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ASTM D2661-08

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings

Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) schedule 40 plastic drain, waste, and vent pipe and fittings. ABS plastic which does not meet the material requirements is excluded. ABS plastic shall conform to the minimum content requirements of polymers or polymer blends and shall compose of acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene or substituted styrene or both, and other monomeric or polymeric components. Pipe and fittings shall be homogenous and free of defects. Other requirements include dimensions, tolerances, stiffness, flattening, impact resistance, and bond strength. Sampling, conditioning, product marking, and quality shall conform to the requirements of this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers fittings and single and coextruded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic drain, waste, and vent pipe (DWV) made to Schedule 40 iron pipe sizes (IPS). Plastic which does not meet the material requirements specified in Section 5 is excluded from single layer and all coextruded layers.  
1.2 Specification for fittings for use with pipe meeting the requirements of this specification are given in Annex A1.  
1.3 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic, which does not meet the definition of virgin ABS plastic as given in 3.2.2, is excluded, as performance of plastic other than those defined as virgin was not determined. ABS rework plastic, which meets the requirements of rework plastic as given in 5.3, is acceptable.  
1.4 Reprocessed plastic or recycled plastic as defined in Terminology D 883 is excluded.  
1.5 Recommendations for storage, joining, and installation are provided in Appendix X1, Appendix X2, and Appendix X3, respectively.  
1.6 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2008
ICS
23.040.20 - Plastics pipes
Technical Committee
F17 - Plastic Piping Systems
Drafting Committee
F17.63 - DWV
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2661-06 - Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Replaced By
ASTM D2661-11 - Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings
Effective Date
01-Aug-2011
Referred By
ASTM D3138-21 - Standard Specification for Solvent Cements for Transition Joints Between Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Non-Pressure Piping Components
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM F628-23 - Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe With a Cellular Core
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM F412-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM F1488-14(2019) - Standard Specification for Coextruded Composite Pipe
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM D2235-22 - Standard Specification for Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and Fittings
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3311-22 - Standard Specification for Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) Plastic Fittings Patterns
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2135-01(2022) - Standard Specification for Molded Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) Short-Pattern Plastic Fittings
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2021-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Design and Installation of Plastic Siphonic Roof Drainage Systems
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM F1499-22 - Standard Specification for Coextruded Composite Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe (DWV)
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM F409-22 - Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Accessible and Replaceable Plastic Tube and Tubular Fittings
Effective Date
01-May-2008

