D20.23 - Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information, requirements and recommendations for design professionals, fabricators, installers and end-users of FRP chimney liners. FRP is a cost-effective and appropriate material of construction for liners operating at moderate temperatures in a corrosive chemical environment.  
4.2 This guide provides uniformity and consistency to the design, fabrication, and erection of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) liners for concrete chimneys with coal-fired units. Other fossil fuels will require a thorough review of the operating and service conditions and the impact on material selection.  
4.3 This guide is limited specifically to FRP liners within a supporting concrete shell and is not applicable to other FRP cylindrical structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user concerning available techniques and methods for design, material selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory testing, quality control and assurance.  
1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for the industry.  
1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the proper design of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative to thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment, each liner must be designed and detailed individually.  
1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements, composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are offered.  
1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed, procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed.  
1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.  
1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the proper authority and responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps required to implement the quality-assurance program.  
1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development subjects to further support recommendations of this guide.  
1.9 Disclaimer—The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when data or recommendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information is suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. The design of structures is within the scope of expertise of a licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed professional for the application of principles to a particular structure.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Section    
Introduction and Background  
Scope and Objective  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
ACI Standard  
2.2  
NFPA Standard  
2.3  
ASME Standards  
2.4    
Terminology  
3  
ASTM Standard General Definitions  
3.1  
Applicable Definitions  
3.2  
Descriptions of Terms Specific to This ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures used.  
5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter, this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures of other diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforcement pattern (if reinforcement is used) are the same.  
Note 3: Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling constant is calculated according to 10.1 or 10.2. The appropriate constant is used to calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can only be applied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall thickness to diameter ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is constant.  
5.3 In the application of the following test requirements and recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the specimens tested are truly representative of the group being studied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification focuses on the requirements and methods of testing for materials, dimensions and tolerances, hydrostatic-burst strength, chemical resistance, and longitudinal tensile properties, for reinforced epoxy resin pipes and fittings for use in gas mains and services for direct burial and insertion applications. Pipes and fittings covered here are intended for use in the distribution of natural gas, petroleum fuels (propane-air and propane-butane vapor mixtures), and manufactured and mixed gases, where resistance to gas permeation, toughness, resistance to corrosion, aging, and deterioration from water, gas, and gas additives are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements and methods of test for materials, dimensions and tolerances, hydrostatic-burst strength, chemical resistance, and longitudinal tensile properties, for reinforced epoxy resin pipe and fittings for use in gas mains and services for direct burial and insertion applications. The pipe and fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in the distribution of natural gas, petroleum fuels (propane–air and propane–butane vapor mixtures), manufactured and mixed gases where resistance to gas permeation, toughness, resistance to corrosion, aging, and deterioration from water, gas, and gas additives are required. Methods of marking are also given. Design considerations are discussed in Appendix X1.  
1.2 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 A recommended inplant quality control program is given in Appendix X2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced plastic pipe and fitting system made from epoxy resin and glass-fiber reinforcement, together with adhesive for joint assembly, intended for services in aviation jet turbine fuel lines installed below ground. The fiberglass pipe shall be round and straight, and the pipe and fittings shall be of uniform density, resin content, and surface finish. Tests shall be conducted on the specimen to determine compliance with the following performance requirements: joint strength; hydrostatic strength; impact resistance; boil resistance; external load resistance; and degradation resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a reinforced plastic pipe and fittings system made from epoxy resin and glass-fiber reinforcement, together with adhesive for joint assembly, intended for service up to 150°F (65.6°C) and 150-psig (1034-kPa) operating pressure and surges up to 275 psig (1896 kPa) in aviation jet turbine fuel lines installed below ground.  
1.2 The dimensionless designator NPS has been substituted in this specification for such traditional terms as nominal diameter, size, and nominal size.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers machine-made reinforced thermosetting resin pressure pipe (RTRP) manufactured by the filament winding process. This specification does not include reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP), which is another type of fiberglass pipe. The pipes are generally classified by type, grade, class, and hydrostatic design. In addition, a secondary cell classification system defines the basic mechanical properties of the pipe. The resins, reinforcements, colorants, fillers, and other materials, when combined as a composite structure, shall produce a pipe that shall meet the performance requirements of this specification. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to the specified values of dimensions and tolerances, long-term static hydrostatic strength, long-term cyclic hydrostatic strength, short-term hydrostatic failure strength, longitudinal tensile properties, and stiffness factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers machine-made reinforced thermosetting resin pressure pipe (RTRP) manufactured by the filament winding process up to 60 in. nominal size. Included are a classification system and requirements for materials, mechanical properties, dimensions, performance, methods of test, and marking.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The term “fiberglass pipe” as described in Section 3 of this specification applies to both reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP). This specification covers only reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP).
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 3: This specification is applicable to RTRP where the ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness is 10:1 or more.
Note 4: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pipe and fittings fabricated by contact molding, for pressures to 150 psi and made of a commercial-grade polyester resin. Included are requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.  
1.2 This specification does not cover resins other than polyester, reinforcing materials other than glass fibers or fabrication methods other than contact molding.
Note 1: For the purposes of this specification, the term polyester resin will include both polyester and vinylester resins.  
1.3 This specification does not cover the design of pipe and fittings intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to Section 10, the test methods portion, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines the long-term ring-bending strain of pipe when deflected under constant load and immersed in a chemical environment. It has been found that effects of chemical environments can be accelerated by strain induced by deflection. This information is useful and necessary for the design and application of buried fiberglass pipe.  
Note 3: Pipe of the same diameter but of different wall thicknesses will develop different strains with the same deflection. Also, pipes having the same wall thickness but different constructions making up the wall may develop different strains with the same deflection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the long-term ring-bending strain (Sb) of “fiberglass” pipe. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are “fiberglass” pipes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 9.5.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates the effect of a chemical environment on pipe when in a deflected condition. It has been found that effects of chemical environments can be accelerated by strain induced by deflection. This information is useful and necessary for the design and application of buried fiberglass pipe.  
Note 4: Pipe of the same diameter but of different wall thicknesses will develop different strains with the same deflection. Also, pipes having the same wall thickness but different constructions making up the wall may develop different strains with the same deflection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the chemical-resistant properties of fiberglass pipe in a deflected condition for diameters 4 in. (102 mm) and larger. Both glass–fiber–reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) and glass–fiber–reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.  
