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ASTM D7398-11(2016)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2016
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0H - Chromatographic Distribution Methods
Current Stage
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ASTM D7398-11(2016) - Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas ChromatographyASTM D7398-11(2016) - Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography
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ASTM D7398-11(2016) - Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography
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REDLINE ASTM D7398-11(2016) - Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas ChromatographyREDLINE ASTM D7398-11(2016) - Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography
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REDLINE ASTM D7398-11(2016) - Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography
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13 pages
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7398 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
(FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas
Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7398; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheboiling 2.1 ASTM Standards:
rangedistributionoffattyacidmethylesters(FAME).Thistest D86Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
initial boiling point greater than 100°C and a final boiling D1160TestMethodforDistillationofPetroleumProductsat
point less than 615°C at atmospheric pressure as measured by Reduced Pressure
this test method. D2887Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of
D2892Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum
diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for
(15-Theoretical Plate Column)
these samples types has not been evaluated.
D4626Practice for Calculation of Gas Chromatographic
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of
Response Factors
petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for
D6352Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).
troleum Distillates in Boiling Range from 174°C to
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method 700°C by Gas Chromatography
D6751Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)
are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation
such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, for Middle Distillate Fuels
especially the initial and final boiling points. D7213Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
troleum Distillates in the Boiling Range from 100°C to
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distil-
615°C by Gas Chromatography
lation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and
E355PracticeforGasChromatographyTermsandRelation-
D7213.
ships
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E594Practice for Testing Flame Ionization Detectors Used
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
in Gas or Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
only.
E1510Practice for Installing Fused Silica Open Tubular
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the Capillary Columns in Gas Chromatographs
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1 This test method makes reference to many common
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
gas chromatographic procedures, terms, and relationships.
Detailed definitions of these can be found in Practices E355,
E594, and E1510.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.04.0H on Chromatographic Distribution Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7398–11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7398-11R16. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7398 − 11 (2016)
3.1.2 biodiesel, n—fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of 4. Summary of Test Method
long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
4.1 The boiling range distribution by distillation is simu-
fats, designated B100.
lated by the use of gas chromatography. A non-polar open
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: tubular(capillary)gaschromatographiccolumnisusedtoelute
thehydrocarbonandFAMEcomponentsofthesampleinorder
3.2.1 areaslice,n—arearesultingfromtheintegrationofthe
of increasing boiling point.
chromatographic detector signal within a specified retention
time interval. In area slice mode (6.4.2), peak detection
4.2 A sample aliquot is diluted with a viscosity reducing
parameters are bypassed and the detector signal integral is
solvent and introduced into the chromatographic system. The
recorded as area slices of consecutive, fixed duration time
solvent shall be apolar and not interfere with measurement of
intervals.
thesampleinthe100°Cto615°Crange.Samplevaporization
is provided by separate heating of the point of injection or in
3.2.2 atmospheric equivalent temperature (AET),
conjunction with column oven heating.
n—temperature converted from the measured vapor tempera-
ture obtained at sub-ambient pressure to atmospheric equiva-
4.3 Thecolumnoventemperatureisraisedatareproducible
lenttemperature(AET)correspondingtotheequivalentboiling
linear rate to effect separation of the FAME components in
point at atmospheric pressure, 101.3kPa (760mm Hg), The
order of increasing boiling point relative to a n-paraffin
AET is the expected distillate temperature if the distillation
calibration mixture. The elution of sample components is
was performed at atmospheric pressure and there was no
quantitatively determined using a flame ionization detector.
thermal decomposition.
The detector signal integral is recorded as area slices for
consecutive retention time intervals during the analysis.
3.2.3 corrected area slice, n—area slice corrected for base-
line offset, by subtraction of the exactly corresponding area
4.4 Retentiontimesofknownnormalparaffinhydrocarbons,
slice in a previously recorded blank (non-sample) analysis.
spanning the scope of the test method (C –C ), are deter-
5 60
mined and correlated to their boiling point temperatures. The
3.2.4 cumulative corrected area, n—accumulated sum of
normalized cumulative corrected sample areas for each con-
correctedareaslicesfromthebeginningoftheanalysisthrough
secutiverecordedtimeintervalareusedtocalculatetheboiling
a given retention time, ignoring any non-sample area (for
range distribution. The boiling point temperature at each
example, solvent).
