performing, the guide (1) evaluates the extent to which the building is under-performing; (2) provides guidance on what energy efficiency improvements might be made to bring the building to the performance level of its peers; and (3) provides guidance to obtain a probable cost for these energy efficiency improvements. The guide is intended principally as an approach to conducting a standardized building energy performance inquiry in connection with commercial real estate involved in a commercial real estate transaction with the intent to identify a condition of EUI under-performance compared to peer buildings. The guide provides for two approaches: a Screening Assessment (SA) that may be conducted, for example, as an adjunct to an E2018  PCA during due diligence prior to an acquisition, and a More Comprehensive Assessment (MCA) that would include more rigorous investigation as may, for example, be conducted by a building owner seeking to make an investment in EEMs. This guide is intended to reflect a commercially practical and reasonable inquiry.  
4.2 Clarifications on Use:  
4.2.1 Use in Conjunction with an E2018 PCA—This guide, when added as a supplemental scope of work to an E2018  PCA, is designed to assist the user and Consultant in developing information about energy consumption and energy efficiency improvements that may be undertaken to reduce energy consumption in a buil...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to define a commercially useful standard in the United States of America for incorporating building energy performance into an assessment of existing property condition, and specifically into a property condition assessment (PCA) on a building involved in a commercial real estate transaction. The guide is intended to provide a methodology for the user to identify building energy under-performance compared to peer buildings. If the building is under-performing compared to its peers, a methodology is provided to identify potential energy performance improvements and provide a probable cost for such improvements. The guide may be used independently or as a voluntary supplement to ASTM Guide E2018  PCA. Utilization of this guide and incorporating it into a PCA is voluntary. If the property owner is unwilling or unable to provide building energy consumption information and it is not possible to develop a reasonable estimate of building energy consumption, the methodology defined by this guide cannot be performed.  
1.2 Building Energy Performance and Improvement Evaluation (BEPIE)—the process as described in this guide by which a person collects, analyzes and reports on a building’s energy consumption, compares it to peer buildings and determines if the building is under-performing. If the building is under-performing, potential major improvements (energy efficiency measures, EEMs) that may reduce building energy consumption to achieve parity with peer buildings are identified and a probable cost is provided. Building energy performance as defined by this guide involves the collection of annual whole building energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, and other related energy-consuming end-uses. Building energy consumption, for example, includes total electricity used at the building; purchased or delivered steam, hot water, or chilled water to the building; natur...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2019
ICS
91.120.10 - Thermal insulation of buildings
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.02 - Real Estate Assessment and Management
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E2018-15 - Standard Guide for Property Condition Assessments: Baseline Property Condition Assessment Process
Effective Date
15-Aug-2015