Note 1: For the purposes for this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 Inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 9.5.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for materials, workmanship, performance, and dimensions of circular contact-molded "fiberglass" (glass fiber reinforced thermosetting resin) flanges for use in pipe systems and tank nozzles. This specification does not address flange design or gasket selection. Flanges may be produced as integral flanges (Type A) or flange-on-pipe (Type B). They may be made of either epoxy resin (Grade 1), polyester resin (Grade 2), phenolic resin (Grade 3), vinylester resin (Grade 4), or furan resin (Grade 5). Flanges are also grouped into classes according to pressure and thrust capability as Class I (hoop and axial pressure) and Class II (hoop pressure only). Specimens shall undergo tests for which performance requirements must be met for sealing, short-term rupture strength, and maximum bolt torque.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers circular contact-molded fiberglass reinforced-thermosetting-resin flanges for use in pipe systems and tank nozzles. Included are requirements for materials, workmanship, performance, and dimensions.  
1.2 Flanges (see Fig. 1) may be produced as integral flanges, Type A, or flange-on-pipe, Type B.
FIG. 1 Flange Types  
1.3 This specification is based on flange performance and does not cover design.  
1.4 These flanges are designed for use with pipe and tanks that are manufactured to Specifications D2996, D2997, D3262, D3299, D3517, D3754, and D4097.  
1.5 Selection of gaskets is not covered in this specification, refer to the manufacturer's recommendation.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers composition, thickness, fabricating procedures, and physical property requirements for glass fiber reinforced thermoset polyester, vinyl ester, or other qualified thermosetting resin laminates comprising the materials of construction for RTP corrosion-resistant tanks, piping, and equipment. This specification is limited to fabrication by contact molding. Laminates shall be classified according to type, class, and grade: Types I and II; Classes P and V. Tensile strength and tangent modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, glass content, thickness, hardness, chemical resistance, and surface flame-spread classification tests shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers composition, thickness, fabricating procedures, and physical property requirements for glass fiber reinforced thermoset polyester, vinyl ester, or other qualified thermosetting resin laminates comprising the materials of construction for RTP corrosion-resistant tanks, piping, and equipment. This specification is limited to fabrication by contact molding.  
Note 1: The laminates covered by this specification are manufactured during fabrication of contact-molded RTP tanks, piping, and other equipment.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values given in parentheses are conversions from inch-pound units and are for information only.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is useful for establishing the hoop stress or internal pressure versus time-to-failure relationships, under selected internal and external environments which simulate actual anticipated product end-use conditions, from which a design basis for specific piping products and materials can be obtained. This practice defines an HDB for material in straight, hollow cylindrical shapes where hoop stress can be easily calculated, and a PDB for fittings and joints where stresses are more complex.  
5.1.1 An alternative design practice based on initial strain versus time-to-failure relationships employs a strain basis HDB instead of the stress basis HDB defined by this practice. The strain basis HDB is most often used for buried pipe designs with internal pressures ranging from 0 to 250 psig (1.72 MPa).  
5.2 To characterize fiberglass piping products, it is necessary to establish the stress versus cycles or time to failure, or pressure versus cycles or time to failure relationships over three or more logarithmic decades of time (cycles or hours) within controlled environmental parameters. Because of the nature of the test and specimens employed, no single line can adequately represent the data. Therefore, the confidence limits shall be established.  
5.3 Pressure ratings for piping of various dimensions at each temperature may be calculated using the HDS determined by testing one size of piping provided that the same specific process and material are used both for test specimens and the piping in question.  
5.4 Pressure ratings at each temperature for components other than straight hollow shapes may be calculated using the HDP determined by testing one size of piping provided that (1) the specific materials and manufacturing process used for the test specimens are used for the components, (2) for joints, the joining materials and procedures used to prepare the test specimens are used for field joining, and (3) scaling of critical dimensions is related ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes two procedures, Procedure A (cyclic) and Procedure B (static), for obtaining a hydrostatic design basis (HDB) or a pressure design basis (PDB) for fiberglass piping products, by evaluating strength-regression data derived from testing pipe or fittings, or both, of the same materials and construction, either separately or in assemblies. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipe.
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 This practice can be used for the HDB determination for fiberglass pipe where the ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness is 10:1 or more.  
Note 2: This limitation, based on thin-wall pipe design theory, serves further to limit the application of this practice to internal pressures which, by the hoop-stress equation, are approximately 20 % of the derived hydrostatic design stress (HDS). For example, if HDS is 5000 psi (34 500 kPa), the pipe is limited to about 1000-psig (6900-kPa) internal pressure, regardless of diameter.
Note 3: Where long (continuous) glass fibers are intentionally placed to resist the planned pressure load case (that is, free end pressure testing and 654.7° fiberglass windings) the results from this practice may be overly conservative in predicting long term fiberglass pipe performance when the same pipe is operated at lower (non-damaging) stresses typical in normal pipeline applications.
Note 4: All data points in the analysis shall be of the same failure mode. Where plastic creep of the resin leading to pipe failure is precluded by unintended resin matrix cracking or other unanticipated modes of failure, this practice may not accurately represent the pipe’s life expectancy.  
1.3 This practice provides a PDB for complex-shaped products or systems where complex stress fields seriously inhibit the use of h...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the testing and requirements fof polymer concrete pipes of specified lengths, intended for use in gravity-flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and industrial wastes. Although this specification is suited primarily for pipes to be installed by direct burial and pipe jacking, it may be used to the extent applicable for other installations such as slip-lining and rehabilitation of existing pipelines. Materials shall be appropriately sampled for purposes of testing their conformance to such requirements as: workmanship; dimension (diameter, length, thickness, straightness, roundness, and squareness of ends); three-edge bearing; hydrostatic pressure; compressive strength; chemical resistance; and joint tightness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polymer concrete pipe, 6 in. (150 mm) through 144 in. (3 660 mm), intended for use in gravity-flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and industrial wastes.  
1.2 Although this specification is suited primarily for pipe to be installed by direct burial and pipe jacking, it may be used to the extent applicable for other installations such as sliplining and rehabilitation of existing pipelines.
Note 1: Unlike reinforced thermosetting resin pipes, polymer concrete pipe is designed and installed using rigid pipe design theory and practices.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the testing and performance requirements of machine made "fiberglass" (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin) flanges, other than those that are contact-molded. Flanges may be produced integrally with a pipe or fitting, may be produced with a socket for adhesive bonding to a pipe or fitting, or may be of the type used in conjunction with either a metallic or nonmetallic backup ring. Flanges are defined by type (method of manufacture), grade (generic type of resin), class (configuration of joining system), and pressure rating. Flanges are also given numerical classifications relating to rupture pressure, sealing test pressure, and bolt torque limit. Included are requirements for materials, workmanship, performance, and dimensions.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced-thermosetting resin flanges other than contact-molded flanges. Included are requirements for materials, workmanship, performance, and dimensions.  