reported percent off increment is calculated from the retention
3.2.5 initial boiling point (IBP), n—temperature (corre-
time calibration.
spondingtotheretentiontime)atwhichacumulativecorrected
4.5 The retention time versus boiling point curve is cali-
area count equal to 0.5% of the total sample area under the
brated with normal paraffin hydrocarbons since these boiling
chromatogram is obtained.
points are well defined. A mixture of FAMEs is analyzed to
3.2.6 final boiling point (FBP), n—temperature (corre-
check column resolution. A triglyceride is analyzed to verify
spondingtotheretentiontime)atwhichacumulativecorrected
the system’s ability to detect unreacted oil.
area count equal to 99.5% of the total sample area under the
chromatogram is obtained.
5. Significance and Use
3.2.7 slice rate, n—frequency of data sampling or the
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an
frequencyofdatabunchingprovidedthatthefrequencyofdata
insight into the composition of product related to the transes-
acquisition is larger than the frequency of bunching. The unit
terificationprocess.Thisgaschromatographicdeterminationof
of frequency is points/seconds or Hz.
boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation
3.2.8 slice time, n—cumulative slice rate (analysis time)
methods for product specification testing with the mutual
associatedwitheachareaslicethroughoutthechromatographic
agreement of interested parties.
analysis. The slice time is the time at the end of each
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than
contiguous area slice.
a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and
3.2.9 total sample area, n—cumulative corrected area, from
fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of
the initial point to the final area point.
straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have
similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of
3.3 Abbreviations:
biodiesel generally ranges from 330°C to 357°C. The Speci-
3.3.1 Acommonabbreviationofhydrocarboncompoundsis
fication D6751 value of 360°C max at 90% off by Test
to designate the number of carbon atoms in the compound. A
MethodD1160wasincorporatedasanprecautiontoensurethe
prefix is used to indicate the carbon chain form, while a
fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
subscripted suffix denotes the number of carbon atoms (for
example, normal decane n-C ; iso-tetradecane = i-C ).
10 14
6. Apparatus
3.3.2 A common abbreviation for FAME compounds is to
designate the number of carbon atoms and number of double 6.1 Chromatograph—The following gas chromatographic
bonds in the compound. The number of carbon atoms is system performance characteristics are required:
denoted by a number after the “C” and the number following 6.1.1 Column Oven—Capable of sustained and linear pro-
a colon indicates the number of double bonds (for example, grammed temperature operation from near ambient (for ex-
C16:2 ; FAME with 16 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds). ample 35°C to 50°C) up to 400°C.
D7398 − 11 (2016)
6.1.2 Column Temperature Programmer—The chromato- done by means of an electronic integrator or computer based
graph must be capable of linear programmed temperature chromatography data system. The integrator/computer system
operation up to 400°C at selectable linear rates up to shall have normal chromatographic software for measuring the
20°C⁄min. The programming rate must be sufficiently repro- retention time and areas of eluting peaks (peak detection
ducible to obtain the retention time repeatability of 0.03min mode). In addition, the system shall be capable of converting
(3s) for each component in the calibration mixture described the continuously integrated detector signal into area slices of
in 7.3. fixed duration (area slice mode). These contiguous area slices,
6.1.3 Detector—This test method requires a flame ioniza- collectedfortheentireanalysis,arestoredforlaterprocessing.
The electronic range of the integrator/computer (for example,
tion detector (FID). The detector must meet or exceed the
following specifications as detailed in Practice E594. The 1V, 10V) shall be operated within the linear range of the
detector/electrometer system used.
specification of flame jet orifice is approximately 0.45mm
(0.018in.).
NOTE 1—Some gas chromatographs have an algorithm built into their
6.1.3.1 Operating Temperature, 400°C.
operating software that allows a mathematical model of the baseline
6.1.3.2 Sensitivity, >0.005 coulombs/g carbon. profile to be stored in memory. This profile is automatically subtracted
-11
from the detector signal on subsequent sample runs to compensate for the
6.1.3.3 Minimum Detectability,1×10 g carbon / s.
column bleed. Some integration systems also store and automatically
6.1.3.4 Linear Range, >10
subtract a blank analysis from subsequent analytical determinations.
