ASTM E645-18
(Practice)Standard Practice for Evaluation of Microbicides Used in Cooling Water Systems
Standard Practice for Evaluation of Microbicides Used in Cooling Water Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice determines potentially effective microbicides for use in cooling water systems using cooling water and deposits/biofilm obtained from the field. The addition of deposits/biofilms addresses the need to include the major source of microorganisms in cooling water systems. Even with this addition, laboratory results may not be totally predictive of microbicidal effectiveness in the field. This is because conditions in the field affecting microbicide effectiveness are difficult to mimic in the laboratory. These conditions that affect microbicide efficacy include blow-down rate, addition of makeup water, water hardness, hydrocarbon leaks, pH, sediment loading, dissolved solids, microbes in slime (biofilms), and deposits (salts, iron minerals, organics, and so forth) on surfaces. An additional factor is the difficulty in enumerating all microbes in the water due to the lack of adequate recovery media. Guidelines that address formation of and testing for surface-attached microbes (biofilms) may be found in Guide E1427, while a guideline for unconventional measurement of microbes is found in Guide E1326.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines a procedure for evaluating the efficacy of microbicides (algicides, bactericides, and fungicides) that will be used for controlling microbial growth in cooling water systems. The microbicides will be evaluated using simulated or real cooling tower water against (1) microbes from cooling water, (2) microbes in microbiological deposits (biofilms) from operating cooling systems, or (3) microorganisms known to contaminate cooling water systems, or a combination thereof. This practice should be performed by individuals familiar with microbiological techniques.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E645 − 18
Standard Practice for
1
Evaluation of Microbicides Used in Cooling Water Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E645; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* and Water-Formed Deposits
E1054Test Methods for Evaluation of Inactivators of Anti-
1.1 This practice outlines a procedure for evaluating the
microbial Agents
efficacy of microbicides (algicides, bactericides, and fungi-
E1326Guide for Evaluating Non-culture Microbiological
cides) that will be used for controlling microbial growth in
Tests
cooling water systems. The microbicides will be evaluated
E1427Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the
using simulated or real cooling tower water against (1)
Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemi-
microbes from cooling water, (2) microbes in microbiological
cals for the Prevention, Inactivation and Removal of
deposits (biofilms) from operating cooling systems, or (3)
3
Biofilm (Withdrawn 2009)
microorganisms known to contaminate cooling water systems,
E2756Terminology Relating toAntimicrobial andAntiviral
oracombinationthereof.Thispracticeshouldbeperformedby
Agents
individuals familiar with microbiological techniques.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3. Terminology
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, see
standard.
Terminology E2756.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 algicide, n—a chemical agent that kills algae; unicel-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- lular or filamentous chlorophyll-containing plants.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.2 bactericide, n—a physical or chemical agent that kills
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
bacteria, but not necessarily bacterial spores.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.3 biofilm, n—adynamic,self-organizedaccumulationof
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
microorganisms and environmental by-products immobilized
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
on a substrate and embedded in an organic polymer matrix.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.4 cooling system, n—equipmentandcoolantusedforthe
removal of heat from processes, equipment, or both.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.4.1 Discussion—The most common medium used for
2
removal or transfer of heat is water.The heated water then can
2.1 ASTM Standards:
be discharged into a receiving body (once through cooling
D3731PracticesforMeasurementofChlorophyllContentof
system) or it can be cooled and reused (recirculating cooling
Algae in Surface Waters
system).
D4012TestMethodforAdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)Con-
tent of Microorganisms in Water
3.2.5 cooling tower, n—a structure used to dissipate heat in
D4412TestMethodsforSulfate-ReducingBacteriainWater
open recirculating cooling systems.
3.2.6 cooling water, n—any water-based solution that ab-
sorbs and transfers heat in a heat exchange system.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E35 on Pesticides,
Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct responsibility of
3.2.7 fungicides, n—a physical or chemical agent that kills
Subcommittee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents.
fungi;thatis,vegetativemyceliaand/orbuddingyeastsinclud-
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally
ing spores and/or conidia.
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E645–13. DOI:
10.1520/E0645-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E645 − 18
3.2.8 microbial
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E645 − 13 E645 − 18
Standard Practice for
1
Evaluation of Microbicides Used in Cooling Water Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E645; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice outlines a procedure for evaluating the efficacy of microbicides (algicides, bactericides, and fungicides) that
will be used for controlling microbial growth in cooling water systems. The microbicides will be evaluated using simulated or real
cooling tower water against (1) microbes from cooling water, (2) microbes in microbiological deposits (biofilms) from operating
cooling systems, or (3) microorganisms known to contaminate cooling water systems, or a combination thereof. This practice
should be performed by individuals familiar with microbiological techniques.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3731 Practices for Measurement of Chlorophyll Content of Algae in Surface Waters
D4012 Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in Water
D4412 Test Methods for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Water and Water-Formed Deposits
E1054 Test Methods for Evaluation of Inactivators of Antimicrobial Agents
E1326 Guide for Evaluating Non-culture Microbiological Tests
E1427 Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemicals for the
3
Prevention, Inactivation and Removal of Biofilm (Withdrawn 2009)
E2756 Terminology Relating to Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, see Terminology E2756.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 algicide, n—a chemical agent that kills algae; unicellular or filamentous chlorophyll-containing plants.
3.2.2 bactericide, n—a physical or chemical agent that kills bacteria, but not necessarily bacterial spores.
3.2.3 biofilm, n—a dynamic, self-organized accumulation of microorganisms and environmental by-products immobilized on a
substrate and embedded in an organic polymer matrix.
3.2.4 cooling system, n—equipment and coolant used for the removal of heat from processes, equipment, or both.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents.
Current edition approved April 1, 2013Oct. 1, 2018. Published May 2013October 2018. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 as
E645 – 07.E645 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E0645-13.10.1520/E0645-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E645 − 18
The most common medium used for removal or transfer of heat is water. The heated water then can be discharged into a receiving
body (once through cooling system) or it can be cooled and reused (recirculating cooling system).
3.2.5 cooling tower, n—a structure used to dissipate heat in open recirculating cooling systems.
3.2.6 cooling water, n—any water-
...
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