ASTM D7115-10(2015)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) Internal Angle of Gyration Using Simulated Loading
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) Internal Angle of Gyration Using Simulated Loading
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 SGCs are used to produce hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens in the laboratory to assess volumetric properties and predict pavement performance. In the fabrication of an SGC specimen in accordance with Test Method D6925, loose HMA is placed inside a metal mold, which is then placed into an SGC. A constant consolidation pressure is applied to the sample while the mold gyrates at a nominally constant angle (referred to as the angle of gyration) and rate. Consistency in the density of the asphalt specimens produced as measured by Test Methods D2726 or D6752 is very important to the validity of the tests performed. Specimens of a consistent density are produced when an SGC maintains a constant pressure and a known constant angle of gyration during the compaction process.
5.2 There are several manufacturers and models of SGC. Each model employs a unique method of setting, inducing, and maintaining the angle of gyration. Each model also employs a unique calibration system to measure the external angle of gyration. These existing calibration systems can not be used universally on all of the different SGC models commercially available. Inconsistencies in asphalt specimens produced on different SGC models have been at least partially attributed to variations in the angle of gyration.
5.3 This method describes instruments and processes that can be used to independently measure the internal angle of gyration of any manufacturers’ SGC model under simulated loading conditions. The external shape of the instrument chassis assures that the points of physical contact between the mold end plates and the instrument occur at a fixed and known distance away from the axis of gyration. As a result, the vertical load is applied at these fixed points, creating tilting moments at each end of the mold.
5.4 Unless otherwise specified, a tilting moment of 466.5 N-m shall be applied to the SGC by the instrument while making this measurement.
Note 1: The quality of the results produce...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the measurement of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) internal angle of gyration using an instrument capable of simulating loading conditions similar to those created by a hot mix asphalt specimen.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 IEEE/ASTM SI 10, American National Standard for the Use of International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, offers guidance where use of decimal degrees for plane angles (versus radians) and revolutions per minute for rate of gyration (versus radians per second) is acceptable within the IEEE/ASTM SI 10 system when used on a minimal basis.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7115 − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC)
Internal Angle of Gyration Using Simulated Loading
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7115; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the measure- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ment of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) internal C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
angle of gyration using an instrument capable of simulating for Test Methods for Construction Materials
D2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density
loading conditions similar to those created by a hot mix asphalt
specimen. of Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density
standard.
of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Automatic
1.2.1 IEEE/ASTM SI 10, American National Standard for
Vacuum Sealing Method
the Use of International System of Units (SI): The Modern
D6925 Test Method for Preparation and Determination of
Metric System, offers guidance where use of decimal degrees
the Relative Density ofAsphalt Mix Specimens by Means
forplaneangles(versusradians)andrevolutionsperminutefor
of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
rate of gyration (versus radians per second) is acceptable
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
within the IEEE/ASTM SI 10 system when used on a minimal
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
basis.
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for the Use
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and
of International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and
System
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
3. Terminology
considered as requirements of the standard
3.1 Definitions:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 external angle—the angle formed between the exter-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nal mold diameter and a stationary reference axis of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
machine frame.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2 internal angle—the angle formed between the internal
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
mold diameter and a mold end plate as a mold is gyrated in an
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
SGC.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.3 top internal angle—the angle formed between the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
internal mold diameter and the upper mold end plate as a mold
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
is gyrated in an SGC.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.4 bottom internal angle—the angle formed between the
internal mold diameter and the lower mold end plate as a mold
is gyrated in an SGC.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.20 on
Mechanical Tests of Asphalt Mixtures. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published February 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7115 – 10. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7115-10R15.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7115 − 10 (2015)
3.1.5 effective internal angle—the average of the top inter- gyration. These existing calibration systems can not be used
nal angle and the bottom internal angle. universally on all of the different SGC models commercially
available. Inconsistencies in asphalt specimens produced on
3.1.6 tilting moment—a force (F) acting at one end of an
different SGC models have been at least partially attributed to
SGC mold platen in a direction parallel to the axis of gyration,
variations in the angle of gyration.