6.1.3.5 Connection of the column to the detector must be
such that no temperature below the column temperature exists. 7. Reagents and Materials
Refer to Practice E1510 for proper installation and condition-
7.1 Gases—Thefollowingcompressedgasesareutilizedfor
ing of the capillary column.
the operation of the gas chromatograph.
6.1.4 Sample Inlet System—Any sample inlet system ca-
7.1.1 Helium, 99.999%. (Warning—Compressed gas un-
pableofmeetingtheperformancespecificationin6.1.5and7.3
der high pressure.) This gas can be used as carrier gas. Ensure
may be used. Programmed temperature vaporization (PTV)
sufficient pressure for a constant carrier gas flow rate. It is not
and programmable cool on-column injection systems have
to contain more than 5mL⁄m of oxygen and the total amount
been used successfully.
of impurities are not to exceed 10mL⁄m .
6.1.5 Carrier Gas Flow Control—The chromatograph shall
7.1.2 Nitrogen, 99.999%. (Warning—Compressed gas un-
be equipped with carrier flow control capable of maintaining
der high pressure.) This gas can be used as carrier gas. Ensure
constant carrier gas flow control through the column through-
sufficient pressure for a constant carrier gas flow rate. It is not
out the column temperature program cycle as measured with
to contain more than 5mL⁄m of oxygen and the total amount
the use of flow a sensor. Flow rate must be maintained within
of impurities are not to exceed 10mL⁄m .
1% through out the temperature program.
7.1.3 Hydrogen, 99.999%. (Warning—Extremely flam-
mable gas under high pressure.) The total impurities are not to
6.2 Microsyringe—A microsyringe with a 23 gauge or
exceed 10 mL/m . This gas can be used as carrier gas. Ensure
smaller stainless steel needle is used for on-column sample
sufficient pressure for a constant carrier gas flow rate. It is also
introduction. Syringes of 0.1µL to 10µL capacity are avail-
used as fuel for the flame ionization detector (FID).
able.
7.1.4 Air, 99.999%. (Warning—Compressed gas under
6.2.1 Automatic syringe injection is recommended to
high pressure and supports combustion.) Total impurities are
achieve best precision.
not to exceed 10mL⁄m . This gas is used to sustain combus-
6.3 Column—This test method is limited to the use of
tion in the flame ionization detector (FID).
non-polar wall coated open tubular (WCOT) columns of high
7.2 Solvents—Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
thermal stability. Glass, fused silica, and stainless steel
all solvents conform to the specifications of the committee on
columns, with a 0.53mm diameter have been successfully
analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where
used. Cross-linked or bonded 100% dimethyl-polysiloxane
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used
stationary phases with film thickness of 0.5µm to 1.0µm have
provided it is first ascertained that the solvent is of sufficiently
been used. The column length and liquid phase film thickness
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
shall allow the elution of at least C n-paraffin (BP = 615°C)
the determination.
and triolein. The column and conditions shall provide separa-
7.2
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7398 − 11 D7398 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
(FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100100 °C to 615°C615 °C
by Gas Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7398; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test
method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100°C100 °C and a final boiling point
less than 615°C615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for these
samples types has not been evaluated.
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example
naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such
as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D1160 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Reduced Pressure
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D2892 Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum (15-Theoretical Plate Column)
D4626 Practice for Calculation of Gas Chromatographic Response Factors
D6352 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Distillates in Boiling Range from 174 °C to 700 °C by Gas
Chromatography
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
D7213 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Distillates in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas
Chromatography
E355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relationships
E594 Practice for Testing Flame Ionization Detectors Used in Gas or Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
E1510 Practice for Installing Fused Silica Open Tubular Capillary Columns in Gas Chromatographs
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04.0H on Chromatographic Distribution Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011April 1, 2016. Published November 2011May 2016. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 as
D7398D7398 – 11.-07. DOI: 10.1520/D7398-11.10.1520/D7398-11R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7398 − 11 (2016)
3.1.1 This test method makes reference to many common gas chromatographic procedures, terms, and relationships. Detailed
definitions of these can be found in Practices E355, E594, and E1510.
3.1.2 biodiesel, n—fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated B100.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 area slice, n—area resulting from the integration of the chromatographic detector signal within a specified retention time
interval. In area slice mode (6.4.2), peak detection parameters are bypassed and the detector signal integral is recorded as area
slices of consecutive, fixed duration time intervals.