1.2 Flanges may be produced integrally with a pipe or fitting, may be produced with a socket for adhesive bonding to a pipe or fitting, or may be of the type used in conjunction with either a metallic or nonmetallic backup ring.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only. In cases where materials, products, or equipment are available only in SI units, inch-pound units are omitted.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Contact molded flanges are covered in Specification D5421 and referenced in Specification D5685.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides for determining the physical dimensions of fiberglass pipe and fittings. This practice is suitable for determination of dimensional compliance with product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of outside diameter, inside diameter, total wall thickness, reinforced wall thickness, liner thickness (where applicable), and length dimensions of “fiberglass” (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin) pipe. Included are procedures for measuring tapered dimensions and taper angles for pipe intended to be joined by tapered socket fittings, and procedures for gaging internal and external threads.  
1.2 This practice also includes procedures for determining dimensions for fiberglass pipe fittings.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the minimum requirements for construction of fiber-reinforced thermoset plastic fans (both centrifugal and axial) and blowers, and provides for a common basis for determining safe operating speeds. The fan housing shall be of laminate construction consisting of a resin-rich inner surface layer reinforced with a chemical-resistant glass-fiber or organic-fiber surface mat and an interior layer made of resin reinforced only with noncontinuous glass-fiber strands. Fan wheels shall be manufactured from a corrosion-resistant material as well, with visible defects limited only to the requirements specified. Further rendering the fan wheel and housing electrostatically conductive shall result in a spark-resistant fan. Tests for balance, fan aerodynamic rating, and safe operating speed shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers centrifugal and axial fans and blowers with airstream components fabricated of fiber-reinforced thermoset plastics (FRP) for corrosion resistance. It is acceptable for internal structures to include encapsulated metal fastening devices, hubs, and shafts.  
1.2 Reinforcing materials other than fibrous glass are acceptable for use in the fabrication, provided the fans and blowers produced meet all the requirements of this specification.  
1.3 The term “fans” as used in this specification includes fans and blowers, both centrifugal and axial.  
1.4 The purpose of this specification is to provide purchasers, system designers, specifiers, and suppliers of FRP fans with minimum standards for fan construction and a common basis for determining safe operating speeds.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2: Appendix X2 contains a list of documents potentially of interest to designers of fan systems.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers machine-made glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pressure pipe manufactured by the centrifugal casting process. Pipe covered by this specification has been found suitable for conveying gases, petroleum products, or corrosive fluids. For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers. Pipe meeting this specification shall be categorized by the prescribed long-term static or cyclic hydrostatic design basis when tested. Additionally, the pipe shall meet the applicable cell limit requirements for short-term rupture strength, longitudinal tensile strength, tensile modulus, and pipe stiffness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers machine-made glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pressure pipe manufactured by the centrifugal casting process. Included are a classification system and requirements for materials, mechanical properties, dimensions, performance, test methods, and marking.  
Note 1: The term “fiberglass pipe” as described in Section 3 applies to both reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP).  
Note 2: Pipe covered by this specification has been found suitable for conveying gases, petroleum products, or corrosive fluids.
Note 3: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 4: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures used.  
5.2 After the regression characteristics of a pipe material and manufacturing process have been determined by this test method, one pressure may be used for quality-control purposes. This pressure shall be one of the points used in the original determination and be agreed upon between the individuals concerned.  
5.3 This test method deals with cyclic internal pressure performance of a pipe and omits creep and nonrecoverable deformation measurements.  
5.4 For determination of the cyclic hydrostatic design basis using data from this test method see Practice D2992.  
5.5 In the application of the following test requirements and recommendations it is assumed that test specimens of a given sample of pipe are truly representative of that material and manufacturing process. In tests conducted to show the effect of temperature and pressures on the life span of the pipe, great care must be taken to ensure that the specimens being tested are representative of the group being studied. Departure from this assumption could introduce discrepancies that are greater than those introduced by departure from the details of the procedure outlined in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the failure characteristics of reinforced plastic pipe when subjected to cyclic internal hydraulic pressure. It is limited to pipe in which the ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness is 10:1 or more.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material and design requirements, and fabrication of ducts and hoods made of "fiberglass" (glass fiber reinforced thermosetting resin) consisting of a polyester, vinyl ester, or other qualified resin-matrix systems with fiber reinforcement manufactured by contact molding, intended for use in handling corrosive fumes and process gases. Special attention is given to equipment that operates at specified temperatures with regard to strength and corrosion resistance. This specification does not address the selection of resins and reinforcements for specific chemical environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ducts fabricated by contact molding intended for use in handling corrosive fumes and process gases. Special attention is given to equipment that operates at temperatures over 180°F (82.2°C) with regard to strength and corrosion resistance.  
1.2 The material of construction shall be “fiberglass” consisting of a polyester, vinyl ester, or other qualified resin-matrix systems with fiber reinforcement in accordance with Specification C582.  
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover selection of resins and reinforcements for specific chemical environments.  
1.4 This specification covers ducts up to a design pressure of ±5 psig (34.5 Pa).  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers glass fiber-reinforced polyester manholes and wetwells for use primarily in sanitary and storm sewer applications. Manhole and wetwell cylinders, manway reducers, and connectors shall be produced from glass fiber-reinforced polyester resin with construction determined by the particular process of manufacture and configuration. The stiffness, soundness, chemical resistance, compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus, and hardness shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers “fiberglass” (glass fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin) manholes and wetwells fabricated with polyester, vinyl ester, or epoxy resin for use primarily in sanitary, storm, and industrial sewer applications.  
1.2 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers machine-made glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin (fiberglass) pipes such as reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP; natural polymers not included) for use in gravity-flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and some industrial wastes. Material covered is of various type (RPMP/RTRP polyester or epoxy), liners (reinforced or non-reinforced thermoset liner, thermoplastic liner, or none), grades (polyester resin surface layer-reinforced or non-reinforced, polyester resin and sand surface layer-non-reinforced, epoxy resin surface layer-reinforced or non-reinforced, or none), and pipe stiffness. The pipe shall be manufactured as a composite structure consisting of resin, reinforcements, colorants, fillers, and other materials, free from all defects such as indentations, delaminations, bubbles, pinholes, cracks, pits, blisters, foreign inclusions, and resin-starved areas that are detrimental to the strength and serviceability of the pipe. The pipe shall also be uniform in color, opacity, density, and other physical properties, with the inside surface of the pipe free of bulges, dents, ridges, and other defects. The pipes shall be joined together using a joining system that will provide for fluid tightness in conformity with the service requirement and with the pipe joint surfaces free of dents, gouges, and other surface irregularities. Compression, tension, and long-term chemical tests as well as tests for dimensions, stiffness, and joint tightness shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers machine-made fiberglass pipe, 8 in. (200 mm) through 156 in. (4000 mm), intended for use in gravity-flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and some industrial wastes. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.  