but acting at some distance (e) away from that axis. The tilting
moment at one end of the mold platen is computed as the
5.3 This method describes instruments and processes that
product of this distance (e) and force (F).
can be used to independently measure the internal angle of
gyration of any manufacturers’ SGC model under simulated
3.1.7 total moment—the sum total (M) of the tilting moment
loading conditions. The external shape of the instrument
acting at the top of the mold and the tilting moment acting at
chassis assures that the points of physical contact between the
the bottom of the mold.
mold end plates and the instrument occur at a fixed and known
3.1.8 eccentricity—the distance (e) away from the axis of
distanceawayfromtheaxisofgyration.Asaresult,thevertical
gyration at which a force (F) is acting at one end of an SGC
load is applied at these fixed points, creating tilting moments at
mold. This use of the term eccentricity is consistent with
each end of the mold.
previous published reports describing the mechanics of gyra-
tory compaction.
5.4 Unless otherwise specified, a tilting moment of 466.5
N-m shall be applied to the SGC by the instrument while
3.1.9 standard SGC volumetric specimen—a standard sized
making this measurement.
hot mix asphalt specimen prepared using an SGC for purposes
of volumetric mix design. Such a standard specimen, prepared
NOTE 1—The quality of the results produced by this test method are
in accordance with Test Method D6925, has a diameter of 150
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure
mm and a final compacted height of 115 6 5 mm.
and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used.
Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3666 are generally considered
capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users
4. Summary of Test Method
of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3666
4.1 The internal angle of gyration of an SGC is measured
alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend
dynamically with an instrument inserted into the SGC mold. on many factors; following the suggestions of Practice D3666 or some
similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and control-
4.2 A load (moment) is induced on the SGC while the
ling some of those factors.
internal angle is simultaneously measured. The simulated
NOTE 2—A 466.5 N-m tilting moment corresponds to a 22 mm
loading conditions are similar to those created by compaction
eccentric on the AFLS1 or a 21 deg cone angle on the DAVII-HMS with
an applied load of 10603 N (600 kPa at a 150 mm diameter specimen
of a standard SGC volumetric specimen.
setting).
4.3 The internal angles at each end of the mold are mea-
suredandthenaveragedtoobtaintheeffectiveinternalangleof
6. Interferences
gyration.
6.1 DebrisontheSGCmold,baseplates,ramhead,reaction
surfaces, or instrument can cause errant measurement results.
5. Significance and Use
Extreme care should be taken to thoroughly clean the SGC,
5.1 SGCs are used to produce hot-mix asphalt (HMA)
mold, instrument, and any work areas that will be utilized
specimens in the laboratory to assess volumetric properties and
during the measurement procedure.
predict pavement performance. In the fabrication of an SGC
specimen in accordance with Test Method D6925, loose HMA 6.2 Scarring or irregular surfaces on mold walls and end
is placed inside a metal mold, which is then placed into an plates is also known to cause incorrect results. Do not use any
SGC. A constant consolidation pressure is applied to the equipment that shows signs of damage. The precision required
sample while the mold gyrates at a nominally constant angle in the execution of this test method necessitates that extreme
(referred to as the angle of gyration) and rate. Consistency in caremustbetakentoavoiderrorsfromdamagedorimproperly
the density of the asphalt specimens produced as measured by maintained equipment.
Test Methods D2726 or D6752 is very important to the validity
of the tests performed. Specimens of a consistent density are
7. Apparatus
produced when an SGC maintains a constant pressure and a
7.1 An instrument capable of being gyrated inside an SGC
known constant angle of gyration during the compaction
mold which induces tilting moments at each end of the SGC
process.
mold while simultaneously measuring an internal angle of
5.2 There are several manufacturers and models of SGC.
gyration.