3.2.2 atmospheric equivalent temperature (AET), n—temperature converted from the measured vapor temperature obtained at
sub-ambient pressure to atmospheric equivalent temperature (AET) corresponding to the equivalent boiling point at atmospheric
pressure, 101.3 kPa (760 mm 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg), The AET is the expected distillate temperature if the distillation was
performed at atmospheric pressure and there was no thermal decomposition.
3.2.3 corrected area slice, n—area slice corrected for baseline offset, by subtraction of the exactly corresponding area slice in
a previously recorded blank (non-sample) analysis.
3.2.4 cumulative corrected area, n—accumulated sum of corrected area slices from the beginning of the analysis through a given
retention time, ignoring any non-sample area (for example, solvent).
3.2.5 initial boiling point (IBP), n—temperature (corresponding to the retention time) at which a cumulative corrected area
count equal to 0.5 % of the total sample area under the chromatogram is obtained.
3.2.6 final boiling point (FBP), n—temperature (corresponding to the retention time) at which a cumulative corrected area count
equal to 99.5 % of the total sample area under the chromatogram is obtained.
3.2.7 slice rate, n—frequency of data sampling or the frequency of data bunching provided that the frequency of data acquisition
is larger than the frequency of bunching. The unit of frequency is points/seconds or Hz.
3.2.8 slice time, n—cumulative slice rate (analysis time) associated with each area slice throughout the chromatographic
analysis. The slice time is the time at the end of each contiguous area slice.
3.2.9 total sample area, n—cumulative corrected area, from the initial point to the final area point.
3.3 Abbreviations:
3.3.1 A common abbreviation of hydrocarbon compounds is to designate the number of carbon atoms in the compound. A prefix
is used to indicate the carbon chain form, while a subscripted suffix denotes the number of carbon atoms (for example, normal
decane n-C ; iso-tetradecane = i-C ).
10 14
3.3.2 A common abbreviation for FAME compounds is to designate the number of carbon atoms and number of double bonds
in the compound. The number of carbon atoms is denoted by a number after the “C” and the number following a colon indicates
the number of double bonds (for example, C16:2 ; FAME with 16 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds).
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The boiling range distribution by distillation is simulated by the use of gas chromatography. A non-polar open tubular
(capillary) gas chromatographic column is used to elute the hydrocarbon and FAME components of the sample in order of
increasing boiling point.
4.2 A sample aliquot is diluted with a viscosity reducing solvent and introduced into the chromatographic system. The solvent
shall be apolar and not interfere with measurement of the sample in the 100100 °C to 615°C615 °C range. Sample vaporization
is provided by separate heating of the point of injection or in conjunction with column oven heating.
4.3 The column oven temperature is raised at a reproducible linear rate to effect separation of the FAME components in order
of increasing boiling point relative to a n-paraffin calibration mixture. The elution of sample components is quantitatively
determined using a flame ionization detector. The detector signal integral is recorded as area slices for consecutive retention time
intervals during the analysis.
4.4 Retention times of known normal paraffin hydrocarbons, spanning the scope of the test method (C – C ), are determined
5 60
and correlated to their boiling point temperatures. The normalized cumulative corrected sample areas for each consecutive recorded
time interval are used to calculate the boiling range distribution. The boiling point temperature at each reported percent off
increment is calculated from the retention time calibration.
4.5 The retention time versus boiling point curve is calibrated with normal paraffin hydrocarbons since these boiling points are
well defined. A mixture of FAMEs is analyzed to check column resolution. A triglyceride is analyzed to verify the system’s ability
to detect unreacted oil.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterifi-
cation process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods
for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.
D7398 − 11 (2016)
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats
from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar
boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330330 °C to 357°C.357 °C. The
Specification D6751 value of 360°C360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as an precaution to ensure
the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Chromatograph—The following gas chromatographic system performance characteristics are required:
6.1.1 Column Oven—Capable of sustained and linear programmed temperature operation from near ambient (for example
3535 °C to 50°C)50 °C) up to 400°C.400 °C.
6.1.2 Column Temperature Programmer—The chromatograph must be capable of linear programmed temperature operation up
to 400°C400 °C at selectable linear rates up to 20°C/min.20 °C ⁄min. The programming rate must be sufficiently reproducible to
obtain the retention time repeatability of 0.03 min (3 s) 0.03 min (3 s) for each component in the calibration mixture described in
7.3.
