ASTM D2924-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for External Pressure Resistance of "Fiberglass" (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
Standard Test Method for External Pressure Resistance of "Fiberglass" (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced plastic mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.
Note 1—For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only. Note 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of he safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 2924 – 99 An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
External Pressure Resistance of “Fiberglass”
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ments for gradation shall not apply.
3.2.2 buckling failure pressure— the external gage pressure
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance
at which buckling occurs. Buckling is characterized by a sharp
of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as
discontinuity in the pressure-volume change graph and subse-
buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-
quent fracture in the test specimen appearing as an axially
reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-
oriented crack. Buckling is an elastic instability type of failure
reinforced plastic mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.
and is normally associated with thin-wall pipe.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.2.3 compressive failure pressure—the maximum external
as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for informa-
gage pressure that the specimen will resist without transmis-
tion only.
sion of the testing fluid through the wall. Compressive failure
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
pressure will not be associated with a sharp discontinuity in the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the pressure-volume change graph nor lead to a fracture appearing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the as a sharp axially oriented crack. It will appear as a fracture
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- which is the result of reaching the compressive strength limits
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- of the material and is normally associated with thick-wall pipe.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Failure is usually identified by a sudden drop in pressure.
3.2.4 fiberglass pipe, n—a tubular product containing glass
2. Referenced Documents
fiber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by cured
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thermosetting resin; the composite structure may contain
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates aggregate, granular, or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents, pig-
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical
ments, or dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners or coat-
Insulating Materials for Testing ings may be included.
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
3.2.5 leaking pressure—the external gage pressure at which
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to the test fluid is transmitted through the pipe wall. It is
Plastics
characterized in this test by continuous volume change indica-
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems tions with no pressure increase.
3.2.6 reinforced plastic mortar pipe (RPMP), n—a fiber-
3. Terminology
glass pipe with aggregate.
3.1 Definitions:
3.2.7 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), n—a
3.1.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology D 883
fiberglass pipe without aggregate.
or F 412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology
4. Summary of Test Method
D 1600, unless otherwise indicated.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
4.1 This test method consists of loading a specimen to
3.2.1 aggregate, n—a siliceous sand conforming to the failure in a short time interval by means of continuously
requirements of Specification C 33, except that the require-
increasing external fluid pressure at a controlled constant
temperature. Fluid is also maintained inside the pipe, and
changes in the inside volume are monitored with a bleed hole
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on
and fluid level tube. On Cartesian coordinates, pressure versus
Plastics, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced
change in volume is plotted and the failure pressure selected as
Plastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.
indicated by the graph. Scaling constants are presented for
Current edition approved March 10, 1999. Published June 1999. Originally
published as D 2924 – 70. Last previous edition D 2924 – 93.
extending the results to other diameters.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
D 2924
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable
only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures
used.
5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter,
this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures
of other diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if
used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforce-
ment pattern (if reinforcement is used) are the same.
NOTE 2—Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling
constant is calculated according to 11.1 or 11.2. The appropriate constant
is used to calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can
only be applied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall
thickness to diameter ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is
constant.
5.3 In the application of the following test requirements and
recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the
specimens tested are truly representative of the group being
studied.
6. Apparatus (see Figs. 1 and 2)
6.1 Test Chamber—An external chamber capable of with-
standing pressures to be encountered. It may be either the type
that applies both hoop and axial loads as shown in Fig. 1 or the
type that applies hoop load only as shown in Fig. 2. In either
event, the report shall state which type loading was used for
test.
FIG. 2 Apparatus Showing Specimen Loading with Hoop Load
Only
6.2 Volume or Weight Change Indicator—The specimen
shall be instrumented to measure changes in volume or weight.
One of the following two devices shall be used.
6.2.1 Transparent Tube—connected to the test specimen so
that the volume changes of the specimen result in changes in
the level of fluid in the tube. A scale shall be affixed to the tube
so variations in fluid level can be recorded. Absolute measure-
ment of volume change is not required.
6.2.2 Scale—A balance accurate to within 60.1 g.
6.3 Pressurizing System—A device capable of exerting
external fluid pressure to the specimen at a specified constant
rate. A Bourdon-tube pressure gage or recording gage with an
accuracy of6 1 % of full scale should be used, and the
anticipated failure pressure should be in the middle two thirds
of the gage range. Care should be exercised so the gage is
placed where it will give a true reading of the external pressure
on the test specimen.
6.4 Test Fluid—Water or hydraulic oil.
6.5 Timer—Any time-measuring device that can measure
the duration of test with accuracy of 1 s.
6.6 Temperature Regulator—When temperatures other than
ambient are being studied, a temperature-regulating system
will be employed that will maintain the temperature of the
testing fluid and specimen at a specified amount 62°C.
7. Test Specimens
FIG. 1 Apparatus Showing Specimen Loading with Both Hoop
and Axial Loads 7.1 Number of Specimens—A minimum of five specimens
D 2924
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