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 Although this specification is suited primarily for pipes to be installed in buried applications, it is acceptable to apply it to the extent applicable for other installations such as, but not limited to, jacking, tunnel lining and sliplining rehabilitation of existing pipelines.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results obtained by this practice shall serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a thermosetting resin used in an RTP structure. No attempt has been made to incorporate into the practice all the various factors that will potentially affect the serviceability of an RTP structure when subjected to chemical environments. These factors will potentially include stress, different resin-to-glass ratios, and multiple veils.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is designed to evaluate, in an unstressed state, the chemical resistance of thermosetting resins used in the fabrication of reinforced thermosetting plastic (RTP) laminates. This practice provides for the determination of changes in the properties, described as follows, of the test specimens and test reagent after exposure of the specimens to the reagent: hardness of specimens, weight change thickness, appearance of specimens, appearance of immersion media, and flexural strength and modulus.  
1.1.1 This practice is also useful to evaluate other factors, such as surfacing veils and the effect of resin additives, on the chemical resistance of the resin.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tensile properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, elongation beyond yield point, tensile strength, elongation at break, and energy absorption. Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. Stress-strain data at several levels of temperature, humidity, time, or other variables may be needed to furnish reasonably accurate indications of the behavior of the material.  
4.2 Tension tests may provide data for research and development, engineering design, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and for special purposes (Note 3). The tests cannot be considered significant for applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test (Note 4). Such applications require more suitable tests, such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
Note 3: It is realized that the method of preparation of a material is one of the many variables that affect the results obtained in testing a material. Hence, when comparative tests of materials per se are desired, the greatest care must be exercised to ensure that all samples are prepared in exactly the same way; similarly, for referee or comparative tests of any given series of specimens, care must be taken to secure the maximum degree of uniformity in details of preparation, treatment, and handling.
Note 4: Reinforcements of plastics with glass fiber offer wide opportunities for designing and producing products with markedly different responses to loading even when the basic geometry of the product is similar. For example, a tubular product may be designed to give maximum resistance to torsion loading, but such a product might develop a twist or bow if tested in tension or under internal pressure loading. In the case of pipe for general field use, internal pressure, as well as loads in tension, compression, torsion, and flexure must be resisted to some degree. Different pipe producers have chosen, by design, to offer products having different balances of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative longitudinal tensile properties of fiberglass pipe when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, and testing machine speed. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.  
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymer.  
1.2 This test method is generally limited to pipe diameter of 6 in. (150 mm) or smaller. Larger sizes may be tested if required apparatus is available.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers machine-made fiberglass pipe for use in pressure systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and many industrial wastes, and corrosive fluids. Both glass-fiberreinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiberreinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes. This standard is suited primarily for pipes to be installed in buried applications, although it may be used to the extent applicable for other installations such as, but not limited to, jacking, tunnel lining and slip-lining and rehabilitation of existing pipelines. The pipe is intended to operate at certain internal gage pressures. The fiberglass sewer and industrial pressure pipe are defined by raw materials in the structural wall (type) and liner, surface layer material (grade), operating pressure (class), and pipe stiffness. Different tests shall be performed in order to determine the following properties of pipe: inside diameter, outside diameter, length, wall thickness, squareness of pipe ends, chemical resistance, soundness, stiffness, hoop-tensile strength, beam strength, longitudinal tensile strength, and longitudinal compressive strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers machine-made fiberglass pipe, 8 in. (200 mm) through 156 in. (4000 mm), for use in pressure systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and many industrial wastes, and corrosive fluids. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes. This standard is suited primarily for pipes to be installed in buried applications, although it may be used to the extent applicable for other installations such as, but not limited to, jacking, tunnel lining and slip-lining and rehabilitation of existing pipelines. Pipe covered by this specification is intended to operate at internal gage pressures of 450 psi (3103 kPa) or less.
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.    
3  
Grade  
1
Polyester resin surface layer—
reinforcedB  
2
polyesterB resin surface layer—
nonreinforcedB  
3
polyesterB resin and sand surface layer nonreinforced  
4
epoxy resin surface layer—
reinforced  
5
epoxy resin surface layer—
nonreinforced  
6
No surface layer    
4  
ClassC  
C50  
C100  
C150  
C200  
C250  
C300  
C350  
C400  
C450    
5  
Pipe Stiffness
psi (kPa)  
A
9 (62)  
B
18 (124)  
C
36 (248)  
D
72 (496)ABC  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers machine-made fiberglass (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin or glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar) pressure pipe intended for use in water conveyance systems. It is suited primarily for pipes to be installed in buried applications, although it may be used to the extent applicable for other installations such as, but not limited to, jacking, tunnel lining, and slip lining rehabilitation of existing pipelines. The materials shall include the following: structural wall composition which shall consist of thermosetting resin, glass fiber reinforcement, and, if used, aggregate filler; a thermosetting polyester or epoxy resin with or without filler; E-type glass reinforcement; siliceous sand aggregates; liner and surface layers; unrestrained or restrained joints; and elastomeric gaskets. Pipe shall be supplied in the nominal diameters, lengths, wall thickness, squareness of pipe ends, and soundness. Test specimen shall be subjected to longitudinal loads or circumferential bending to test for its long-term hydrostatic design pressure. The pipe shall conform to the stiffness, hoop-tensile strength, joint tightness, beam strength, longitudinal compressive strength, and longitudinal tensile strength requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers machine-made fiberglass pipe, 8 in. (200 mm) through 156 in. (4000 mm), intended for use in water conveyance systems which operate at internal gage pressures of 450 psi (3103 kPa) or less. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes. The standard is suited primarily for pipes to be installed in buried applications, although it may be used to the extent applicable for other installations such as, but not limited to, jacking, tunnel lining and slip-lining rehabilitation of existing pipelines.