Each model employs a unique method of setting, inducing, and
7.1.1 Data Acquisition—The timing of the data acquisition
maintaining the angle of gyration. Each model also employs a
system may be automatically triggered by the start of the
unique calibration system to measure the external angle of
gyration process. Provision for excluding a known number of
initial gyrations from the angle measurement may be provided
(initial delay period), and the angle shall be measured through-
Guler, M., Bahia, H. U., Bosscher, P. J., and Plesha, M. E., “Device for
out a known number of subsequent gyrations (data acquisition
Measuring Shear Resistance of Hot Mix Asphalt in Gyratory Compactor,” Trans-
period). The durations of the initial delay and the data
portation Research Record 1723,TRB, NationalAcademy of Sciences,Washington,
DC, 2000, pp. 116–124. acquisition periods may be programmable or fixed.
D7115 − 10 (2015)
changes with mold temperature.
7.1.2 Display Options—The angle measurement result(s)
NOTE 6—These instruments typically have an operating temperature
may be viewable on a display built into the instrument chassis
range of 20 to 40°C. After use in a hot mold, the angle measurement
or retrievable from the instrument by means of a communica-
instrument can be cooled by using a fan to blow ambient air over the
tions port, or both.
instrument or by placing it in front of an air conditioner. Elevating the
7.1.3 Temperature Measurement—The instrument may op-
instrument above the table surface so as to permit m
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7115 − 10 D7115 − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC)
Internal Angle of Gyration Using Simulated Loading
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7115; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the measurement of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) internal angle of
gyration using an instrument capable of simulating loading conditions similar to those created by a hot mix asphalt specimen.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 IEEE/ASTM SI 10, American National Standard for the Use of International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
System, offers guidance where use of decimal degrees for plane angles (versus radians) and revolutions per minute for rate of
gyration (versus radians per second) is acceptable within the IEEE/ASTM SI 10 system when used on a minimal basis.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
D2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
D6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Automatic Vacuum
Sealing Method
D6925 Test Method for Preparation and Determination of the Relative Density of Asphalt Mix Specimens by Means of the
Superpave Gyratory Compactor
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for the Use of International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 external angle—the angle formed between the external mold diameter and a stationary reference axis of the machine
frame.
3.1.2 internal angle—the angle formed between the internal mold diameter and a mold end plate as a mold is gyrated in an SGC.
3.1.3 top internal angle—the angle formed between the internal mold diameter and the upper mold end plate as a mold is
gyrated in an SGC.
3.1.4 bottom internal angle—the angle formed between the internal mold diameter and the lower mold end plate as a mold is
gyrated in an SGC.
3.1.5 effective internal angle—the average of the top internal angle and the bottom internal angle.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.20 on Mechanical
Tests of BituminousAsphalt Mixtures.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010Dec. 1, 2015. Published June 2010February 2016. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20082010 as
D7115 – 08.D7115 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/D7115-10.10.1520/D7115-10R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7115 − 10 (2015)
3.1.6 tilting moment—a force (F) acting at one end of an SGC mold platen in a direction parallel to the axis of gyration, but
acting at some distance (e) away from that axis. The tilting moment at one end of the mold platen is computed as the product of
this distance (e) and force (F).
3.1.7 total moment—the sum total (M) of the tilting moment acting at the top of the mold and the tilting moment acting at the
bottom of the mold.
3.1.8 eccentricity—the distance (e) away from the axis of gyration at which a force (F) is acting at one end of an SGC mold.
This use of the term eccentricity is consistent with previous published reports describing the mechanics of gyratory compaction.
3.1.9 standard SGC volumetric specimen—a standard sized hot mix asphalt specimen prepared using an SGC for purposes of
volumetric mix design. Such a standard specimen, prepared in accordance with Test Method D6925, has a diameter of 150 mm
and a final compacted height of 115 6 5 mm.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The internal angle of gyration of an SGC is measured dynamically with an instrument inserted into the SGC mold.
