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ASTM D6932-04

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Materials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction Course Plant Mixtures

Standard Guide for Materials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction Course Plant Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides information to assist engineers with the design requirements and construction guidelines for paving an Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) surface layer. An OGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance and wear resistance of a bituminous pavement by providing an escape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load. The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fine aggregate particles and high air void content to provide a passageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain away from the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt and overall asphalt content is important for better stripping resistance and durability and aging properties.
Note 1—OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavement interface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence and severity of reflective cracking.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-graded friction course plant mixtures. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements. Where applicable, Specification D 3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.
1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed as the final wearing course for highways and airfields.
1.3 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2004
ICS
93.080.20 - Road construction materials
Technical Committee
D04 - Road and Paving Materials
Drafting Committee
D04.23 - Plant-Mixed Asphalt Surfaces and Bases
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6932/D6932M-08 - Standard Guide for Materials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction Course Plant Mixtures
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008

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ASTM D6932-04 - Standard Guide for Materials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction Course Plant Mixtures
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D6932–04
Standard Guide for
Materials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction Course
Plant Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6932; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 946 Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Ce-
ment for Use in Pavement Construction
1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-
D 1461 Test Method for Moisture or Volatile Distillates in
graded friction course plant mixtures. End-use specifications
Bituminous Paving Mixtures
should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements.
D 2419 Test Method for Sand EquivalentValue of Soils and
Where applicable, Specification D 3666D 3666 should be ap-
Fine Aggregate
plied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road
D 2995 Practice for EstimatingApplication Rate of Bitumi-
and paving materials.
nous Distributors
1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed as
D 3381 Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cement
the final wearing course for highways and airfields.
for Use in Pavement Construction
1.3 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D 3515 Specification for Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid Bituminous
as the standard.
Paving Mixtures
2. Referenced Documents
D 3666 SpecificationforMinimumRequirementsforAgen-
cies Testing and Inspecting Bituminous Paving Materials
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 4791 Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles,
C 29/C 29M Test Method for Unit Weight and Voids in
or Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate
Aggregate
D 5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage of
C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregate
Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
D 5840 Specification for Type II Polymer ModifiedAsphalt
C 127 Test Method for (Specific Gravity) Density, Relative
Cement for Use in Pavement Construction
Density, and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
D 5841 Specification for Type III Polymer Modified As-
C 128 Test Method for (Specific Gravity) Density, Relative
phalt Cement for Use in Pavement Construction
Density, and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
D 5892 Specification for Type IV Polymer Modified As-
C 131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-
phalt Cement for Use in Pavement Construction
Size CoarseAggregate byAbrasion and Impact in the Los
D 5976 Specification for Type I Polymer Modified Asphalt
Angeles Machine
Cement for Use in Pavement Construction
C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
D6114 Specification for Asphalt of Rubber Binder
Aggregates
D 6307 Test Method for Asphalt Content of Hot-Mix As-
C 1252 Test Methods for Uncompacted Void Content of
phalt by Ignition Method
Fine Aggregate (as Influenced by Particle Shape, Surface
D 6373 Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt
Texture, and Grading)
Binder
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D 6390 Test Method for Determination of Draindown Char-
D 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
acteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt Mixtures
D 448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and
D 7064 Practice for Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC)
Bridge Construction
Mix Design
2.2 Other References:
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and
TRB NCHRP Synthesis 284 Performance Survey on Open-
Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.23 on
Graded Friction Course Mixes
Plant-Mix Bituminous Surfaces and Bases.
NCAT Report No. 2001-01 Design, Construction and Per-
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published August 2004.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
formance of New Generation Open-Graded Friction
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Courses
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
FAA-RD-73-197
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D6932–04
FAA-RD-74-38 aggregate have at least 95 % one-fractured face and 90 %
two-fractured face as measured by Test Method
3. Terminology D 5821D 5821. To help achieve a more cubical shape it is
suggestedthatthecoarseaggregatemaximumamountofflator
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
elongatedparticlesasmeasuredbyTestMethodD 4791D 4791
3.1.1 open-graded friction course (OGFC), n—special type
not exceed 10 % with a ratio of 5 to 1 in maximum dimension
of hot mix asphalt surface mixture used for reducing hydro-
to minimum dimension. Rounded particles are not acceptable.
planing and potential for skidding, where the function of the
The uncompacted void content (fine aggregate angularity-
mixture is to provide a free-draining layer that permits surface
FAA) as measured by Test Methods C 1252C 1252 should be
watertomigratelaterallythroughthemixturetotheedgeofthe
40 % or greater.
pavement.
6.4 Cleanliness—It is important that the aggregate be clean.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Example gradings can be found in
ThesandequivalentvalueofthefineaggregatepassingtheNo.
Appendix X1.
8 (2.36 mm) sieve according to Test Method D 2419D 2419
should be at least 45 % or greater. It is recommended that the
4. Significance and Use
material to be tested be separated on the No. 8 (2.36 mm) sieve
4.1 This guide provides information to assist engineers with
because of the coarse grading of the aggregate. It is also very
the design requirements and construction guidelines for paving
important to remove any coatings or fines adhering to the
an Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) surface layer. An
coarse material.
OGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance and
wear resistance of a bituminous pavement by providing an
7. Asphalt Binder
escape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load.
7.1 Asphalt cement shall conform to Specifications
The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fine
D 946D 946, D 3381D 3381, or D 6373D 6373.
aggregate particles and high air void content to provide a
7.2 When modified asphalt is used, it shall conform to
passageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain away
Specifications D 5840D 5840, D 5841D 5841, D 5892D 5892,
from the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt and
D 5976D 5976, or D 6373D 6373.
overall asphalt content is important for better stripping resis-
7.3 When asphalt-rubber is used, it shall conform to Speci-
tance and durability and aging properties.
fication D 6114D6114.
NOTE 1—OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavement
interface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence and NOTE 2—The asphalt type and grade to be used depends on the type of
severity of reflective cracking. construction, climatic conditions, amount and nature of traffic.
5. Types of Specification Information 8. Composition of Open-Graded Mixtures
5.1 Contract documentation for bituminous OGFC typically 8.1 The asphalt content shall be determined in accordance
includes the following information: with the owner’s selection method or Practice D 7064D 7064.
8.2 The asphalt cement open-graded mixture will typically
5.1.1 Typeofasphalt(forexample,asphaltcement,polymer
modifiedasphalt,asphaltrubber)andspecificationdesignation; consist of 93 to 95 % aggregate and 5 to 7 % asphalt by weight
of total mixture.
5.1.2 Grade of asphalt;
5.1.3 Quantity of asphalt required; 8.3 The modified asphalt open-graded mixture typically
consists of 92 to 94 percent aggregate and 6 to 8 % modified
5.1.4 Type of aggregate (for example, crushed stone,
crushed gravel, crushed slag, gravel, slag) specification desig- asphalt by weight of total mixture.
8.4 The asphalt-rubber open-graded mixture typically con-
nation;
5.1.5 Aggregate quality requirements (for example, coarse sists of 90 to 91.5 percent aggregate and 8.5 to 10 %
asphalt-rubber by weight of total mixture.
aggregat
...