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers, manufacturers, installation contractors, regulatory agencies, owners, and inspection organizations involved in the construction of buried fiberglass pipelines. As with any practice, modifications may be required for specific job conditions, or for special local or regional conditions. Recommendations for inclusion of this practice in contract documents for a specific project are given in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes procedures for the burial of pressure and nonpressure “fiberglass” (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin) pipe in many typically encountered soil conditions. Included are recommendations for trenching, placing pipe, joining pipe, placing and compacting backfill, and monitoring deflection levels. Guidance for installation of fiberglass pipe in subaqueous conditions is not included.  
1.2 Product standards for fiberglass pipe encompass a wide range of product variables. Diameters range from 1 in. to 13 ft (25 mm to 4000 mm) and pipe stiffnesses range from 9 to over 72 psi (60 to 500 kPa) with internal pressure ratings up to several thousand pound force per square inch. This standard does not purport to consider all of the possible combinations of pipe, soil types, and natural ground conditions that may occur. The recommendations in this practice may need to be modified or expanded to meet the needs of some installation conditions. In particular, fiberglass pipe with diameters of a few inches are generally so stiff that they are frequently installed in accordance with different guidelines. Consult with the pipe manufacturer for guidance on which practices are applicable to these particular pipes.  
1.3 The scope of this practice excludes product-performance criteria such as a minimum pipe stiffness, maximum service deflection, or long-term strength. Such parameters may be contained in product standards or design specifications, or both, for fiberglass pipe. It is incumbent upon the specified product manufacturer or project engineer to verify and ensure that the pipe specified for an intended application, when installed in accordance with procedures outlined in this practice, will provide a long-term, satisfactory performance in accordance with criteria established for that application.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2: A discussion of the importance of deflection and a presentation of a simplified method to approximate field deflections are given in AWWA Manual of Practice M45 Fiberglass Pipe Design.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers fiberglass pipe fittings intended for use in gravity flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and those industrial wastes for which the fittings are determined to be suitable. Laminating resins shall be classified as Types 1 and 2. Reinforcements shall be classified as Grades 1 and 2. Ultimate tensile strength; maximum shear strength; and dimension tests shall be performed to conform the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers fiberglass pipe fittings intended for use in gravity flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and those industrial wastes for which the fittings are determined to be suitable. Elbows, tees, laterals, crosses, reducers, and adapters are included. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.  
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 This specification is intended to cover only dimensions, material properties, and workmanship rather than the structural design of the fittings. The structural design of the fittings shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier, and needs to take into consideration the anticipated conditions of installation and service.  
1.3 This specification covers only fittings fabricated from cut sections of pipe, or from a combination of pipe sections and contact molded (hand layup), or machine fabricated components.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In the absence of deflection measurements from actual installed-above-ground piping, this test method may be used to evaluate the influence of span length on mid-span deflections at differing temperatures under full bore flow.  
Note 3: A flat bearing area, small contact area, and narrow bearing width may induce high localized support interaction stresses, and constraints imposed by the supports may also adversely influence deflections and performance of the pipe.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the deflection as a function of time of a specimen of fiberglass pipe supported on a flat non-arced support as a simple beam under full bore flow of water at elevated temperatures. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.  
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 This test method can be used to determine deflection at varying conditions by substituting other test media.  
1.3 Deflections observed using this test method are representative only of piping supported as a simple beam under full bore flow which has one diameter of pipe overhanging at each support.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to contain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric pressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester, resin. This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points. The tanks are classified as type I and II according to the operating pressure or vacuum levels, and the safety factor required for external pressure. The tanks are further classified as grade 1 and 2 according to the generic types of thermoset resin. The resin used shall be a commercial grade, corrosion-resistant thermoset. The reinforcement should be a chopped-strand mat, a nonwoven biaxial or unidirectal fabric, a woven roving, or a surface mat. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to specified values of design requirements such as straight shell, external pressure, top head, bottom head, open-top tanks, joints, fittings, hold-down lugs, and lifting lugs; laminate construction requirements such as structural tank, joints, and fittings and accessories; and other requirements such as physical properties, chemical resistance of resin, glass content, tensile strength, flexural properties and degree of cure. The dimensions and tolerances, as well as the workmanship, finish and appearance are also detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to contain aggressive chemicals at atmospheric pressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester, resin. Included are requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.  
1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for pressure above atmospheric or under vacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 Special design consideration shall be given to tanks subject to environmental and/or mechanical forces such seismic, wind, ice, agitation, or fluid dynamic forces, to operational service temperatures greater than 180°F (82°C) and to tanks with unsupported bottoms.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers axially unrestrained bell-and-spigot gasket joints including couplings required for machine-made "fiberglass" (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin) pipe systems, 8 in. (200 mm) through 144 in. (3700 mm), using flexible elastomeric seals to obtain soundness. The pipe systems may be pressure or nonpressure systems for water or for chemicals or gases that are not deleterious to the materials specified in this specification. The gasket shall be a continuous elastomeric ring of circular or other geometric cross section and shall meet the prescribed specifications. The gasket shall be subject to vacuum or external pressure test and shear loading test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers axially unrestrained bell-and-spigot gasket joints including couplings required for machine-made “fiberglass” (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin) pipe systems, 8 in. (200 mm) through 156 in. (4000 mm), using flexible elastomeric seals to obtain soundness. The pipe systems may be pressure (typically up to 250 psi) or nonpressure systems for water or for chemicals or gases that are not deleterious to the materials specified in this specification. This specification covers materials, dimensions, test requirements, and methods of test.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
Note 1: There is a similar but technically different ISO Standard (ISO 8639).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers "fiberglass" (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin) pressure pipe fittings for use with filament wound or centrifugally cast fiberglass pipe. The fibreglass fittings are defined by type, grade, class, category, and pressure rating: type 1 - filament-wound fittings, type 2 - compression moulded fittings, type 3 - resin transfer molded fittings, type 4 - centrifugally cast fittings, and type 5 - contact molded fittings; grade 1 - epoxy-resin, grade 2 - polyester-resin, grade 3 - phenolic-resin, grade 4 - vinylester resin, and grade 7 - furan resin; class A - no liner, class B - polyester-resin liner (nonreinforced), class C - epoxy-resin liner (nonreinforced), class D - phenolic resin liner (nonreinforced), class E - polyester-resin liner (reinforced), class F - epoxy-resin liner (reinforced), class G - phenolic resin liner, class H - thermoplastic-resin liner, class I - furan-resin liner (reinforced), class J - vinylester resin liner (nonreinforced), and class K - vinylester resin liner (reinforced); category 1 - taper-to-taper adhesive bonded joint fittings, category 2 - straight-taper adhesive-bonded joint fitting, category 3 - straight adhesive bonded joint fitting, category 5 - flanged fittings, category 6 - elastomeric sealed joints with sealant, and category 7 - elastomeric sealed joints with seals. Short-term hydrostatic strength test and cyclic or static pressure test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers “fiberglass” (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin) fittings for use with filament wound or centrifugally cast fiberglass pipe, or both, in sizes 1 in. through 24 in. for pipe manufactured to Specification D2996 or D2997, or both.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this specification:  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The term “fiberglass pipe” as described in Section 3 of this specification applies to both reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP).