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ASTM D2661-08 - Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and FittingsASTM D2661-08 - Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings
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REDLINE ASTM D2661-08 - Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and FittingsREDLINE ASTM D2661-08 - Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings
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REDLINE ASTM D2661-08 - Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D2661 – 08
Standard Specification for
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic
1
Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2661; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
1.1 This specification covers fittings and single and coex-
Plastics
truded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic drain,
3
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
waste, and vent pipe (DWV) made to Schedule 40 iron pipe
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
sizes (IPS). Plastic which does not meet the material require-
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
ments specified in Section 5 is excluded from single layer and
D2235 Specification for Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-
all coextruded layers.
Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and Fittings
1.2 Specification for fittings for use with pipe meeting the
D2321 Practice for Underground Installation of Thermo-
requirements of this specification are given in Annex A1.
plastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applica-
1.3 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic, which does not
tions
meet the definition of virgin ABS plastic as given in 3.2.2,is
D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading
excluded, as performance of plastic other than those defined as
Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
virgin was not determined. ABS rework plastic, which meets
D2444 Test Method for Determination of the Impact Resis-
the requirements of rework plastic as given in 5.3, is accept-
tance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a
able.
Tup (Falling Weight)
1.4 Reprocessed plastic or recycled plastic as defined in
D3311 Specification for Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV)
Terminology D883 is excluded.
Plastic Fittings Patterns
1.5 Recommendations for storage, joining, and installation
D3965 Specification for Rigid Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-
areprovidedinAppendixX1,AppendixX2,andAppendixX3,
Styrene (ABS) Materials for Pipe and Fittings
respectively.
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
1.6 Thetextofthisspecificationreferencesnotes,footnotes,
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
notesandfootnotes(excludingthoseintablesandfigures)shall
of a Lot or Process
not be considered as requirements of the specification.
F402 Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Prim-
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
ers, and Cleaners Used for JoiningThermoplastic Pipe and
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Fittings
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
and are not considered standard.
F1498 Specification for Taper Pipe Threads 60° for Ther-
2. Referenced Documents
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
2
F2135 Specification for Molded Drain, Waste, and Vent
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(DWV) Short-Pattern Plastic Fittings
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
2.2 Federal Standard:
4
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
2.3 Military Standard:
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.63 on DWV.
4
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originally
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D2661–06. DOI:
10.1520/D2661-08.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Withdrawn.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
the ASTM website. www.dodssp.daps.mil.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2661 – 08
3. Terminology 5.2 TheABS plastic shall conform to the following require-
ments:
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
5.2.1 Acrylonitri
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D 2661–06 Designation: D 2661 – 08
Standard Specification for
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic
1
Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2661; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers fittings and single and coextruded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic drain, waste, and
vent pipe (DWV) made to Schedule 40 iron pipe sizes (IPS). Plastic which does not meet the material requirements specified in
Section 5 is excluded from single layer and all coextruded layers.
1.2 Specification for fittings for use with pipe meeting the requirements of this specification are given in Annex A1.
1.3 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic, which does not meet the definition of virgin ABS plastic as given in 3.2.2, is
excluded, as performance of plastic other than those defined as virgin was not determined.ABS rework plastic, which meets the
requirements of rework plastic as given in 5.3, is acceptable.
1.4 Reprocessed plastic or recycled plastic as defined in Terminology D883 is excluded.
1.5 Recommendations for storage, joining, and installation are provided in Appendix X1, Appendix X2, and Appendix X3,
respectively.
1.6 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes
and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.
1.7The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
3
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
3
D2135 Classification of Hard Rubber Materials
D2235 Specification for Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and Fittings
D2321 Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
D2444 TestMethodforDeterminationoftheImpactResistanceofThermoplasticPipeandFittingsbyMeansofaTup(Falling
Weight)
D3311 Specification for Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) Plastic Fittings Patterns
D3965 Specification for Rigid Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Materials for Pipe and Fittings
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, theAverage for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
F402 Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Primers, and Cleaners Used for JoiningThermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.63 on DWV.
Current edition approved Nov.May 1, 2006.2008. Published November 2006.May 2008. Originally approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 20022006 as
D2661–026.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 2661 – 08
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
F1498 Specification for Taper Pipe Threads 60 for Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
F2135 Specification for Molded Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) Short-Pattern Plastic Fittings
2.2 F
...

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This specification covers coextruded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic drain, waste, and vent pipes made to Schedule 40 iron pipe sizes (IPS) with concentric inner and outer solid ABS layers and a closed-cell cellular ABS core. The ABS plastics used to make the pipes shall only be either virgin or reworked as specfieid. Reprocessed or recycled plastics are excluded from this specification. The pipes shall meet specified requirements for dimension such as outside diameter, wall thickness, and length; and for performance such as pipe stiffness, lower confidence limit, flattening resistance, impact strength, bond strength, pigments or screening agents, and solvent cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers coextruded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic drain, waste, and vent pipe made to Schedule 40 iron pipe sizes (IPS) and produced by the coextrusion process with concentric inner and outer solid ABS layers and the core consisting of closed-cell cellular ABS. Plastic which does not meet the material requirements specified in Section 5 is excluded from single layer and all coextruded layers.  
1.2 Fittings suitable for use with pipe meeting the requirements of this specification are given in Annex A1. Fittings meeting the requirement of Specification D2661 are also acceptable.  
1.3 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic which does not meet the definitions of virgin ABS plastic as given in 3.2.4 is excluded, as performance of plastic other than those defined as virgin was not determined. ABS rework plastic which meets the requirements of rework plastic as given in 5.3 is acceptable.  
1.4 Reprocessed plastic or recycled plastic as defined in Terminology D883 is excluded.  
1.5 Recommendations for storage, joining, and installation are provided in Appendix X1, Appendix X2, and Appendix X3, respectively.  
1.6 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1598-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant Internal Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The data obtained by this test method are useful for establishing stress versus failure time relationships in a controlled environment from which the hydrostatic design basis for plastic pipe materials can be computed. (Refer to Test Method D2837 and Practice D2992.)  
5.2 In order to determine how plastics will perform as pipe, it is necessary to establish the stress-failure time relationships for pipe over 2 or more logarithmic decades of time (hours) in a controlled environment. Because of the nature of the test and specimens employed, no single line can adequately represent the data, and therefore the confidence limits should be established.  
Note 2: Some materials may exhibit a nonlinear relationship between log-stress and log-failure time, usually at short failure times. In such cases, the 105-hour stress value computed on the basis of short-term test data may be significantly different than the value obtained when a distribution of data points in accordance with Test Method D2837 is evaluated. However, these data may still be useful for quality control or other applications, provided correlation with long-term data has been established.  
5.3 The factors that affect creep and long-term strength behavior of plastic pipe are not completely known at this time. This procedure takes into account those factors that are known to have important influences and provides a tool for investigating others.  
5.4 Creep, or nonrecoverable deformation for pipe made of some plastics, is as important as actual leakage in deciding whether or not a pipe has failed. Specimens that exhibit localized ballooning, however, may lead to erroneous interpretation of the creep results unless a method of determining creep is established that precludes such a possibility. Circumferential measurements at two or three selected positions on a specimen may not be adequate.  
5.5 Great care must be used to ensure that specimens are representative of the pipe under evaluation. Departure...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-to-failure of both thermoplastic and reinforced thermosetting/resin pipe under constant internal pressure.  
1.2 This test method provides a method of characterizing plastics in the form of pipe under the conditions prescribed.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F758-14(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Smooth-Wall Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Underdrain Systems for Highway, Airport, and Similar Drainage