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ASTM E3224-19 - Standard Guide for Building Energy Performance and Improvement Evaluation in the Assessment of Property ConditionASTM E3224-19 - Standard Guide for Building Energy Performance and Improvement Evaluation in the Assessment of Property Condition
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ASTM E3224-19 - Standard Guide for Building Energy Performance and Improvement Evaluation in the Assessment of Property Condition
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3224 − 19
Standard Guide for
Building Energy Performance and Improvement Evaluation
1
in the Assessment of Property Condition
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3224; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope weather-normalized and converted to energy use intensity
(EUI, kBTU/SF-yr), and then benchmarked against weather-
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to define a
normalized energy consumption in peer buildings. If the
commercially useful standard in the United States of America
building consumes more energy than peer buildings, it is
for incorporating building energy performance into an assess-
assumed to be under-performing. For under-performing
ment of existing property condition, and specifically into a
buildings, the methodology provided in this guide identifies
property condition assessment (PCA)onabuildinginvolvedin
potential energy improvements and associated costs that may
a commercial real estate transaction. The guide is intended to
be able to bring the building to parity with peers. If electricity
provide a methodology for the user to identify building energy
is generated on site from renewable/alternative energy systems
under-performancecomparedto peerbuildings.Ifthebuilding
(for example, solar photovoltaic systems, wind energy genera-
is under-performing compared to its peers, a methodology is
tor technology, fuel cells, or microturbines), the electricity
provided to identify potential energy performance improve-
produced is considered energy savings and is netted against
mentsandprovideaprobablecostforsuchimprovements.The
building energy requirements with the purpose of reducing
guidemaybeusedindependentlyorasavoluntarysupplement
building EUI.Theassessmentconductedforthe BEPIEmaybe
to ASTM Guide E2018 PCA. Utilization of this guide and
a Screening Assessment (SA) that might be conducted in due
incorporating it into a PCA is voluntary. If the property owner
diligence prior to building acquisition, or a More Comprehen-
is unwilling or unable to provide building energy consumption
sive Assessment (MCA) that might be conducted by the owner
information and it is not possible to develop a reasonable
of a building who may have had an SA conducted prior to
estimate of building energy consumption, the methodology
acquiringthebuilding.A BEPIEasperformedaccordingtothis
defined by this guide cannot be performed.
guide is building- and site-specific. For multifamily type
1.2 Building Energy Performance and Improvement Evalu-
property, the BEPIE is property-specific where a property may
ation (BEPIE)—theprocessasdescribedinthisguidebywhich
include multiple buildings. For such cases, data from the
a person collects, analyzes and reports on a building’s energy
multiple buildings are aggregated prior to analysis.
consumption, compares it to peer buildings and determines if
the building is under-performing. If the building is under-
1.3 Objectives—Objectivesinthedevelopmentofthisguide
performing, potential major improvements (energy effıciency
areto:(1)defineacommerciallyusefulguideforincorporating
measures, EEMs) that may reduce building energy consump-
building energy performance into the assessment of existing
tion to achieve parity with peer buildings are identified and a
propertyconditionaspartofduediligenceassociatedwithreal
probable cost is provided. Building energy performance as
estate transactions conducted pre-acquisition, post-acquisition
defined by this guide involves the collection of annual whole
or independent of an acquisition; (2) identify buildings that
building energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilation,
consume more energy than their peers, that is, are under-
lighting, and other related energy-consuming end-uses. Build-
performing relative to peers; (3) identify how under-
ing energy consumption, for example, includes total electricity
performing buildings might be improved and provide a prob-
used at the building; purchased or delivered steam, hot water,
able cost to bring under-performing buildings to parity with
or chilled water to the building; natural gas, fuel oil, propane,
peers; (4) define a commercially useful and reliable guide for
biomass, or any other matter consumed as fuel at the building.
conducting a building energy performance and improvement
Annual whole building energy consumption in kBTU/yr is
evaluation; (5) facilitate consistency in conducting and repo
...

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ASTM E3026-23e1(Guide)
Standard Guide for Readily Observable Moisture Affected Materials and Conditions Conducive to Elevated Moisture in Commercial Buildings: Limited Moisture Assessment Process

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4.1 Use—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis by parties who wish to obtain a limited survey of commercial real estate to assess for readily observable moisture affected materials and physical deficiencies conducive to elevated moisture as part of a commercial real estate transaction or commercial property management. This guide is intended to constitute a limited inquiry using representative observations for the purposes of conducting due diligence regarding the actual and potential presence of readily observable moisture affected materials and physical deficiencies conducive to elevated moisture in connection with the subject property. Inquiries that are more and less comprehensive than this guide (including, in some instances, no inquiry) may be appropriate in some circumstances in the opinion of the user (for example, when the presence of moisture affected materials is known to the user). Furthermore, no implication is intended that a person must use this guide in order to be deemed to have conducted appropriate inquiry in a commercially prudent or reasonable manner in a particular transaction. Nevertheless, this guide is intended to reflect a commercially prudent and reasonable inquiry. However, a LMA is not intended to serve as a comprehensive survey for the presence of readily observable moisture affected materials and physical deficiencies conducive to elevated moisture in all or most of the building systems throughout a commercial building.  
4.2 Clarification of Use:  
4.2.1 Specific Point in Time—Because conditions conducive to elevated moisture in a building can vary greatly over time due to changes in weather, interior air handling and conditioning, occupancy, and so forth, a user should only rely on the results presented in the report for the point in time at which the LMA was conducted.  
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Standard Practice for Building Energy Performance Assessment for a Building Involved in a Real Estate Transaction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Uses—This practice is intended for use on a voluntary basis by parties who wish to conduct a BEPA on a building. The process defined in this practice involves the collection of building energy consumption information, some of which may be collected as part of E2018 PCA or E1527 ESA. The practice is intended primarily as an approach to conducting a standardized inquiry designed to identify representative building energy performance in connection with a commercial property involved in a real estate transaction. This practice is intended to reflect a commercially practical and reasonable inquiry.  
4.1.1 A number of states including CA, CO, WA and NJ, and more than three dozen cities, county and municipal governments, including Ann Arbor, MI, Atlanta, GA, Austin, TX, Berkeley, CA, Bloomington, MN, Boston, MA, Boulder, CO, Cambridge, MA, Chicago, IL, Chula Vista, CA, Columbus, OH, Denver, CO, Des Moines, IA, Edina, MN, Evanston, IL, Fort Collins, CO, Indianapolis, IN, Kansas City, MO, Los Angeles, CA, Miami, FL, Minneapolis, MN, Montgomery County, MD, New York City, NY, Orlando, FL, Philadelphia, PA, Pittsburgh, PA, Portland, ME, Portland, OR, Reno, NV, Salt Lake City, UT, San Diego, CA, San Francisco, CA, San Jose, CA, Seattle, WA, South Portland, ME, St. Louis, MO, St. Louis Park, MN, St. Paul, MN and Washington, D.C. have building energy performance benchmarking and reporting policies. Users in these locations must comply with applicable ordinances and regulations.  
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1.2 Building Energy Performance—This practice defines building energy performance as the building’s total annual energy consumption and cost for heating, cooling, electricity, and other related uses. Energy consumption, for example, includes total electricity purchased; purchased or delivered steam, hot water, or chilled water; natural gas; fuel oil; coal; propane; biomass; or any other matter consumed as fuel and any electricity generated on site from renewable/alternative energy systems (for example, wind energy generator technology, fuel cells, microturbines or solar photovoltaic systems).  
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ASTM E2357-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate of Air Barrier Assemblies