Note 2: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.
Note 3: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cylindrical corrosion-resistant tanks made of commercial-grade glass-fiber-reinforced polyester or vinylester thermoset resin fabricated by filament winding for above-ground vertical installation, to contain aggressive chemicals at atmospheric pressure as classified herein. This specification does not address the design of vessels intended for pressure above atmospheric, vacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points. Included are requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by filament winding for above-ground vertical installation, to contain aggressive chemicals at atmospheric pressure as classified herein, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinylester resin. Included are requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.  
1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for pressure above atmospheric or under vacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 Special design consideration shall be given to tanks subject to environmental and/or mechanical forces such as seismic, wind, ice, agitation, or fluid dynamic forces, to operational service temperatures greater than 180°F (82°C) and to tanks with unsupported bottoms.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures used.  
5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter, this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures of other diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforcement pattern (if reinforcement is used) are the same.  
Note 3: Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling constant is calculated according to 10.1 or 10.2. The appropriate constant is used to calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can only be applied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall thickness to diameter ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is constant.  
5.3 In the application of the following test requirements and recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the specimens tested are truly representative of the group being studied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers glass fiber-reinforced polyester manholes and wetwells for use primarily in sanitary and storm sewer applications. Manhole and wetwell cylinders, manway reducers, and connectors shall be produced from glass fiber-reinforced polyester resin with construction determined by the particular process of manufacture and configuration. The stiffness, soundness, chemical resistance, compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus, and hardness shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers “fiberglass” (glass fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin) manholes and wetwells fabricated with polyester, vinyl ester, or epoxy resin for use primarily in sanitary, storm, and industrial sewer applications.  
1.2 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information, requirements and recommendations for design professionals, fabricators, installers and end-users of FRP chimney liners. FRP is a cost-effective and appropriate material of construction for liners operating at moderate temperatures in a corrosive chemical environment.  
4.2 This guide provides uniformity and consistency to the design, fabrication, and erection of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) liners for concrete chimneys with coal-fired units. Other fossil fuels will require a thorough review of the operating and service conditions and the impact on material selection.  
4.3 This guide is limited specifically to FRP liners within a supporting concrete shell and is not applicable to other FRP cylindrical structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user concerning available techniques and methods for design, material selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory testing, quality control and assurance.  
1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for the industry.  
1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the proper design of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative to thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment, each liner must be designed and detailed individually.  
1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements, composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are offered.  
1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed, procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed.  
1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.  
1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the proper authority and responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps required to implement the quality-assurance program.  
1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development subjects to further support recommendations of this guide.  
1.9 Disclaimer—The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when data or recommendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information is suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. The design of structures is within the scope of expertise of a licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed professional for the application of principles to a particular structure.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Section    
Introduction and Background  
Scope and Objective  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
ACI Standard  
2.2  
NFPA Standard  
2.3  
ASME Standards  
2.4    
Terminology  
3  
ASTM Standard General Definitions  
3.1  
Applicable Definitions  
3.2  
Descriptions of Terms Specific to This ...

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pipe and fittings fabricated by contact molding, for pressures to 150 psi and made of a commercial-grade polyester resin. Included are requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.  
1.2 This specification does not cover resins other than polyester, reinforcing materials other than glass fibers or fabrication methods other than contact molding.
Note 1: For the purposes of this specification, the term polyester resin will include both polyester and vinylester resins.  
1.3 This specification does not cover the design of pipe and fittings intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to Section 10, the test methods portion, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates the effect of a chemical environment on pipe when in a deflected condition. It has been found that effects of chemical environments can be accelerated by strain induced by deflection. This information is useful and necessary for the design and application of buried fiberglass pipe.  
Note 4: Pipe of the same diameter but of different wall thicknesses will develop different strains with the same deflection. Also, pipes having the same wall thickness but different constructions making up the wall may develop different strains with the same deflection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the chemical-resistant properties of fiberglass pipe in a deflected condition for diameters 4 in. (102 mm) and larger. Both glass–fiber–reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) and glass–fiber–reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.  
Note 1: For the purposes for this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 Inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 9.5.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines the long-term ring-bending strain of pipe when deflected under constant load and immersed in a chemical environment. It has been found that effects of chemical environments can be accelerated by strain induced by deflection. This information is useful and necessary for the design and application of buried fiberglass pipe.  
Note 3: Pipe of the same diameter but of different wall thicknesses will develop different strains with the same deflection. Also, pipes having the same wall thickness but different constructions making up the wall may develop different strains with the same deflection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the long-term ring-bending strain (Sb) of “fiberglass” pipe. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are “fiberglass” pipes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 9.5.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to contain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric pressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester, resin. This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points. The tanks are classified as type I and II according to the operating pressure or vacuum levels, and the safety factor required for external pressure. The tanks are further classified as grade 1 and 2 according to the generic types of thermoset resin. The resin used shall be a commercial grade, corrosion-resistant thermoset. The reinforcement should be a chopped-strand mat, a nonwoven biaxial or unidirectal fabric, a woven roving, or a surface mat. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to specified values of design requirements such as straight shell, external pressure, top head, bottom head, open-top tanks, joints, fittings, hold-down lugs, and lifting lugs; laminate construction requirements such as structural tank, joints, and fittings and accessories; and other requirements such as physical properties, chemical resistance of resin, glass content, tensile strength, flexural properties and degree of cure. The dimensions and tolerances, as well as the workmanship, finish and appearance are also detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to contain aggressive chemicals at atmospheric pressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester, resin. Included are requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.  
1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for pressure above atmospheric or under vacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 Special design consideration shall be given to tanks subject to environmental and/or mechanical forces such seismic, wind, ice, agitation, or fluid dynamic forces, to operational service temperatures greater than 180°F (82°C) and to tanks with unsupported bottoms.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is useful for establishing the hoop stress or internal pressure versus time-to-failure relationships, under selected internal and external environments which simulate actual anticipated product end-use conditions, from which a design basis for specific piping products and materials can be obtained. This practice defines an HDB for material in straight, hollow cylindrical shapes where hoop stress can be easily calculated, and a PDB for fittings and joints where stresses are more complex.  