4.2 A load (moment) is induced on the SGC while the internal angle is simultaneously measured. The simulated loading
conditions are similar to those created by compaction of a standard SGC volumetric specimen.
4.3 The internal angles at each end of the mold are measured and then averaged to obtain the effective internal angle of gyration.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 SGCs are used to produce hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens in the laboratory to assess volumetric properties and predict
pavement performance. In the fabrication of an SGC specimen in accordance with Test Method D6925, loose HMA is placed inside
a metal mold, which is then placed into an SGC. A constant consolidation pressure is applied to the sample while the mold gyrates
at a nominally constant angle (referred to as the angle of gyration) and rate. Consistency in the density of the asphalt specimens
produced as measured by Test Methods D2726 or D6752 is very important to the validity of the tests performed. Specimens of
a consistent density are produced when an SGC maintains a constant pressure and a known constant angle of gyration during the
compaction process.
5.2 There are several manufacturers and models of SGC. Each model employs a unique method of setting, inducing, and
maintaining the angle of gyration. Each model also employs a unique calibration system to measure the external angle of gyration.
These existing calibration systems can not be used universally on all of the different SGC models commercially available.
Inconsistencies in asphalt specimens produced on different SGC models have been at least partially attributed to variations in the
angle of gyration.
5.3 This method describes instruments and processes that can be used to independently measure the internal angle of gyration
of any manufacturers’ SGC model under simulated loading conditions. The external shape of the instrument chassis assures that
the points of physical contact between the mold end plates and the instrument occur at a fixed and known distance away from the
axis of gyration. As a result, the vertical load is applied at these fixed points, creating tilting moments at each end of the mold.
5.4 Unless otherwise specified, a tilting moment of 466.5 N-m shall be applied to the SGC by the instrument while making this
measurement.
NOTE 1—The quality of the results produced by this test method are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the
capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3666 are generally considered capable of
competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3666 alone does not
completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Practice D3666 or some similar acceptable
guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
NOTE 2—A 466.5 N-m tilting moment corresponds to a 22 mm eccentric on the AFLS1 or a 21 deg cone angle on the DAVII-HMS with an applied
load of 10603 N (600 kPa at a 150 mm diameter specimen setting).
6. Interferences
6.1 Debris on the SGC mold, base plates, ram head, reaction surfaces, or instrument can cause errant measurement results.
Extreme care should be taken to thoroughly clean the SGC, mold, instrument, and any work areas that will be utilized during the
measurement procedure.
6.2 Scarring or irregular surfaces on mold walls and end plates is also known to cause incorrect results. Do not use any
equipment that shows signs of damage. The precision required in the execution of this test method necessitates that extreme care
must be taken to avoid errors from damaged or improperly maintained equipment.
Guler, M., Bahia, H. U., Bosscher, P. J., and Plesha, M. E., “Device for Measuring Shear Resistance of Hot Mix Asphalt in Gyratory Compactor,” Transportation Research
Record 1723, TRB, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2000, pp. 116–124.
D7115 − 10 (2015)
7. Apparatus
7.1 An instrument capable of being gyrated inside an SGC mold which induces tilting moments at each end of the SGC mold
while simultaneously measuring an internal angle of gyration.
7.1.1 Data Acquisition—The timing of the data acquisition system may be automatically triggered by the start of the gyration
process. Provision for excluding a known number of initial gyrations from the angle measurement may be provided (initial delay
period), and the angle shall be measured throughout a known number of subsequent gyrations (data acquisition period). The
durations of the initial delay and the data acquisition periods may be programmable or fixed.
7.1.2 Display Options—The angle measurement result(s) may be viewable on a display built into the instrument chassis or
retrievable from the instrument by means of a communications port, or both.
7.1.3 Temperature Measurement—The instrument may optionally have a means for displaying, recording, or otherwise
indicating its internal temperature during the angle measurement process.
7.1.4 Static Angle Gage—A National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-traceable angle gage device with one or
more known angles used to calibrate and to verify the calibration of the angle measurement instrum
...
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