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5.1 This method is intended to simulate the performance of various air barrier materials/accessories when combined into an assembly. Based upon the results of the measurements, this procedure then assigns an air leakage rating for the air barrier assembly.  
5.2 This method does not purport to establish all criteria necessary for consideration in the selection of an air barrier assembly. The results are intended to be used for comparison purposes and may not represent the field installed performance of the air barrier assembly when installed as part of an air barrier system in a building. However, the results of these tests may be useful in determining the appropriate use of a specified air barrier system assembly.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the air leakage rate of air barrier assemblies that are used in building enclosures. This procedure measures the air leakage of a representative air barrier assembly before and after exposure to specific conditioning cycles and then assigns a rating dependent upon the results. Although this is a laboratory procedure, the method may also be applied to site mockups.  
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Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Pneumatically Installed Loose-Fill Building Insulation (Behind Netting) for Enclosed Applications of the Building Thermal Envelope

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thermal resistance, R, of an insulation is used to describe its thermal performance.  
4.2 The thermal resistance of an insulation is related to the density and thickness of the insulation. It is desirable to obtain test data on thermal resistances at thicknesses and densities related to the end uses of the product.  
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1.1 This practice presents a laboratory guide to determine the thermal resistance of pneumatically installed loose-fill building insulations for enclosed applications of the building thermal envelope behind netting at mean temperatures between –10 and 35°C (14 to 95°F).  
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1.3 Since this practice is designed for reproducible product comparison, it measures the thermal resistance of an insulation material which has been preconditioned to a relatively dry state. Consideration of changes of thermal performance of a hygroscopic insulation by sorption of water is beyond the scope of this practice.  
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Standard Guide for Readily Observable Moisture Affected Materials and Conditions Conducive to Elevated Moisture in Commercial Buildings: Limited Moisture Assessment Process

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis by parties who wish to obtain a limited survey of commercial real estate to assess for readily observable moisture affected materials and physical deficiencies conducive to elevated moisture as part of a commercial real estate transaction or commercial property management. This guide is intended to constitute a limited inquiry using representative observations for the purposes of conducting due diligence regarding the actual and potential presence of readily observable moisture affected materials and physical deficiencies conducive to elevated moisture in connection with the subject property. Inquiries that are more and less comprehensive than this guide (including, in some instances, no inquiry) may be appropriate in some circumstances in the opinion of the user (for example, when the presence of moisture affected materials is known to the user). Furthermore, no implication is intended that a person must use this guide in order to be deemed to have conducted appropriate inquiry in a commercially prudent or reasonable manner in a particular transaction. Nevertheless, this guide is intended to reflect a commercially prudent and reasonable inquiry. However, a LMA is not intended to serve as a comprehensive survey for the presence of readily observable moisture affected materials and physical deficiencies conducive to elevated moisture in all or most of the building systems throughout a commercial building.  
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Standard Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal Insulation