5.1.1 An alternative design practice based on initial strain versus time-to-failure relationships employs a strain basis HDB instead of the stress basis HDB defined by this practice. The strain basis HDB is most often used for buried pipe designs with internal pressures ranging from 0 to 250 psig (1.72 MPa).  
5.2 To characterize fiberglass piping products, it is necessary to establish the stress versus cycles or time to failure, or pressure versus cycles or time to failure relationships over three or more logarithmic decades of time (cycles or hours) within controlled environmental parameters. Because of the nature of the test and specimens employed, no single line can adequately represent the data. Therefore, the confidence limits shall be established.  
5.3 Pressure ratings for piping of various dimensions at each temperature may be calculated using the HDS determined by testing one size of piping provided that the same specific process and material are used both for test specimens and the piping in question.  
5.4 Pressure ratings at each temperature for components other than straight hollow shapes may be calculated using the HDP determined by testing one size of piping provided that (1) the specific materials and manufacturing process used for the test specimens are used for the components, (2) for joints, the joining materials and procedures used to prepare the test specimens are used for field joining, and (3) scaling of critical dimensions is related ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes two procedures, Procedure A (cyclic) and Procedure B (static), for obtaining a hydrostatic design basis (HDB) or a pressure design basis (PDB) for fiberglass piping products, by evaluating strength-regression data derived from testing pipe or fittings, or both, of the same materials and construction, either separately or in assemblies. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipe.  
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 This practice can be used for the HDB determination for fiberglass pipe where the ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness is 10:1 or more.  
Note 2: This limitation, based on thin-wall pipe design theory, serves further to limit the application of this practice to internal pressures which, by the hoop-stress equation, are approximately 20 % of the derived hydrostatic design stress (HDS). For example, if HDS is 5000 psi (34 500 kPa), the pipe is limited to about 1000-psig (6900-kPa) internal pressure, regardless of diameter.  
1.3 This practice provides a PDB for complex-shaped products or systems where complex stress fields seriously inhibit the use of hoop stress.  
1.4 Specimen end closures in the underlying test methods may be either restrained or free, leading to certain limitations.  
1.4.1 Restrained Ends—Specimens are stressed by internal pressure only in the hoop direction, and the HDB is applicable for stresses developed only in the hoop direction.  
1.4.2 Free Ends—Specimens are stressed by internal pressure in both hoop and longitudinal directions, such that the hoop stress is twice as large as the longitudinal stress. This practice may not be applicable for evaluating stresses induced by loadings where the longitudinal stress exceeds 50 % of the HDS.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarde...

ABSTRACT
This specification focuses on the requirements and methods of testing for materials, dimensions and tolerances, hydrostatic-burst strength, chemical resistance, and longitudinal tensile properties, for reinforced epoxy resin pipes and fittings for use in gas mains and services for direct burial and insertion applications. Pipes and fittings covered here are intended for use in the distribution of natural gas, petroleum fuels (propane-air and propane-butane vapor mixtures), and manufactured and mixed gases, where resistance to gas permeation, toughness, resistance to corrosion, aging, and deterioration from water, gas, and gas additives are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements and methods of test for materials, dimensions and tolerances, hydrostatic-burst strength, chemical resistance, and longitudinal tensile properties, for reinforced epoxy resin pipe and fittings for use in gas mains and services for direct burial and insertion applications. The pipe and fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in the distribution of natural gas, petroleum fuels (propane–air and propane–butane vapor mixtures), manufactured and mixed gases where resistance to gas permeation, toughness, resistance to corrosion, aging, and deterioration from water, gas, and gas additives are required. Methods of marking are also given. Design considerations are discussed in Appendix X1.  
1.2 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 A recommended inplant quality control program is given in Appendix X2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the testing and requirements fof polymer concrete pipes of specified lengths, intended for use in gravity-flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and industrial wastes. Although this specification is suited primarily for pipes to be installed by direct burial and pipe jacking, it may be used to the extent applicable for other installations such as slip-lining and rehabilitation of existing pipelines. Materials shall be appropriately sampled for purposes of testing their conformance to such requirements as: workmanship; dimension (diameter, length, thickness, straightness, roundness, and squareness of ends); three-edge bearing; hydrostatic pressure; compressive strength; chemical resistance; and joint tightness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polymer concrete pipe, 6 in. (150 mm) through 144 in. (3 660 mm), intended for use in gravity-flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and industrial wastes.  
1.2 Although this specification is suited primarily for pipe to be installed by direct burial and pipe jacking, it may be used to the extent applicable for other installations such as sliplining and rehabilitation of existing pipelines.
Note 1: Unlike reinforced thermosetting resin pipes, polymer concrete pipe is designed and installed using rigid pipe design theory and practices.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures used.  
5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter, this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures of other diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforcement pattern (if reinforcement is used) are the same.  
Note 3: Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling constant is calculated according to 10.1 or 10.2. The appropriate constant is used to calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can only be applied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall thickness to diameter ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is constant.  
5.3 In the application of the following test requirements and recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the specimens tested are truly representative of the group being studied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides for determining the physical dimensions of fiberglass pipe and fittings. This practice is suitable for determination of dimensional compliance with product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of outside diameter, inside diameter, total wall thickness, reinforced wall thickness, liner thickness (where applicable), and length dimensions of “fiberglass” (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin) pipe. Included are procedures for measuring tapered dimensions and taper angles for pipe intended to be joined by tapered socket fittings, and procedures for gaging internal and external threads.  
1.2 This practice also includes procedures for determining dimensions for fiberglass pipe fittings.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers machine-made reinforced thermosetting resin pressure pipe (RTRP) manufactured by the filament winding process. This specification does not include reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP), which is another type of fiberglass pipe. The pipes are generally classified by type, grade, class, and hydrostatic design. In addition, a secondary cell classification system defines the basic mechanical properties of the pipe. The resins, reinforcements, colorants, fillers, and other materials, when combined as a composite structure, shall produce a pipe that shall meet the performance requirements of this specification. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to the specified values of dimensions and tolerances, long-term static hydrostatic strength, long-term cyclic hydrostatic strength, short-term hydrostatic failure strength, longitudinal tensile properties, and stiffness factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers machine-made reinforced thermosetting resin pressure pipe (RTRP) manufactured by the filament winding process up to 60 in. nominal size. Included are a classification system and requirements for materials, mechanical properties, dimensions, performance, methods of test, and marking.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1: The term “fiberglass pipe” as described in Section 3 of this specification applies to both reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP). This specification covers only reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP).