6.1.3 Detector—This test method requires a flame ionization detector (FID). The detector must meet or exceed the following
specifications as detailed in Practice E594. The specification of flame jet orifice is approximately 0.45 mm (0.018 in.).0.45 mm
(0.018 in.).
6.1.3.1 Operating Temperature, 400°C.400 °C.
6.1.3.2 Sensitivity, >0.005 coulombs/ g coulombs/g carbon.
-11
6.1.3.3 Minimum Detectability, 1 × 10 g carbon / s.
6.1.3.4 Linear Range, >10
6.1.3.5 Connection of the column to the detector must be such that no temperature below the column temperature exists. Refer
to Practice E1510 for proper installation and conditioning of the capillary column.
6.1.4 Sample Inlet System—Any sample inlet system capable of meeting the performance specification in 6.1.5 and 7.3 may be
used. Programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) and programmable cool on-column injection systems have been used
successfully.
6.1.5 Carrier Gas Flow Control—The chromatograph shall be equipped with carrier flow control capable of maintaining
constant carrier gas flow control through the column throughout the column temperature program cycle as measured with the use
of flow a sensor. Flow rate must be maintained within 1 % through out the temperature program.
6.2 Microsyringe—A microsyringe with a 23 gauge or smaller stainless steel needle is used for on-column sample introduction.
Syringes of 0.10.1 μL to 10 μL 10 μL capacity are available.
6.2.1 Automatic syringe injection is recommended to achieve best precision.
6.3 Column—This test method is limited to the use of non-polar wall coated open tubular (WCOT) columns of high thermal
stability. Glass, fused silica, and stainless steel columns, with a 0.53 mm 0.53 mm diameter have been successfully used.
Cross-linked or bonded 100 % dimethyl-polysiloxane stationary phases with film thickness of 0.50.5 μm to 1.0 μm 1.0 μm have
been used. The column length and liquid phase film thickness shall allow the elution of at least C n-paraffin (BP = 615°C) and
triolein. The column and conditions shall provide separation of typical petroleum hydrocarbons and saturated FAMES in order of
increasing boiling point and meet the column resolution requirements of 8.2.1. The column shall provide a resolution between five
(5) and fifteen (15) using the test method operating conditions.
6.4 Data Acquisition System:
6.4.1 Recorder—A 00 mV to 1 mV 1 mV range recording potentiometer or equivalent, with a full-scale response time of 2 s
2 s or less may be used to provide a graphical display.
6.4.2 Integrator—Means shall be provided for determining the accumulated area under the chromatogram. This can be done by
means of an electronic integrator or computer based chromatography data system. The integrator/computer system shall have
normal chromatographic software for measuring the retention time and areas of eluting peaks (peak detection mode). In addition,
the system shall be capable of converting the continuously integrated detector signal into area slices of fixed duration (area slice
mode). These contiguous area slices, collected for the entire analysis, are stored for later processing. The electronic range of the
integrator/computer (for example, 1 V, 10 V) 1 V, 10 V) shall be operated within the linear range of the detector/electrometer
system used.
NOTE 1—Some gas chromatographs have an algorithm built into their operating software that allows a mathematical model of the baseline profile to
be stored in memory. This profile is automatically subtracted from the detector signal on subsequent sample runs to compensate for the column bleed.
Some integration systems also store and automatically subtract a blank analysis from subsequent analytical determinations.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Gases—The following compressed gases are utilized for the operation of the gas chromatograph.
7.1.1 Helium, 99.999 %. (Warning—Compressed gas under high pressure.) This gas can be used as carrier gas. Ensure
suffic
...

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ASTM
ASTM D2700-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Motor O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under severe conditions of operation.  
5.2 Motor O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-octane number determinations.  
5.2.2 Motor O.N., in conjunction with Research O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the United States, and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.3 Motor O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Motor O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.  
5.5 Motor O.N. is utilized to determine, by correlation equation, the Aviation method O.N. or performance number (lean-mixture aviation rating) of aviation spark-ignition engine fuel.7
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.  
1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motor octane number range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pounds units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8. ...

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ASTM
ASTM D2699-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation.  
5.2 Research O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1,  k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-O.N. determinations.  