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the composition and physical properties of rigid polyimide cellular foams intended for use as thermal and sound-isolating insulation in commercial and industrial environments. The polyimide insulations covered are classified into three types (Types I, II, and III) according to closed cell content, and into four grades (Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4) according to density. Type II insulation is further divided into two classes (Classes 1 and 2) according to upper temperature limits. Materials shall be manufactured from the appropriate monomers and necessary ingredients. Specimens shall be sampled, tested, and conform accordingly to the following physical property requirements: apparent thermal conductivity; water and gas permeability; density; percent closed cell; upper temperature limit; high temperature stability; compressive strength; compressive force deflection; water vapor transmission; steam aging characteristics (tensile strength, dimensional and weight changes), corrosiveness; chemical resistance; vertical burn characteristics (flame application and time, burn length, and dripping); specific optical smoke density for both flaming and non-flaming exposures; toxic smoke generation; surface burning characteristics (flame spread and smoke developed indices); combustion by-products (carbon monoxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide); oxygen index, and 14 scale room burn.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the composition and physical properties of polyimide foam insulation with nominal densities from 1.0 lb/ft3 to 8.0 lb/ft3 (16 kg/m3 to 128 kg/m3) and intended for use as thermal and sound-isolating insulation for temperatures from −423°F to +600°F (−253°C to +316°C) in commercial and industrial environments.  
1.1.1 The annex shall apply to this specification for marine applications.  
1.1.2 This standard is designed as a material specification and not a design document.  
1.1.3 The values stated in Table 1 and Table 2 are not to be used as design values. It is the buyer’s responsibility to specify design requirements and obtain supporting documentation from the material supplier.  
* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
NA = Not Applicable
NB = A manufacturer can only claim conformance to this standard to the values reported in this table. The * notes are confidential data to the manufacturers and as such are not considered part of any qualifying requirements for the standard and only tell the user to inquire about that data.  
* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
NA = Not Applicable
NB = A manufacturer can only claim conformance to this standard to the values reported in this table. The * notes are confidential data to the manufacturers and as such are not considered part of any qualifying requirements for the standard and only tell the user to inquire about that data.
Note 1: The subject matter of this material specification is not covered by any other ASTM specification. There is no known ISO standard covering the subject of this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical B...

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ASTM C1374-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Installed Thickness of Pneumatically Applied Loose-Fill Building Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was designed to give the manufacturer of loose-fill insulation products a way of determining what the initial installed thickness should be in a horizontal open attic for pneumatic applications.  
5.2 The installed thickness value developed by this test method is intended to provide guidance to the installer in order to achieve a minimum mass/unit area for a given R-value.  
5.3 For the purpose of product design, testing should be done at a variety of R-values. At least three R-values should be used: the lowest R-value on the product label, the highest R-value on the product label, and an R-value near the midpoint of the R-value range.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the installed thickness of pneumatically applied loose-fill building insulations prior to settling by simulating an open attic with horizontal blown applications.  
1.2 This test method is a laboratory procedure for use by manufacturers of loose-fill insulation for product design, label development, and quality control testing. The apparatus used produces installed thickness results at a given mass/unit area.  
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ASTM C1149-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Self-Supported Spray Applied Cellulosic Thermal Insulation

