ASTM D2156-94(2003)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means of controlling smoke production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level. Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.
The range of smoke densities covered by this test method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to home-heating application. It is more sensitive to small amounts of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the following comparison:
Smoke Spot
NumberIcham, percent
TransmissionRingelman
Smoke Number 0 1000 2 950 4 800 6 540 8 180 9 00 9 00 to 5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kerosine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating equipment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only. Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation:D2156–94 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density
in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level.
primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kero- Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-
sine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the exchanger fouling.
field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating 5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this test
equipment. method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the home-heatingapplication.Itismoresensitivetosmallamounts
standard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa- of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the
tion only. Arbitrary and relative units are also used. following comparison:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Smoke Spot Icham, percent Ringelman
Number Transmission Smoke Number
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
0 100 0
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
295 0
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
480 0
654 0
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
818 0
90 0
2. Referenced Documents
9 0 0to5
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6. Apparatus
E 97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-
6.1 Sampling Device—A suitable device providing a total
deg 0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter
flue gas sample volume of 36 900 6 1650 cm at 16°C, 1 atm
Reflectometry
3 2 2
(2250 6 100 in. at 60°F, 1 atm) for each 6.45 cm (1 in. )
3. Terminology
effective surface area of filter paper shall be employed. The
sampling device and connections shall be of such construction
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 smoke spot number—the number of the spot on the that the total travel of flue gas sample from flue to filter paper
shall not exceed 410 mm (16 in.). The device shall provide for
standardscalemostcloselymatchingthecolor(orshade)ofthe
test spot. coolingthesamplebelowthecharringtemperatureforthefilter
paper but not below the dew point of the sample. Suitable
4. Summary of Test Method
laboratory and portable field service equipment is illustrated in
4.1 Atest smoke spot is obtained by pulling a fixed volume Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
of flue gas through a fixed area of standard filter paper. The 6.2 Smoke Scale—The smoke scale required consists of ten
color (or shade) of the spot thus produced is visually matched spots numbered consecutively from 0 to 9, ranging in equal
with a standard scale, and the smoke density is expressed as a photometric steps from white through neutral shades of gray to
“smoke spot number.” black, imprinted or otherwise processed on white paper or
plastic stock having a surface reflectance of between 82.5 and
87.5 % 45°, 0° daylight luminous directional reflectance in
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
accordance with Test Method E 97. The smoke scale spot
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.E0 on
Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels. number is defined as the reduction (due to smoke) in reflected
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originally
incident light divided by 10. Thus, the first spot, which is the
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 2156–94 (1999).
color of the unimprinted scale, will be No. 0, since in the case
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Withdrawn.
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D2156–94 (2003)
FIG. 1 Laboratory Type Smoke Meter
FIG. 2 Field Service Type Smoke Tester
of this spot there will be no reduction in reflected incident light drop across the filter paper falls between limits of 13 and 64
directedthereon.Thelastspot,however,isverydark,reflecting
mm (0.5 and 2.5 in.) Hg.
only 10% of the incident light directed thereon; thus in this
case the reduction in reflected incident light is 90 %, which
8. Procedure
gives to this darkest spot the No. 9. Intermediate spot numbers
8.1 The sampling procedure used is critical. Therefore, the
are similarly established. Limits of permissible reflectance
procedure recommended by the equipment manufacturer shall
variation of any smoke scale spot shall not exceed 63%
be rigidly followed.
relative reflectance (Note 1 and Note 2).
8.2 Use a clean, dry, sampling device. If a hand sampler is
NOTE 1—Such smoke scales are sufficiently accurate for field use and
used, warm it above room temperature to prevent condensation
for many laboratory smoke testing applications. However, specially
on the filter paper. (This can usually be done conveniently by
calibrated scales (known as certified smoke scales) will sometimes be
required. A certified smoke scale is obtained by individually calibrating
placing the sampler on the boiler or furnace to be tested.)
each smoke spot of a normal smoke scale.
8.3 Insert filter paper in the sampler and tighten the filter
NOTE 2—Where the smoke scale is protected with a plastic or trans-
paper holder. Connect the sampling device to the flue gas
parent cover t
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