Note 2: This specification is applicable to RTRP where the ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness is 10:1 or more.
Note 3: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 4: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced plastic pipe and fitting system made from epoxy resin and glass-fiber reinforcement, together with adhesive for joint assembly, intended for services in aviation jet turbine fuel lines installed below ground. The fiberglass pipe shall be round and straight, and the pipe and fittings shall be of uniform density, resin content, and surface finish. Tests shall be conducted on the specimen to determine compliance with the following performance requirements: joint strength; hydrostatic strength; impact resistance; boil resistance; external load resistance; and degradation resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a reinforced plastic pipe and fittings system made from epoxy resin and glass-fiber reinforcement, together with adhesive for joint assembly, intended for service up to 150°F (65.6°C) and 150-psig (1034-kPa) operating pressure and surges up to 275 psig (1896 kPa) in aviation jet turbine fuel lines installed below ground.  
1.2 The dimensionless designator NPS has been substituted in this specification for such traditional terms as nominal diameter, size, and nominal size.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers composition, thickness, fabricating procedures, and physical property requirements for glass fiber reinforced thermoset polyester, vinyl ester, or other qualified thermosetting resin laminates comprising the materials of construction for RTP corrosion-resistant tanks, piping, and equipment. This specification is limited to fabrication by contact molding. Laminates shall be classified according to type, class, and grade: Types I and II; Classes P and V. Tensile strength and tangent modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, glass content, thickness, hardness, chemical resistance, and surface flame-spread classification tests shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers composition, thickness, fabricating procedures, and physical property requirements for glass fiber reinforced thermoset polyester, vinyl ester, or other qualified thermosetting resin laminates comprising the materials of construction for RTP corrosion-resistant tanks, piping, and equipment. This specification is limited to fabrication by contact molding.  
Note 1: The laminates covered by this specification are manufactured during fabrication of contact-molded RTP tanks, piping, and other equipment.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced plastic pipe and fitting system made from epoxy resin and glass-fiber reinforcement, together with adhesive for joint assembly, intended for services in aviation jet turbine fuel lines installed below ground. The fiberglass pipe shall be round and straight, and the pipe and fittings shall be of uniform density, resin content, and surface finish. Tests shall be conducted on the specimen to determine compliance with the following performance requirements: joint strength; hydrostatic strength; impact resistance; boil resistance; external load resistance; and degradation resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a reinforced plastic pipe and fittings system made from epoxy resin and glass-fiber reinforcement, together with adhesive for joint assembly, intended for service up to 150°F (65.6°C) and 150-psig (1034-kPa) operating pressure and surges up to 275 psig (1896 kPa) in aviation jet turbine fuel lines installed below ground.  
1.2 The dimensionless designator NPS has been substituted in this specification for such traditional terms as nominal diameter, size, and nominal size.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers machine-made glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin (fiberglass) pipes such as reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP; natural polymers not included) for use in gravity-flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and some industrial wastes. Material covered is of various type (RPMP/RTRP polyester or epoxy), liners (reinforced or non-reinforced thermoset liner, thermoplastic liner, or none), grades (polyester resin surface layer-reinforced or non-reinforced, polyester resin and sand surface layer-non-reinforced, epoxy resin surface layer-reinforced or non-reinforced, or none), and pipe stiffness. The pipe shall be manufactured as a composite structure consisting of resin, reinforcements, colorants, fillers, and other materials, free from all defects such as indentations, delaminations, bubbles, pinholes, cracks, pits, blisters, foreign inclusions, and resin-starved areas that are detrimental to the strength and serviceability of the pipe. The pipe shall also be uniform in color, opacity, density, and other physical properties, with the inside surface of the pipe free of bulges, dents, ridges, and other defects. The pipes shall be joined together using a joining system that will provide for fluid tightness in conformity with the service requirement and with the pipe joint surfaces free of dents, gouges, and other surface irregularities. Compression, tension, and long-term chemical tests as well as tests for dimensions, stiffness, and joint tightness shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers machine-made fiberglass pipe, 8 in. (200 mm) through 156 in. (4000 mm), intended for use in gravity-flow systems for conveying sanitary sewage, storm water, and some industrial wastes. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.  
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 Although this specification is suited primarily for pipes to be installed in buried applications, it is acceptable to apply it to the extent applicable for other installations such as, but not limited to, jacking, tunnel lining and sliplining rehabilitation of existing pipelines.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the minimum requirements for construction of fiber-reinforced thermoset plastic fans (both centrifugal and axial) and blowers, and provides for a common basis for determining safe operating speeds. The fan housing shall be of laminate construction consisting of a resin-rich inner surface layer reinforced with a chemical-resistant glass-fiber or organic-fiber surface mat and an interior layer made of resin reinforced only with noncontinuous glass-fiber strands. Fan wheels shall be manufactured from a corrosion-resistant material as well, with visible defects limited only to the requirements specified. Further rendering the fan wheel and housing electrostatically conductive shall result in a spark-resistant fan. Tests for balance, fan aerodynamic rating, and safe operating speed shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers centrifugal and axial fans and blowers with airstream components fabricated of fiber-reinforced thermoset plastics (FRP) for corrosion resistance. It is acceptable for internal structures to include encapsulated metal fastening devices, hubs, and shafts.  
1.2 Reinforcing materials other than fibrous glass are acceptable for use in the fabrication, provided the fans and blowers produced meet all the requirements of this specification.  
1.3 The term “fans” as used in this specification includes fans and blowers, both centrifugal and axial.  
1.4 The purpose of this specification is to provide users, system designers, specifiers, and manufacturers of FRP fans with minimum standards for fan construction and a common basis for determining safe operating speeds.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2: Appendix X2 contains a list of documents potentially of interest to designers of fan systems.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results obtained by this practice shall serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a thermosetting resin used in an RTP structure. No attempt has been made to incorporate into the practice all the various factors that will potentially affect the serviceability of an RTP structure when subjected to chemical environments. These factors will potentially include stress, different resin-to-glass ratios, and multiple veils.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is designed to evaluate, in an unstressed state, the chemical resistance of thermosetting resins used in the fabrication of reinforced thermosetting plastic (RTP) laminates. This practice provides for the determination of changes in the properties, described as follows, of the test specimens and test reagent after exposure of the specimens to the reagent: hardness of specimens, weight change thickness, appearance of specimens, appearance of immersion media, and flexural strength and modulus.  
1.1.1 This practice is also useful to evaluate other factors, such as surfacing veils and the effect of resin additives, on the chemical resistance of the resin.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.