ABSTRACT
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SCOPE
1.1 The specification covers the physical properties of self-supported spray applied cellulosic fibers intended for use as thermal insulation or an acoustical absorbent material, or both.  
1.2 This specification covers chemically treated cellulosic materials intended for pneumatic applications where temperatures do not exceed 82.2°C and where temperatures will routinely remain below 65.6°C.  
1.2.1 Type I—Material applied with liquid adhesive and suitable for either exposed or enclosed applications.  
1.2.2 Type II—Materials containing a dry adhesive that is activated by water during installation and intended only for enclosed or covered applications.  
1.3 This is a material specification only and is not intended to deal with methods of application that are supplied by the manufacturer.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1058/C1058M-10(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The various methods for measuring and calculating thermal properties provide data and information for manufacturer's published information, for comparison of related products, and for designers and users to evaluate insulation products for particular applications. For these purposes it is advisable to provide basic data and information produced under standard temperature conditions.  
4.2 It is possible that thermal properties of a specimen will change with mean temperature, with temperature difference across the specimens, and with high temperature exposure. Data and information at standard temperatures are necessary for valid comparison of thermal properties.  
4.3 The mean test temperatures to measure thermal properties shall be selected from those listed in Table 1. It is recommended that thermal properties of insulation materials be evaluated over a mean temperature range that represents the intended end use. For this situation, the lowest and greatest mean temperatures need to be within 10°C of the maximum and minimum mean temperature of interest. The temperature differences for any chosen mean temperature will depend upon both the thermal insulation application (see appropriate materials specification), the method of evaluation, and the limitations of the apparatus. Temperature differences or relevant temperature conditions required by ASTM material specifications shall take precedence over those recommended in this practice. (A) The values in degrees Fahrenheit given in this table are not intended to be exact conversions of those values in degrees Celsius.  
4.3.1 Standard conditions are presented where both surfaces are exposed to fixed ambient temperatures that are typical for testing building constructions, both insulated and uninsulated (Table 2). (A) Thermal transmission properties of panels of various building constructions are thermal transmittance (U), and thermal conductance (C).(B) Celsius temperatures are standard. The values in degrees Fa...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers standard mean temperatures for reporting thermal properties of thermal insulations, products, and materials, and of related systems and components, both insulated and uninsulated.  
1.2 Thermal properties shall be determined as a function of temperature by standard test methods. (Test Methods C177, C201, C335/C335M, C518, C745, C1114, C1363, Guide C653, and Practice C687, all in combination with Practice C1045.)  
Note 1: Standard referenced materials are needed to span the temperature range of the tests.  
1.3 This practice recommends standard conditions for use in testing and evaluating thermal properties as a function of temperature by standard test methods.  
1.4 General applications of thermal insulations include:  
1.4.1 Building envelopes,  
1.4.2 Mechanical systems or processes, and  
1.4.3 Building and industrial insulations.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3054/E3054M-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Characterization and Use of Hygrothermal Models for Moisture Control Design in Building Envelopes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to provide the framework for characterizing the functions of the hygrothermal model and the level of sophistication used as inputs for each analysis. Hygrothermal modeling has become an important practice in support of the decision-making design processes involved in moisture management of building envelope systems. Increasingly, hygrothermal models are an integral part of building envelope performance assessment, retrofit, and restoration studies and provide insight in the screening of alternative design approaches affecting water management of the envelope system. Hygrothermal models are used in decision making during the design process of building envelope systems. They may also be used to assess performance of the envelopes of existing buildings, or to predict envelope performance in buildings undergoing retrofit, change in use, restoration or flood remediation. It is, therefore, important to have a methodology to document the model used in a hygrothermal investigation. This documentation provides needed characterization of the hygrothermal model to assess its credibility and suitability. This becomes even more important because of the increasing complexity of the building envelope systems for which new hygrothermal models are being developed. There are many different hygrothermal models available, each with specific capabilities, operational characteristics, and limitations. If modeling is considered for a project, it is important to determine if a hygrothermal model is appropriate for that project, or if a model exists that can perform the simulations required in the project.  
4.2 Quality assurance in a hygrothermal analysis using modeling is achieved by using the most appropriate model with all important transport mechanisms, initial conditions, and boundary conditions. A well-executed quality assurance program in hygrothermal modeling requires systematic and complete documentation of the model and the inputs followed by consisten...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide offers guidance for the characterization and use of hygrothermal models for moisture control design of building envelopes. In this context, “hygrothermal models” refers to the application of a mathematical model to the solution of a specific heat and moisture flow performance issue or problem. Hygrothermal models are used to predict and evaluate design considerations for the short-term and long-term thermal and moisture performance of building envelopes.  
1.2 Each hygrothermal model has specific capabilities and limitations. Determining the most appropriate hygrothermal model for a particular application requires a thorough analysis of the problem at hand, understanding the required transport processes involved, and available resources to conduct the analysis. Users of this guide can describe the functionality of the hygrothermal model used in an analysis in a consistent manner.  
1.3 This guide applies to hygrothermal models that range from complex research tools to simple design tools. This guide provides a protocol for matching the analysis needs and the capabilities of candidate models.  
1.4 This guide applies to the use of models that include all or part of the following thermal and moisture storage and transport phenomena: (1) heat storage of dry and wet building materials, (2) heat transport by moisture-dependent thermal conduction, (3) phase change phenomena (for example, evaporation and condensation), (4) heat transport by air convection, (5) moisture retention by vapor adsorption and capillary forces, (6) moisture transport by vapor diffusion (molecular and effusion), (7) moisture transport by liquid transport (surface diffusion and capillary flow), and (8) moisture (vapor) transport by air convection.  
1.5 This guide does not apply to cases requiring analysis of the following: (1) convection that occurs in a three-dimensional manner or through holes and cracks; (2) hydraulic, osmotic, or ...

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