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for smooth-wall perforated and nonperforated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe and couplings for use in subsurface drainage systems of highways, airports, and similar applications. Two classes (or pipe stiffness) are included and designated as PS 28 and PS 46. The pipe stiffness, impact resistance, pipe flattening, and solvent cement joint tightness shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for smooth-wall perforated and nonperforated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe and couplings for use in subsurface drainage systems of highways, airports, and similar applications in nominal sizes of 4, 6, and 8 in. and in pipe stiffnesses (PS) that are designated as Type PS 28 and Type PS 46 in accordance with its minimum pipe stiffness.  
1.2 Molded fittings for use with highway underdrain pipe are in accordance with Specification D3034. For convenience, some of these fittings are reproduced in Annex A1.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 1: Type PS 28 and Type PS 46 indicate “pipe stiffness” of 28 and 46, respectively, as outlined in 11.1.
Note 2: Pipe and fittings should be installed in accordance with Practice D2321, or applicable state or local specifications.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3203-19(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Gel Content of Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipes and Tubing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many important properties of crosslinked ethylene plastics vary with the gel content. Hence, determination of the gel content provides a basis for controlling production processes and a means of establishing the quality of finished products.  
5.2 Extraction tests permit verification of the proper gel content of any given crosslinked ethylene plastic and they also permit comparison between different crosslinked ethylene plastics, including those containing fillers, provided that, for the latter, the following conditions are met:  
5.2.1 The filler is not soluble in the solvent used in this method at the extraction temperature.  
5.2.2 The amount of filler present in the compound either is known or can be determined.  
5.2.3 Sufficient crosslinking has been achieved to prevent migration of filler during the extraction. It has been found that, at gel content above 30 %, the solvent remains clear and free of filler.  
5.3 Since some oxidative degradation of the material and solvent may occur at the reflux temperature of the solvents, a suitable antioxidant is added to the solvent to inhibit such degradation.  
5.4 This test method is normally used for specimens consisting of an equal representation of the entire cross section of the product, but may also be used to examine specific portions of a product for differences in extent of cross-linking when compared to either a product standard or another sample.  
5.5 This test method is intended for testing crosslinked polyethylene compounds that are not hygroscopic. If compounds that are hygroscopic are tested using this method, specimen conditioning before and after extraction is required.  
5.6 This test method differs from Test Methods D2765, ISO 10147 and Test Method D7567 which also describe procedures for determining the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene. It allows for the use of naphthenic hydrocarbon blend, isoparaffin solvent, or light aromatic solvent naptha as alternatives to xylenes. Xylenes a...
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1.1 The gel content of pipe and tubing produced from crosslinked polyethylene plastics as described in Specification F876 and other pipe or tubing standards is determined by extracting with solvents such as xylenes. A test method for quantitative determination of gel content is described herein. The method is applicable to PEX pipe and tubing of all densities, including those containing fillers, and provides correction for the inert fillers present in some of those compounds.  
1.2 Continuous extraction (see definition in Section 3) is used in this method to test the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene specimens. Continuous extraction when used for testing gel content has the advantages of decreased cost of testing, increased accuracy and consistency of results, and decreased test time. This is because extraction with a pure solvent is more efficient than extraction with a partially saturated solvent.  
1.3 While extraction tests may be made on articles of any shape, this test method is applicable for determining the gel content of crosslinked polyethylene pipes and tubing.  
1.4 This test method makes use of xylenes or alternative solvents. Alternative solvents either have lower toxicity than xylenes or allow decreased extraction times. The alternative solvents are also potentially beneficial from an economic and environmental viewpoint. Xylenes are used for referee tests.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in brackets are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standard...

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