5.2.2 Research O.N., in conjunction with Motor O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the Road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the U.S., and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.2.3 Research O.N. is also used either alone or in conjunction with other factors to define the Road O.N. capabilities of spark-ignition engine fuels for vehicles operating in areas of the world other than the United States.  
5.3 Research O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Research O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N.  
1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced for spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N. range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3 (6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Gu...

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ASTM
ASTM D187-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Burning Quality of Kerosene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since the information provided by this test method is largely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering the following characteristics are required in referring to this test method in specifications for kerosene:  
5.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if not otherwise specified;  
5.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensions during the test;  
5.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chimney deposit.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination of the burning properties of kerosene to be used for illuminating purposes. (Warning—Combustible. Vapor harmful.)
Note 1: The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10 which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tendencies of the kerosene, whereas Test Method D187 features a qualitative performance evaluation of the kerosene. Both test methods subject the kerosene to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would be experienced in typical designated applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements appear throughout the test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D396-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1655-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8267-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).  
1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.  
1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.  
1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.  
1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels including synthetic alternative jet fuels. This test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8276-19(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the middle distillates, including the biodiesel blends is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties. The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are also important to evaluate the quality of diesel fuels/biodiesel blends. It requires an appropriate analytical method to make such determinations for diesel fuel/biodiesel blends production process and quality control.  
5.2 This test method provides a comprehensive analytical strategy for the determination of the total aromatics contents, polycyclic aromatics contents and the detail hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends to ensure compliance with certain specifications or regulations.  
5.3 Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of the detailed hydrocarbon composition in middle distillates, however, the pre-separation procedure of elution chromatography is time-consuming and not eco-friendly. By combining with the separation procedures described in Test Method D8144, the dual column GC-MS system proposed in this method can determine the total aromatic hydrocarbon contents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and detailed hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends simultaneously. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC. It is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly for the quality control of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the hydrocarbon types present in middle distillates 170 °C to 365 °C boiling range, 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86, including biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The detailed hydrocarbon composition, total aromatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents can be determined. The hydrocarbon types include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14 (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC.  
1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7566-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM
ASTM D5623-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sulfur Compounds in Light Petroleum Liquids by Gas Chromatography and Sulfur Selective Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gas chromatography with sulfur selective detection provides a rapid means to identify and quantify sulfur compounds in various petroleum feeds and products. Often these materials contain varying amounts and types of sulfur compounds. Many sulfur compounds are odorous, corrosive to equipment, and inhibit or destroy catalysts employed in downstream processing. The ability to speciate sulfur compounds in various petroleum liquids is useful in controlling sulfur compounds in finished products and is frequently more important than knowledge of the total sulfur content alone.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of volatile sulfur-containing compounds in light petroleum liquids. This test method is applicable to distillates, gasoline motor fuels (including those containing oxygenates) and other petroleum liquids with a final boiling point of approximately 230 °C (450 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure. The applicable concentration range will vary to some extent depending on the nature of the sample and the instrumentation used; however, in most cases, the test method is applicable to the determination of individual sulfur species at levels of 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg.  
1.2 The test method does not purport to identify all individual sulfur components. Detector response to sulfur is linear and essentially equimolar for all sulfur compounds within the scope (1.1) of this test method; thus both unidentified and known individual compounds are determined. However, many sulfur compounds, for example, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, are reactive and their concentration in samples may change during sampling and analysis. Coincidently, the total sulfur content of samples is estimated from the sum of the individual compounds determined; however, this test method is not the preferred method for determination of total sulfur.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D910-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all gasoline satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation gasoline for civil use: Grade 80; Grade 91; Grade 100; and Grade 100LL. The gasoline shall adhere to octane rating requirements specified for individual grades, as follows: lean mixture knock value (motor octane number and aviation lean rating); rich mixture knock value (octane and performance number); tetraethyl lead content; color; and dye content (blue, yellow, red, and orange). Conversely, the gasoline shall meet the following requirements specified for all grades: density; distillation (initial and final boiling points, fuel evaporated, evaporated temperatures); recovery, residue, and loss volume; vapor pressure; freezing point; sulfur content; net heat of combustion; copper strip corrosion; oxidation stability (potential gum and lead precipitate); volume change during water reaction; and electrical conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.  
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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