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3.1 This test method is used to identify or classify an emulsified asphalt as an RS or MS by measuring the amount of available asphalt that is broken from the emulsified asphalt by utilizing specified amounts and concentrations of calcium chloride solution for anionic emulsified asphalts and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate for cationic emulsified asphalts.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method, applicable to both anionic and cationic emulsified asphalts of the RS and MS type, measures the chemical breaking of the emulsified asphalt.  
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4.1 The float test characterizes the flow behavior or consistency of certain asphalt materials.  
4.2 This test method is useful in determining the consistency of asphalt as one element in establishing the uniformity of certain shipments or sources of supply.
Note 1: The quality of results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guidance provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7741/D7741M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Apparent Viscosity of Asphalt-Rubber or Other Asphalt Binders by Using a Rotational Handheld Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test is primarily used for field production control of asphalt-rubber (A-R) and other high-viscosity binders; however, the test can also be used in a laboratory setting.  
3.2 A handheld rotational viscometer is used to measure the apparent viscosity of a completed blend of A-R or high-viscosity binder. A rotor (spindle), turning at constant speed, is inserted in the liquid binder to be measured. The resistance to movement of the spindle (torque) caused by the viscosity of the surrounding liquid is measured using a special mechanism to obtain direct readings in Pa·s or cP.
Note 1: Spindle is generally made of stainless steel, although another metal such as brass could be used.  
3.3 The measured apparent viscosity is used to control the production of the A-R or other high-viscosity binder, to assess the uniformity of the binder produced, or for other related purposes.  
3.4 As the spindle turns in the A-R or other high-viscosity binder, it has a tendency to “drill” into the sample (that is, for A-R, the spindle spins the rubber particles out of the measurement area). Consequently, the apparent viscosity drops to reflect only the liquid phase of the high-viscosity binder. Therefore, the peak viscosity measurement value is recorded to reflect the viscosity of the blended material.
SCOPE
1.1 The use of high-viscosity asphalt binders like asphalt-rubber is becoming more common in the United States and worldwide. Specifications such as Specification D6114/D6114M note the need for field control of the apparent viscosity and require the use of a field production rotational viscometer. The testing of asphalt-rubber binder for use in asphalt-rubber hot mix and for asphalt-rubber membrane is necessary to ensure consistent mix properties that will ensure good performance of these materials. Logistics of field applications limits the use of conventional laboratory controls and testing equipment. This test, using a handheld rotational viscometer, can be conducted in either the field or laboratory to determine the apparent viscosity of asphalt-rubber and other high-viscosity binders for field production control and to assess the uniformity of the binder produced, or for other related purposes.  
1.2 Asphalt-rubber binder consists of a blend of paving grade asphalt cement and crumb rubber as described in Specification D6114/D6114M. Other high-viscosity asphalt binders may consist of asphalts modified with polymer or fiber, or both. Testing is performed following the specified reaction time, if any, within the production process. Control of the raw materials is separate from the test.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in noncompliance with the standard.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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