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ASTM E77-14(2021)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers

Standard Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test method described in this standard will ensure that the thermometers listed in Specifications E1 and E2251 will indicate temperatures within the maximum scale errors listed, be compatible with the apparatus, and serve the purpose for which they were designed.  
4.2 Thermometers that do not pass the visual and dimensional inspection tests may give erroneously high or low temperature readings, or may not fit into existing equipment used in ASTM methods. For accurate temperature measurements the scale readings of the thermometer should be verified as described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers visual and dimensional inspection and test for scale accuracy to be used in the verification of liquid-in-glass thermometers as specified in Specifications E1 and E2251. However, these procedures may be applied to other liquid-in-glass thermometers.2  
Note 1: The use of NIST SP250-232 is recommended.  
1.2 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2021
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E20 - Temperature Measurement
Drafting Committee
E20.05 - Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E77-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E77 −14 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
1
Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE77;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers visual and dimensional inspec-
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
tion and test for scale accuracy to be used in the verification of
E344Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
liquid-in-glass thermometers as specified in Specifications E1
etry
andE2251.However,theseproceduresmaybeappliedtoother
2
E2251Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
liquid-in-glass thermometers.
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
2
NOTE 1—The use of NIST SP250-23 is recommended.
1.2 Warning—Mercuryhasbeendesignatedbymanyregu- 3. Terminology
latoryagenciesasahazardoussubstancethatcancauseserious
3.1 Definitions:
medicalissues.Mercury,oritsvapor,hasbeendemonstratedto
3.1.1 The definitions given in Terminology E344 apply.
be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution
Some that are considered essential to this standard are given
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See
below.
the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
3.1.2 calibration, n—of a thermometer or thermometric
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or
system, the set of operations that establish, under specified
mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or
conditions, the relationship between the values of a thermo-
national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their
metric quantity indicated by a thermometer or thermometric
location.
system and the corresponding values of temperature realized
by standards.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.2.1 Discussion—(1) The result of a calibration permits
either the assignment of values of temperature to indicated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- values of thermometric quantity or determination of correc-
tions with respect to indications. (2) A calibration may also
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
determine other metrological properties such as the effect of
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
influence quantities. (3) The result of a calibration may be
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
communicatedinadocumentsuchasacalibrationcertificateor
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
acalibrationreport.(4)Thetermcalibrationhasalsobeenused
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
to refer to the result of the operations, to representations of the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
result, and to the actual relationship between values of the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
thermometric quantity and temperature.
3.1.3 complete-immersionthermometer,n—aliquid-in-glass
thermometer, not specified in ASTM documents, designed to
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on
Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05 indicate temperature correctly when the entire thermometer is
on Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers.
exposed to the temperature being measured.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally
ε1
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E77–14 . DOI:
10.1520/E0077-14R21.
2 3
“Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer Calibration Service,” NIST Special Publication For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
250-23, 1988. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:// Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
www.access.gpo.gov. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E77−14 (2021)
3.1.4 partial-immersion thermometer, n—a liquid-
...

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1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).  
1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
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ABSTRACT
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FIG. 2 Ungrounded Measuring Junction, Style U  
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1.3.2 Style U2 (ungrounded)—The measuring junction is electrically isolated from its conductive sheath and from reference ground.  
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5.1 These test procedures confirm and document that the thermocouple assembly was not damaged prior to or during the installation process and that the extension wires are properly connected.  
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1.1 This guide covers methods for users to test metal sheathed thermocouple assemblies, including the extension wires just prior to and after installation or some period of service.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification sets forth the requirements for duplex, types E, J, K, N and T thermocouple wire, insulated with E-glass, S-glass, amorphous silica fiber or polycrystalline fiber. This specification presents the requirements for impregnated and non-impregnated fiber insulated thermocouple wire for normally accepted industrial use. The material shall be classified as follows: Class A-Duplex; Class B-Duplex; Class C-Duplex; Class D-Duplex; Class E-Duplex; and Class F-Duplex. Thermoelements shall be solid thermocouple grade materials with a smooth, bright finish and shall be fully annealed prior to insulating. Individual thermoelements shall be covered with a braid, or double wrap (one wrap in each direction) of glass fibers, a braid of glass fibers, or braid of fibers.
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4.2 A supplement contains the requirements for insulated thermocouple wire that will be exposed to high humidity. The purchase order or inquiry shall specify if the requirements in this supplement are required.
SCOPE
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Standard Guide for the Preparation and Evaluation of Liquid Baths Used for Temperature Calibration by Comparison

