ASTM E1427-00e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemicals for the Prevention, Inactivation and Removal of Biofilm (Withdrawn 2009)
Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemicals for the Prevention, Inactivation and Removal of Biofilm (Withdrawn 2009)
SCOPE
1.1 Microorganisms attach to surfaces and grow, forming communities that are called biofilms. In addition to microorganisms, biofilms may contain the by-products of microbial growth ( that is, polysaccharides, enzymes, etc.), inorganic ions (that is, Mg, Ca, Fe, etc.) and organic materials (that is, oil, exudates from plants or animals, etc.). Biofilms may be found in many places, including on cooling system equipment ( that is, cooling towers, heat exchangers, etc.), water and oil pipelines, food and pharmaceutical processing surfaces and lines, dental water unit lines and medical prosthetic devices.
1.2 Biofilm formation may lead to reduced heat transfer in cooling towers, decreased fluid flow in pipelines, corrosion of metal surfaces, spoilage of food and pharmaceutical products, and infection in humans. The adverse impact of biofilm growth has led to the need for chemical or physical treatments for controlling them. This may involve preventing biofilm formation, inactivating microbes in biofilms and removing biofilms.
1.3 Since biofilms may form in many different types of systems, no one method can be presented that evaluates all the factors affecting biofilm control; therefore, many methods are presented for forming biofilms. Detecting and measuring biofilms and microorganisms within biofilms are important in evaluating control procedures. Many procedures are listed and referenced for measurement of microorganisms in biofilms and biofilm mass and activity.
1.4 The purpose of this guide is to inform the investigator of methods that can be used for biofilm formation and measurement, allowing development of test procedures for determining the effectiveness of chemical treatments for prevention, inactivation, and removal of unwanted biofilm. This guide is a teaching tool that will help the researcher in planning studies for controlling biofilms. This guide is not an exhaustive survey of biofilm methods. It is recommended that the researcher consult the latest information on biofilm methods from the published scientific literature and from appropriate internet sites, using biofilm as the keyword.
1.5 Discussions of various methods for evaluating efficacy of potential control materials against microorganisms in solution are available.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
The purpose of this guide is to inform the investigator of methods that can be used for biofilm formation and measurement, allowing development of test procedures for determining the effectiveness of chemical treatments for prevention, inactivation, and removal of unwanted biofilm. This guide is a teaching tool that will help the researcher in planning studies for controlling biofilms. This guide is not an exhaustive survey of biofilm methods. It is recommended that the researcher consult the latest information on biofilm methods from the published scientific literature and from appropriate internet sites, using biofilm as the keyword.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E35 on Pesticides and Alternative Control Agents, this guide was withdrawn in January 2009 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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e1
Designation: E 1427 – 00
Standard Guide for
Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Effectiveness of
Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemicals for the
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Prevention, Inactivation and Removal of Biofilm
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
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e NOTE—Sections 1.1 and 1.4 were editorially updated in June 2001.
1. Scope published scientific literature and from appropriate internet
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sites, using biofilm as the keyword.
1.1 Microorganisms attach to surfaces and grow, forming
1.5 Discussions of various methods for evaluating efficacy
communities that are called biofilms. In addition to microor-
of potential control materials against microorganisms in solu-
ganisms, biofilms may contain the by-products of microbial
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tion are available.
growth(thatis,polysaccharides,enzymes,etc.),inorganicions
(that is, Mg, Ca, Fe, etc.) and organic materials (that is, oil,
2. Referenced Documents
exudates from plants or animals, etc.). Biofilms may be found
2.1 Thisguidelistsmethodsthatcanbeusedinformingand
in many places, including on cooling system equipment ( that
measuringbiofilms,whichallowsdevelopmentoftestmethods
is, cooling towers, heat exchangers, etc.), water and oil
for determining the effectiveness of chemical and physical
pipelines, food and pharmaceutical processing surfaces and
treatments for prevention, inactivation, and removal of un-
lines, dental water unit lines and medical prosthetic devices.
wanted biofilm. Published procedures for biofilm formation
1.2 Biofilm formation may lead to reduced heat transfer in
and measurement (Sections 4 and 5) are referenced.
cooling towers, decreased fluid flow in pipelines, corrosion of
metal surfaces, spoilage of food and pharmaceutical products,
3. Significance and Use
and infection in humans.The adverse impact of biofilm growth
3.1 Thisguideshouldbeusedbyindividualsresponsiblefor
has led to the need for chemical or physical treatments for
the following:
controlling them. This may involve preventing biofilm forma-
3.1.1 The maintenance of systems in which fluids come in
tion, inactivating microbes in biofilms and removing biofilms.
contact with surfaces, which adversely could be effected by the
1.3 Since biofilms may form in many different types of
presence of biofilm.
systems, no one method can be presented that evaluates all the
3.1.2 The development of methods, that is, chemicals, to
factors affecting biofilm control; therefore, many methods are
prevent, inactivate, or remove biofilm from various systems.
presented for forming biofilms. Detecting and measuring
3.1.3 The verification of specific claims for chemicals to
biofilms and microorganisms within biofilms are important in
prevent, inactivate, or remove biofilm from specific systems.
evaluating control procedures. Many procedures are listed and
3.2 The systems considered include, but are not limited to,
referenced for measurement of microorganisms in biofilms and
thosedesignedfordrinkingwaterdistribution,foodprocessing,
biofilm mass and activity.
industrial process fluids, and treated or untreated body fluids.
1.4 Thepurposeofthisguideistoinformtheinvestigatorof
3.2.1 Theadverseeffectsofbiofilminthesesystemsinclude
methods that can be used for biofilm formation and measure-
product spoilage, loss of production, corrosion, reduced heat
ment,allowingdevelopmentoftestproceduresfordetermining
transfer, increased morbidity and mortality of the general
the effectiveness of chemical treatments for prevention, inac-
population, and outbreaks of hospital-acquired infections.
tivation, and removal of unwanted biofilm. This guide is a
Since many different published methods, which have not
teaching tool that will help the researcher in planning studies
undergone the rigors of ASTM Interlaboratory Testing, are
for controlling biofilms.This guide is not an exhaustive survey
of biofilm methods. It is recommended that the researcher
consult the latest information on biofilm methods from the
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Suggested internet sites are PubMed at the National Center for Biotechnology
Information (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and the American Society for Microbiology
(www.journals.asm.org). Utilizing this technology the researcher may obtain the
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This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E35 on Pesticides and latest information on biofilms, and tailor their search for the specific information
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents. they need.
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Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2000. Published January 2001. Originally ASTM Standards on Materials and Environmental Mic
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