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5.1 The design of a controlled temperature bath will determine what thermometers can be calibrated and to what extent an isothermal condition is achieved. The lack of thermal stability and uniformity of the bath are sources of error that contribute to the overall calibration uncertainty.  
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4.1 This guide provides guidelines and basic test methods for the use of infrared thermometers. The purpose of this guide is to provide a basis for users of IR thermometers to make more accurate measurements, to understand the error in measurements, and reduce the error in measurements.
SCOPE
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1.3 The IR thermometers covered in this guide are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 2700 °C and measure a narrow to wide band of thermal radiation in the infrared region.  
1.4 This guide covers best practice in using IR thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user make better measurements. It also provides graphical tables to help determine the accuracy of measurements.  
1.5 Details on the design and construction of IR thermometers are not covered in this guide.  
1.6 This guide addresses general information on emissivity and how to deal with emissivity when making measurements with an IR thermometer.  
1.7 This guide contains basic information on the classification of different types of IR thermometers.  
1.8 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
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Standard Guide for Use of Fixed-Point Cells for Reference Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A pure material has a well defined phase transition behavior, and the phase transition plateau, a characteristic of the material, can serve as a reproducible reference temperature for the calibration of thermometers. The melting or freezing points of some highly purified metals have been designated as defining fixed points on ITS-90. The fixed points of other materials have been determined carefully enough that they can serve as secondary reference points (see Tables 1 and 2). This guide presents information on the phase transition process as it relates to establishing a reference temperature. (A) Defining fixed point for ITS-90.(B) Realized as melting point.(C) Based on recommendation of International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) Working Group 2 of the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT-WG2); published as: Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., "Recommended Values of Temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 for a Selected Set of Secondary Reference Points", Metrologia, Vol 33, 1996, pp. 133. DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/33/2/3.  (A) Values for cells of good design, construction, and material purity used with careful technique. Cells of lesser quality may not approach these values.(B) Realized as melting point.  
5.2 Fixed-point cells provide users with a means of realizing melting and freezing points. If the cells are appropriately designed and constructed, if they contain material of adequate purity, and if they are properly used, they can establish reference temperatures with uncertainties of a few millikelvins or less. This guide describes some of the design and use considerations.  
5.3 Fixed-point cells can be constructed and operated less stringently than required for millikelvin uncertainty, yet still provide reliable, durable, easy-to-use fixed points for a variety of industrial calibration and heat treatment purposes. For example, any freezing-point cell can be operated, often advantageously, as a melting-po...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the essential features of fixed-point cells and auxiliary apparatus, and the techniques required to realize fixed points in the temperature range from 29 °C to 1085 °C.3  
1.2 Design and construction requirements of fixed-point cells are not addressed in this guide. Typical examples are given in Figs. 1 and 2.
FIG. 1 Examples of Fixed-Point Cells  
FIG. 2 Example of Fixed-Point Furnace  
Note 1: This example shows an insulated furnace body and two alternative types of furnace cores. The core on the left is a three-zone shielded type. The core on the right employs a heat pipe to reduce temperature gradients.  
1.3 This guide is intended to describe good practice and establish uniform procedures for the realization of fixed points.  
1.4 This guide emphasizes principles. The emphasis on principles is intended to aid the user in evaluating cells, in improving technique for using cells, and in establishing procedures for specific applications.  
1.5 For the purposes of this guide, the use of fixed-point cells for the accurate calibration of thermometers is restricted to immersion-type thermometers that, when inserted into the reentrant well of the cell, (1) indicate the temperature only of the isothermal region of the well, and (2) do not significantly alter the temperature of the isothermal region of the well by heat transfer.  
1.6 This guide does not address all of the details of thermometer calibration.  
1.7 This guide is intended to complement special operating instructions supplied by manufacturers of fixed-point apparatus.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 The following hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this guide. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of th...

  • Guide
    12 pages
    English language
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  • Guide
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off